Izinhlobo Ezimweni eziphuthumayo, izici kanye ngezigaba

Inkinga yezimo eziphuthumayo yahlala ihambisana njalo njalo. Mhlawumbe, wonke umuntu kufanele azi ukuthi kuyini isimo esiphuthumayo nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo. Lesi sihloko sizochaza umqondo wesimo esiphuthumayo, kanye nokuhlukaniswa okuyinhloko, okwakhiwa ngokuya kwemvelo nemiphumela yale nhlekelele.

Umqondo wesimo esiphuthumayo

Kuze kube manje, kunezincazelo eziningi kakhulu zomqondo we "isimo esiphuthumayo." Nokho, ungakwazi ukugqamisa incazelo ejwayelekile kakhulu evame ukusetshenziswa yimithombo ehlukahlukene. Kuthi isimo sesimo esiphuthumayo yisimo esiye senziwa ensimini ethile, esakhiwe ngenxa yezimo eziyingozi. Ziyini lezi zenzakalo eziyingozi? Njengomthetho, lezi yizinhlekelele zemvelo, izingozi ezibangelwa abantu noma izingozi zamakhemikhali noma ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlekelele. Zonke zazo zifaka ingozi empilweni yomuntu noma empilweni, ekubhujisweni noma ekubhujisweni kwezimpahla ezihlukahlukene noma izinsiza, njll.

Umqondo okhonjisiwe ngenhla uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezithile zezimo eziphuthumayo. Mayelana nokuthi lezi zinhlobo zini nokuthi zihlukaniswa kanjani, zizokwaziswa ngokuqhubekayo.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezimo eziphuthumayo ngenxa yemvelo yemvelaphi yezenzakalo

Ukuhlukaniswa kokuqala kanye nokwaziswa okuyinhloko, okumelwe kuxoxwe, kuxhomeke esimweni nemibandela yemvelaphi yemicimbi ehlukahlukene eyingozi.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zezimo eziphuthumayo ezingahlukaniswa lapha? Kunezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko.

• Usizi lwendalo ye technogenic . Ngamafuphi, izingozi ezibhekwa njengama-technogenic yizingozi zokuthutha, ukuqhuma noma ukuqhuma, ezinye izinhlobo zomlilo, ukukhululwa noma ukwesatshiswa kokukhishwa kwezibulalalazi ezihlukahlukene, izidakamizwa noma izinto eziphilayo, ukubhujiswa kwezakhiwo, izakhiwo noma izakhiwo. Kuhlanganisa nezingozi kanye nezinhlekelele ezenzeke kumanethiwekhi omnjiniyela, izinsongo zezingozi noma izinhlekelele ngqo emadamini, amadamu, ezinye izakhiwo zamanzi, njll. Izinhlobo zezimo eziphuthumayo zemvelo ye-anthropogenic ziningi kakhulu futhi ziningi.
• Okuphuthumayo kwezempi . Leli qembu libhekene nezinyathelo ezinkulu nezinzulu zokubhubhisa noma ukungcolisa izindawo ezithile. Ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu kubangelwa phambili kuleli qembu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqhuma kwezenkolo, ezenhlalakahle, ezombusazwe kanye nokuphazamiseka, ubuphekula, ukulwa kwezwe nokunye okuningi.
• Izimo eziphuthumayo zezenhlalakahle . Zonke izinhlobo zezimo eziphuthumayo zaleli qembu zingabhekwa njengezihambisani nomthethosisekelo kanye nezombusazwe. Njengomthetho, lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthumba, ukuthatha iqembu labantu njengokungabanjwa kwempi, ukuhweba ngezikhali ezingekho emthethweni, njll. Izimo eziphuthumayo zezenhlalo nezombusazwe zibhekwa njengeziyingozi ezivela ngenxa yezingxabano zenhlalo nezombangazwe.
• Usizi Lwezemvelo . Efaniswa nezimo zemvelo eziyingozi kakhulu. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezimo ezihlukene kuleli qembu. Kodwa-ke, zonke zihola, ngokuyisimiso, izifo zabantu, izilonda eziningi zezidalwa eziphilayo, njll. Isimo esiphuthumayo semvelo yisimo esakhiwe endaweni ethile, eyingozi ngenxa yomthombo ongabangela ukulimaza imvelo, inani labantu, isiko Futhi njalo.

