Ukusabela yokubola glucose. Izinhlobo, ukubaluleka kanye ukuvutshelwa umkhiqizo

Ukuvutshelwa glucose - omunye ukusabela main ngawo kungenzeka ukulungiswa izinhlobo zophuzo oludakayo. It kungenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, ngalinye elikwazi imikhiqizo ngabanye akhiwa. Le nqubo kunendima eyinhloko ezindaweni eziningi ezimpilweni zethu, kusukela zokupheka kanye nokulungisa iwayini kanye vodka nesiphetho ukusabela emzimbeni wethu.

indaba

Inqubo ukuvutshelwa glucose nezinye ushukela wasebenzisa abantu abaningi lasendulo. Babedla a podbrodivshuyu ukudla okuncane. Lokhu ukudla kwaba ephephile ngoba iqukethe utshwala, phakathi ebulale amagciwane amaningi alimazayo. EGibhithe lasendulo neBabiloni, abantu kakade wayazi ukuthi lwalungabola iziphuzo eziningi okunoshukela nobisi. Lapho abantu kwekhulu le-18 wakwazi ukuqonda kangcono nale nqubo, izinhlobo zayo kanye namathuba ngcono, anda kakhulu izimboni izinga ezifana kvaso-, ukuphisa newayini-vodka.

izinhlobo ukuvutshelwa

Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa inqubo lihlukile. Futhi engafani izinhlobo glucose imikhiqizo ukuvutshelwa sekupheleni. Ngakho, kukhona acidosis acid, utshwala, citric acid, acetone, icwecwe nabanye abambalwa. Asikhulume okuncane mayelana nokuthi hlobo ngalinye ngokuhlukile. Acidosis ayabila glucose - inqubo ebalulekile ukulungiswa imikhiqizo njenge-yogurt, ukhilimu omuncu, yogurt, cottage shizi. Iphinde isetshenziselwe ukulondolozwa imifino eyenza umsebenzi ukhiye emzimbeni wethu: ku nemibandela yokushodelwa umoya, i-glucose is kuguquka umkhiqizo wokugcina - acidosis acid, elibangela ubuhlungu bemisipha ngesikhathi umsebenzi futhi kancane emva kwalokho.

ukuvutshelwa Alcoholic uhluke ukuthi utshwala ETHYL kwakhiwa njengoba umkhiqizo wokugcina. Kuziwa ngosizo amagciwane - nemvubelo. Futhi kudlala indima eqakathekileko ku ukupheka, ngoba ngaphezu umkhiqizo main ngesikhathi ukuvutshelwa oludakayo glucose ezikhishwe carbon dioxide (lokhu kuchaza fluffiness imvubelo inhlama).

Citric acid ukuvutshelwa senzeka, njengoba kulula ukuqagela, ukwakha citric acid. Kuthatha indawo ngaphansi kwethonya uhlobo oluthile isikhunta kuyingxenye umjikelezo Krebs, olunikeza kwezimila kwamaseli emzimbeni wethu.

Acetone-butanol-ethanol ukuvutshelwa kufana ncamashí udwi otshekele kwesokunxele. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakheka udwi otshekele kwesokunxele, butyl futhi ETHYL alcohols, acetone ne-carbon dioxide. Lapho yakheke ukuvutshelwa icwecwe isihloko kuphela ohambelana acid nesikhutha.

Manje sizocabangela zonke izinhlobo imininingwane, bese uqala izisekelo - ukuvutshelwa oludakayo glucose. Kuzobakhuthaza idingidwa zonke izenzo ezicashile nesenzakalo yabo.

ukuvutshelwa oludakayo

Sitshele kancane okwengeziwe ukuvutshelwa glucose, okuyinto kwesibalo: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2CO _2. Yini oyifundayo kulokhu yokusabela? Sinazo imikhiqizo ezimbili: utshwala ETHYL ne-carbon dioxide. Ngenxa zokugcina sibona vzbuhanie imvubelo inhlama. Kodwa ngenxa kuqala ithuba ukuze uthole ukunambitheka ongenakulibaleka we newayini kanye newayini imikhiqizo. Kodwa eqinisweni lokhu kuphela ezothando lula. ukuvutshelwa glucose kuqedile ukusabela kunzima kakhulu, ngakho ake Ake siyihlolisise le kancane ezijulile.

Kunendlela ezifana glycolysis. Ngokwezwi nezwi, igama elisho ukuthi "wokuqhekeka ushukela". Kwenzeka emzimbeni, futhi yayo eceleni-mkhiqizo pyruvic acid, kanye main - adenozinotrifosfornaya acid (ATP), kwakhiwa ngalesi ukuphendula kusuka kwenye kwakwakhe okuyinto. Singasho ukuthi ATP kuyinto othwala amandla emzimbeni, futhi eqinisweni glycolysis ukunikeza umzimba bethu amandla.