Ngakho-ke, amaqembu amane okubalwe ngenhla abhekwa njengesizathu sazo zonke izigaba eziqhubekayo kanye nama-subtypes.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezimo eziphuthumayo endaweni

Isigaba esilandelayo esibaluleke kakhulu sihlotshaniswa nokusabalalisa kwendawo yezimo eziyingozi. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezimo eziphuthumayo kuleli cala futhi zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amane. Phakathi kwabo:

• ES ezingeni lezinto . Lolu hlobo lwezinto eziyingozi lusebenza kuphela ezintweni ezithile, izindawo noma izindawo ezincane. Isici esiyinhloko saleli qembu wukuthi imiphumela yesimo esiphuthumayo ayihambanga ngaphezu kwemingcele yesikhungo ngokwazo. Isibonelo yindawo yokuvikela yokuhlanzeka lapho kwenzeka khona ingozi.
• ES ezingeni lendawo . Lolu hlobo lwezinto eziyingozi lufana nokunye okudlule, ngoba ingozi ibonakala, njengombuso, ezintweni ezithile. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yengozi eye yenzeke ingadlulisela ngaphesheya kwendawo ekhethiwe. Bangakwazi ukuthinta iphesenti labantu, ezinye izingxenye zensimu, njll. Izimo eziphuthumayo ezingeni lendawo zihlala zihlanganisa izindleko zebhajethi kanye nokulimala komnotho jikelele.
• ES ezingeni lesifunda . Zifana neqembu langaphambilini, kodwa ziningi kakhulu. Bangakwazi ukuthuthukisa ngesikhathi esisodwa ezindaweni ezimbili noma ezifundazweni (kodwa akukho). Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezimo eziphuthumayo, ezibizwa ngokuthi izifundazwe, zisongela ingxenye enkulu yabantu futhi zisakaze ezindaweni eziningi kanye nezifunda.
• Isimo esiphuthumayo sezwe lonke . Lesi yisigaba sokugcina nesinzulu kakhulu. Leli qembu lihlanganisa kuphela lezo zenzakalo eziyingozi ezisakazwa ezingxenyeni ezingaphezu kwezibili (kungaba yisifunda noma isifunda, ukuzimela noma idolobha elibalulekile). Ukuziqhenya kwaleli qembu ukuthi izimali eziningi zabiwe ekuqedeni imiphumela yengozi kunokwenzeka (ngamanye amazwi, enye yezinqubo zokunquma leli qembu kuyoba yiqiniso lokuthi isabelomali sesifundazwe asivumeli ukuba siphumelele ngokwanele imiphumela yengozi).

Ezinye imithombo ziqokomisa umqondo wephuthumayo yomhlaba jikelele. Isetshenziswa kuphela uma amazwe amaningana asengozini kanye.

Ngakho-ke, ukuhlelwa okukhulunywe ngenhla kunalokho kuhlelwe futhi kufinyeleleke; Kukhona lonke ulwazi oludingekayo mayelana nezinhlobo zezimo eziphuthumayo endaweni.

Kuyini "ukuphuthumayo kwe-technogenic"?

Izinhlobo zezimo eziphuthumayo zemvelo ye-anthropogenic ziyinkimbinkimbi enkulu. Ukuletha konke ngesikhathi esisodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke. Noma kunjalo, into yokuqala okumelwe yenziwe ukudalula umqondo "wezimo eziphuthumayo ze-technogenic".

Nansi incazelo ecacile kakhulu futhi eyaziwa: isimo esiphuthumayo, esibizwa ngokuthi i-anthropogenic, uhlobo oluthile lwemvelo lapho izimo zokuphila ezivamile zabantu ziphulwa khona, umonakalo omkhulu ekubalukeni kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nomhlaba wabantu, izindawo ezithile zingabi nendawo yokuhlala, imvelo kanye nemvelo ziwohloka .

Kutheni kulokhu kuvela umthombo we-ES? Ngeqembu lezinto eziyingozi, okuthiwa "umuntu owenzelwe", umqondo oyinhloko uzoba yingozi. Yingozi kanye nezimo ezihlukahlukene eziphuthumayo ezifaka usongo empilweni nasempilo yezilwane eziphilayo. Ingozi ihlale isenzakalo se technogenic, ehambisana nokuphulwa kwezinqubo zokuthutha noma zokukhiqiza. Mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezimo eziphuthumayo zokuphila kwe-anthropogenic, kuzokutshelwa ngokuqhubekayo.

Iqembu lokuqala le-technogenic ES

Izinhlobo zezimo eziphuthumayo ezenziwe ngabantu zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu athile. Ngezansi sizokhuluma ngezinhlobo eziyisisekelo zezimo zalolu hlobo ngezibonelo.

• Iqembu lokuqala lezimo eziphuthumayo, eziyi-technogenic, yizingozi zokuthutha . Kuyini ukukhathazeka? Njengomthetho, lezi yizingozi ezenzeke ngezitimela - izitimela zabagibeli noma zezimoto; Izingozi ezinkulu zemoto nenani elikhulu labahlukunyeziwe; Izingozi zokuthutha - umgibeli omkhulu noma imfucuza; Ukushayeka kwezindiza - ngezinhlelo zezindiza noma ze-missile.
• Iqembu elilandelayo ukukhululwa kwezinto ezinobungozi noma ezinomsakazo emakhemikhali . Mhlawumbe, izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezimo eziphuthumayo ezenziwe ngabantu zihlobene naleli qembu. Lapha singakwazi ukuhlukanisa lezi zinto ezilandelayo: ukulahlekelwa kwemithombo yemithi enobungozi; Ukukhululwa nokusabalala kwemithi yamakhemikhali noma e-radioactive ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwayo; Izingozi ekukhiqizeni umjikelezo we-nyukliya nokunye okuningi. Iqembu lezigameko zokukhishwa kwezinto ezinobungozi kubhekwa njengenye yezinto eziyingozi kakhulu futhi ezimbi kakhulu ekilasini lezimo eziphuthumayo ze-technogenic ngenxa yemiphumela ehlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu namaqembu abantu.
• Elinye iqembu ligcwele umlilo nokuqhuma noma isongo sabo . Isibonelo, umuntu angasho izinhlekelele ezakhiweni zezimboni, ekwakhiweni nasekuthuthweni kwamakhemikhali, ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba (ezansi komhlaba, ezimayini, njll) ngisho nasezindaweni ezijwayelekile zokuhlala.

Iqembu lesibili lezimo eziphuthumayo ze technogenic

Yiziphi ezinye izimo eziphuthumayo ze-technogenic? Izinhlobo kanye nokuhlelwa kwezigaba ezinjalo eziyingozi kuyonikezwa okuqhubekayo.

• Izingozi ekukhululweni kwezinto eziphilayo ezibhekwa njengengozi. Izingozi ezinjalo zenzeka, njengomthetho, emabhizinisini asezimboni, kuma laboratories ocwaningo noma izikhungo. Kodwa-ke, kunamathuba ezinhlekelele ezinjalo ezenzeka ezimotweni ezithile.
• Iqembu lama-hydrodynamic izingozi . Kusuka egameni lingase liqondwe ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezinhlobo lezi. Izimbangela zezimo eziphuthumayo, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-hydrodynamic, zihambisana, njengokubusa kwamadamu, amadamu, ukukhiya, ngokuqala nokusabalalisa kwezikhukhula, izikhukhula, njll.
• Izingozi kwizinsiza zomsebenzi . Zenzeka ngesikhathi sokushisa, amanethiwekhi okuhambisa amanzi, amapayipayipi kagesi, ohlelweni lwamanzi okuphuza, njll.
• Into yokugcina engahle ibhekiswe ezinhlekeleleni ezenziwe ngumuntu ukuwa ngokuzumayo kwezakhiwo zokuhlala kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi .

Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo kanye nezibonelo zezimo eziphuthumayo, ezibizwa ngokuthi abantu, zilula ukubona nokuhlela.

Kuyini "ukuphuthumayo kwemvelo"?

Isimo esiphuthumayo semvelo yisimo esakhiwa ensimini ethile, okuyinto engozini ngenxa yomthombo ongabangela umonakalo emvelweni, abantu, isiko lempahla, njll. Inhlekelele yemvelo iboniswa njengomthetho ngezinqubo zemvelo eziyingozi noma I-Phenomena.