Asazi ngamabomu ukhathazekile kule nqubo. Eqinisweni, ukuvutshelwa kuyafana glycolysis, njengoba esigabeni sokuqala they are kasibili ezifanayo. Ungase uthi ngisho ukuthi ukuvutshelwa oludakayo wokusabela glucose iwukuqhutshwa glycolysis. Kwakheka ngesikhathi pyruvate zokugcina (ion pyruvic acid) is kuguquka acetaldehyde (CH ₃ -C (O) H) ukukhululwa leyavela-carbon dioxide. Ngemva kwalokho, umkhiqizo okuholela kuyehla coenzyme NADH eziqukethwe amagciwane. Imiphumela yokutakula kwetinhlavu ethanol.

Ngakho, ukusabela ukuvutshelwa glucose ukuba Ethanol libukeka kanje:

1) C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ 2 = C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4 H ⁺

2) C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ = CH ₃ -COH + CO ₂

3) CH ₃ -COH ⁺ NADH + H + = C ₂ H ₅ OH ⁺ nad +

NADH kuyinto kulethe ukusabela, futhi ion nad ⁺ laba nendima ebalulekile e kusaqalwa glycolysis nokwakha ekupheleni ukuvutshelwa oludakayo, ebuyiselwa inqubo.

Ake uqhubekela ezihlukahlukene esilandelayo test khambi.

ukuvutshelwa acidosis glucose

Kusukela lolu hlobo utshwala ihlukile kuleyo akukho ngaphansi kwethonya imvubelo, futhi ngosizo acidosis acid amagciwane. Ngakho-ke, siba imikhiqizo ehlukene ngokuphelele. ukuvutshelwa acidosis futhi kwenzeka nemisipha yethu ngaso imithwalo eliphezulu kanye yokushodelwa umoya.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-yale nqubo. Okokuqala - ukuvutshelwa homofermentative. Uma uke wezwa isiqalo "homo", cishe uyazi ukuthi lisho ukuthini. ukuvutshelwa Homofermentative - inqubo ezihilela enzyme olulodwa. In the isinyathelo sokuqala glycolysis futhi kwakhiwa piroviogradnaya acid. Khona-ke, lo pyruvate okuholela (e isixazululo kule acid angaba khona kuphela ngesimo ion) is phansi hydrogenation usebenzisa NADH ⁺ H futhi lactate. Ukuncishiswa komkhiqizo acidosis acid, yikuphi okwenza mayelana 90% imikhiqizo okuholela phakathi ukuphendula. Le ngxube, Nokho, ungase futhi zimiswe njengoba isomers ezimbili ezihlukene: D L. Lezi zinhlobo zingafani ukuthi zingabantu esibukweni izithombe nomunye, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ube nemiphumela ehlukene kwi umzimba wethu. Lokho isomer uzobe kwakhiwa ngokwezinga elikhulu, inquma isakhiwo dehydrogenase lactate.

Ake uqhubekela Uhlobo lwesibili of acidosis acid ukuvutshelwa - heterofermentative. Lokhu kuhilela enzyme eziningana, futhi siya endleleni nzima. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngesikhathi yokusabela ukhiqiza imikhiqizo ehlukene ngaphezulu: ngaphandle acidosis acid, singathola khona acetic acid kanye ETHYL utshwala.

Lapha sahlola ukuvutshelwa acidosis. Lena inqubo lapho singakwazi ujabulele ukunambitheka cottage shizi, iyogathi, amasi yogurt. Kufinyeta nokubhala ukusabela acidosis acid ukuvutshelwa glucose in ifomu jikelele: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₆ O _3. Yiqiniso, lena umdwebo lula inqubo ukuvutshelwa homofermentative, njengoba ngisho heterofermentative inqubo uhlelo kuyoba nzima kakhulu. Bemithi abasayihlola namanje ukuvutshelwa acidosis glucose nithole ephelele izindlela zayo, ngakho kusadingeka.

ukuvutshelwa citrate

Ukusabela yalolu hlobo ukuvutshelwa kwenzeka, njengoba i utshwala, ngaphansi isenzo esithile isikhunta uhlobo. Gcwalisa indlela okunjena bengayiqondi ngokugcwele, futhi sikwazi kuphela bathembele kwezinye simplifications. Nokho kukhona kucatshangwa ukuthi esigabeni sokuqala le nqubo glycolysis. Khona-ke pyruvic acid is iguqulwe e kukufake ezahlukene acid kanye citric sifinyelela. Ngenxa indlela nezinye acid ezifana zanqwabelana ukusabela - imikhiqizo ye namachibi akuphelele glucose.