Ngokuya ngesilinganiso nokuqina kwenhlekelele, iqembu eliphuthumayo elicatshangelwayo lihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• Izinto ezingavumelekile zemvelo . Eyaziwa njengezincani ezincane, kepha ezinamanje ngendlela engathinta impilo yabantu nempilo.
• Izinhlekelele zemvelo. Lezi zinqubo eziyingozi zemvelo-i-anthropogenic nezinhlelo ezinkulu, okufaka ukulahleka okukhulu nokubhujiswa.
• Izinhlekelele zemvelo . Lena yi-subspecies yenhlekelele yemvelo, enesilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu futhi ihlanganisa imihlatshelo emikhulu.

Yiziphi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezimo eziphuthumayo zemvelo? Lokhu kuzoxoxwa kamuva.

Izinhlobo zezinhlekelele zemvelo

Okwamanje kunesigaba esisodwa sezinto eziyingozi zemvelo nezinhlekelele zemvelo. Yingakho zonke izinhlobo zezimo eziphuthumayo zemvelo zizoba lula ukuhlela. Kuphelele kukhona izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zezimo eziphuthumayo zemvelo.

1. Izimo Eziphuthumayo Ze-Cosmogenic . Njengoba sesivele icacile esihlokweni, leli qembu lihlotshaniswa nezinto zesikhala ukuthi ngandlela-thile ziyakwazi ukulimaza iplanethi (asteroids, meteorites, comets, iziphepho zamagnetic, njll).
2. I-Geophysical ES . Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuzamazama okuhlukahlukene (ukuzamazama komhlaba) nokuqhuma kwe-volcanic.
3. Ukuphuthumayo kwe-geological . Mhlawumbe iqembu elikhulu kunazo zonke lezizinto eziyingozi zemvelo. Into eyisisekelo kunazo zonke engase ihlukaniswe lapha yi-landslides, i-subsidence yenhlabathi nezihlabathi zesiphepho.
4. Isimo esiphuthumayo sezulu . Leli qembu lihlanganisa izinhlobo eziyingozi kakhulu zezimo eziphuthumayo zemvelo: isiphepho, isiphepho, isivunguvungu, squall, njll.
5. Izimo eziphuthumayo ze-Hydrometeorological . Leli qembu lihlanganisa ukusongelwa kwezinhloso zamanzi noma zeqhwa (imvula, iqhwa, iqhwa, inkungu, njll).
6. Isimo esiphuthumayo sama-hydrological . Zonke izikhukhula, izivunguvungu, iqhwa eliyingozi kanye nezinye izinto ezihambisana nolwandle, zingafakwa kulolu qembu.
7. Izimo eziphuthumayo ze-Hydrological . Futhi, leli qembu lihlotshaniswa nosongo lwamanzi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amanzi aphakeme, izikhukhula, izikhukhula nokunye.
8. Amafutha . Noma imuphi umlilo wemvelo (ihlathi, i-steppe, peat, ngaphansi komhlaba, njll) kubhekiselwa kuleli qembu.

Zonke izinhlobo zezimo eziphuthumayo zemvelo, ngakho-ke, zihlelwa kalula futhi zicacile.

Idatha eyisisekelo ngezinhlekelele zemvelo

Izinhlekelele zemvelo ziphakathi kwezinto ezivame kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngenhla kwahlelwa izinhlobo zezimo eziphuthumayo. Ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlaziywa kwezinhlekelele zemvelo kufanele futhi kunikezwe ukuze kuqondwe kangcono isimo jikelele emhlabeni.

Unyaka ngamunye, inani labahlukunyezwe ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo landa ngo-4.4%, kanti nenani lezisulu - ngo-8.7%. Inani eliphelele lokulahlekelwa kwezomnotho libuye landa, ngokwesilinganiso ngo-6% ngonyaka.

Kunemibono eminingi mayelana nezinhlekelele zemvelo. Omunye wabo uhlotshaniswa nomthelela we-anthropogenic okhulayo emvelweni. Abantu abanengqondo kakhulu ekukhipheni imithombo yemvelo, baqhubeka bebhubhisa ungqimba lwe-ozone ngezinyathelo zabo, futhi benza inqubomgomo engasebenzi kakhulu yokuvikela imvelo. Ngokuvamile, zonke lezi zinto azikwazi kodwa zithinte ukuwohloka kancane kancane kwesimo.

Kuphela engxenyeni yaseRussia kungabonakala ngezimo ezingaba ngu-30 zemvelo eziyingozi. Okuvamile kunazo zonke yiziphepho (28%), ukuzamazama komhlaba (24%), umlilo wamahlathi (25%) nezikhukhula (19%). Ukulimala okuphelele kusuka eziphuthumayo zemvelo minyaka yonke kungu-ruble ayizigidi ezingu-12.

Izimo Eziphuthumayo Zempi

Yiziphi "izimo eziphuthumayo zempi"? Umqondo, izinhlobo kanye nesakhiwo saleqembu eliphuthumayo lizonikezwa ngezansi.

Umqondo wezimo eziphuthumayo ezempi kuyinto enkulu kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqhuma kwezenkolo, ezenhlalakahle, ezombusazwe kanye nokuphazamiseka, ubuphekula, ukulwa kwezwe nokunye okuningi. Kunezinhlelo eziningi ezihlukene zezikhathi zempi. Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukugqamisa izinhlobo eziyisisekelo kuphela.

• Umthelela oqondile wezenzo ezilimazayo . Ukusetshenziswa kwemvelo, i-bacteriological, amakhemikhali, i-psychotropic nezinye izikhali kungokwezihlobo eziphuthumayo zempi.
• Umthelela ongacacile wezenzo ezilimazayo . Ukuvela kwe-foci kokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo noma imililo elula, ukubhujiswa kwezinto ezinokwemvelo nakwezinto eziphilayo eziyingozi kanye nokunye okuningi kuhlobene nomhlobo owethulwe.
• Shintsha indawo yokuhlala, okwenza kube nomonakalo omkhulu nokulimala . Lokhu kubandakanya ukwephulwa kokudla, amanzi, ukubhujiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukubhujiswa kwezinhlelo zokushisa nokunye nokunye.

Ngakho-ke, imiphumela yezimo eziphuthumayo zempi ingasabeka ngempela futhi iyonakalise, idlula endaweni ethile ngisho nemiphumela yezinhlekelele zemvelo.

Izinhlekelele zomphakathi nezombusazwe

Iqembu lezimo eziphuthumayo zezenhlalo nezombangazwe lifana nekilasi lezimo eziphuthumayo zempi. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukungezwani kwesakhiwo lapha. Ngakho-ke, izimo eziphuthumayo zezenhlalo nezombangazwe zibhekwa njengezinto eziyingozi ngenxa yezingxabano zenhlalo nezombangazwe.

Amaqembu amabili eziqakathekileko zezinto ezihlukileko azihlukanisa: zintando yabantu nezombusazwe. Kwezinye izigaba, elinye iqembu lihlulwa - izimo eziphuthumayo zezempi, kodwa, njengekilasi elihlukile, seliye lacatshangwa ngenhla.

Ngakho, yini libhekisela inhlekelele emphakathini nakwezombangazwe?

• Indlala. Lokhu buyinto esiyingozi ngokwedlulele, libhekene ubuningi enganele ukudla namanzi ezindaweni ezithile.
• Ukuphuza ngokweqile. Kubhekwa njengento ephuthumayo kuphela uma kwenzeka ukuthi kuthinta ingxenye enkulu labantu.
• Umlutha. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inani yezidakamizwa luyanda kakhulu njalo ngonyaka.
• Ukubhema. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kubhekwa njengento zenyathi izidakamizwa futhi kufakwe iqembu eziphuthumayo nomphakathi.
• Inkohlakalo. Ibhekisela ngokuqondile iqembu inhlekelele emphakathini, kuwumphumela ukuntula amandla emthethweni futhi isimiso somthetho.
• Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Zenyathi inhlekelele yezombangazwe. It libhekene nokungakwazi ukuthola umsebenzi engxenyeni ethile sabantu abasebenzayo.
• Ubuphekula. Libhekisela eqenjini eziphuthumayo zezombusazwe. Lolu hlobo ukusabisa sabantu ukuze afinyelele imigomo ethile, esesikhundleni subtypes eziningi ezahlukene.