Le nqubo kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya-mpilo, futhi ngokuvamile ke kungenziwa eyabhalwa kwesibalo elandelayo: 2C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 3o ₂ = 2C ₆ H ₈ O ₇ + 4H ₂ O. Ngaphambi lolu hlobo ukuvutshelwa livuliwe, abantu ekhishwe citric acid kuphela Cindezela izithelo elihambisana esihlahleni. Nokho, kule acid lemon esingeqile ku-15%, nokho, le ndlela wazibonakalisa kuyinto engenakwenzeka, futhi emva kuvulwa ukusabela yaqala ukuthola yonke acid ukuvutshelwa indlela.

icwecwe ukuvutshelwa acid

Ake udlulela uhlobo esilandelayo. Lolu hlobo lwe-ukuvutshelwa kwenzeka ngaphansi isenzo udwi otshekele kwesokunxele amagciwane. Ziyakwazi kwandile, futhi inqubo ukuthi babangela, kunendima eyinhloko ngemijikelezo eziphila ezibalulekile. Ngalezi bacterium noqhekeko eziphilayo efile. Udwi otshekele kwesokunxele, imiswe phakathi neminyaka ukuphendula okuyinto, iphunga layo edonsela scavengers.

Lolu hlobo lwe-ukuvutshelwa obusetshenziswa embonini. Njengoba ungase ukuqagela, zingabantu udwi otshekele kwesokunxele. esters wayo kabanzi kwamakha futhi ube nephunga elimnandi, ngokungafani kuya kakhulu. Nokho, akuhlali icwecwe ukuvutshelwa acid kuyazuzisa. Kungabangela umonakalo imifino, ukudla okusemathinini, ubisi kanye neminye imikhiqizo. Kodwa lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma umkhiqizo weza udwi otshekele kwesokunxele amagciwane.

Ake sihlole indlela ye udwi otshekele kwesokunxele ukuvutshelwa glucose. Ukusabela libukeka: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → CH ₃ CH ₂ CH ₂ COOH + 2CO ₂ ↑ + 2H _2. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-energy futhi ekhiqizwa, esinikela umsebenzi impilo udwi otshekele kwesokunxele amagciwane.

Acetone-butanol-ethanol ukuvutshelwa

Lolu hlobo kufana ncamashí udwi otshekele kwesokunxele. Ninhlanhlathe ngale ndlela glucose can nje kuphela kodwa futhi glycerol, futhi pyruvic acid. Le nqubo zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-acid) kuqala eqinisweni udwi otshekele kwesokunxele lwezithelo olubangela ukubila. Nokho, ngaphezu amafutha, kusobala namanje futhi acetic acid. Ngale ndlela sithola imikhiqizo ephuma ukuvutshelwa glucose, okuyinto iya ku esigabeni sesibili (atsetonobutilovuyu). Ngoba wonke le nqubo ithatha indawo futhi ngaphansi kwethonya amagciwane, ke acidification medium (ukwanda lokuhlushwa acid) kuyinto ukwabiwa enzyme amagciwane ethize. Basibulala ukusabela ukuguqulwa kwemikhiqizo glucose ukuvutshelwa e n-butanol (butyl utshwala) kanye acetone. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kwakhiwa ezinye ethanol.

Ezinye izinhlobo ukuvutshelwa

Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo ezinhlanu kule nqubo, kukhona ezimbalwa kakhudlwana. Ngokwesibonelo, kuba ukuvutshelwa acetic. Liphinde ezenzeka ngaphansi isenzo amagciwane amaningi. Lolu hlobo lwe-ukuvutshelwa ingasetshenziswa izinjongo usizo lapho pickling. Kuvikela ukudla kusuka amagciwane ayingozi futhi Amagciwane. Okuningi ukuhlukanisa ane-alikhali noma i-methane lwezithelo olubangela ukubila. Ngokungafani izinhlobo langaphambilini, lolu hlobo ukuvutshelwa kungaba kwenziwe ngoba iningi organic compounds. Ngenxa yalokho, inani elikhulu ukusabela eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinto eziphilayo ukubola zibe i-methane, ne-hydrogen ne-carbon dioxide.

Iqhaza yemvelo

Ukuvutshelwa - indlela yokuthola amandla eziphilayo eminingi yasendulo. Ezinye izinto eziphilayo kukhiqizwa, kanyekanye ethola amandla, nabanye ababhubhise laba izinto futhi bathole amandla. Ukwazi lokho kubusa ukuphila kwethu konke. Futhi ngamunye wethu ukuvutshelwa e ngandlela-thile kwenzeka. Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, acidosis ukuvutshelwa acid kwenzeka bemisipha ngesikhathi umsebenzi okukhulu.

Yini enye ukuhlola?

Uma unesithakazelo-biochemistry le nqubo kakhulu, kufanele uqale kusukela zesikole kwamakhemikhali ne biology. Ngo izincwadi eziningi ekolishi uchazwa ngokuthi impahla ezinemininingwane ukuthi ngemva kokufunda niyoba bakwazi ube uchwepheshe kule ndawo.

isiphetho

Nanku ukuphela. Thina adiliza zonke izinhlobo ukuvutshelwa glucose ne imigomo ejwayelekile lezi zinqubo, ezidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni eziphilayo, kanye embonini yethu. Kungenzeka ukuthi esikhathini esizayo sizobe ukuvula izinhlobo ezimbalwa kakhudlwana yale nqubo lasendulo futhi ufunde indlela yokusebenzisa kubo ukuze kuzuze bona, njengoba benza ne aziwayo kakade kithi.