Izinhlobo nezinganekwane: i yiqhawe yisakhiwo sodumo. ekudalweni izinganekwane

Mythology - ngeqiniso elithakazelisayo kakhulu culturological. Inani izinganekwane e isiko wesimanje kunzima overestimate, ngoba ku isisekelo yawo athola imisebenzi yobuciko, izincwadi, amafilosofi based. Ohlukile lesi simanga itholakala lokuthi ukuthi odabule zeminyaka, kulondolozwe inkumbulo izizukulwane. Cabangela incazelo inganekwane, sichaza ngokuningiliziwe imibono yabo, kanye kucace, ngaphandle inganekwane sihluke inganekwane nama-legends.

Inganekwane: ekutholeni izindawo, ukubukeka

Okhokho bethu bazama ukuchaza izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo, indawo yabo emhlabeni, ukuvela yonke kepha ukuphela kwayo kungenzeka. Phela, abazange babe kolwazi lwesayensi, abazi ukuthi i-physics, nesayensi-anthropology. Futhi yadalwa izinganekwane. Kancane kancane, ngosizo ukuthuthukiswa isayensi isithakazelo izinganekwane ababuthakathaka, kodwa Kwabekwa ngomlomo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ifinyelele khona. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa - umlando wangempela bolwazi lwabantu nokuqonda.

Kuyiphutha ukukholelwa ukuthi le nkolelo-ze ukwenza - akubona abantu lasendulo. Lokhu akulona icala nasesikhathini samanje, sihlangana lesi simanga. Ekuphileni kwebantfu, kusekhona okuthile ngiyaphupha, kumnandi. Lokhu kuchaza izinganekwane yesimanje.

Ngo umbuzo nje liyinsumansumane sihluke inganekwane, ukuqondisa imisebenzi kulezi zinkanyezi. Tale yakhelwe ukufundisa, ukufundisa, mhlawumbe jabulisa. Kanti kungokunye inganekwane okuyinto ekungizo ukuchaza okushiwo izinto. Iwukuphela ke, abacwaningi ukubeka izindaba ezimnandi Fairy, lapho izakhi bemvelo ukusiza namaqhawe.

Okuningi imiqondo polar - izinganekwane kanye izinganekwane. I last - kukhombisa isenzakalo esithile zomlando, okuyinto njalo waqonda njengoba empeleni ekhona. Izinganekwane kanye izinganekwane, futhi inganekwane wadala abantu.

izinganekwane cosmogonic

Okuqukethwe izindaba ezihlukahlukene kangaka, ngoba kuthinta zonke izici zokuphila komuntu. Ngakho ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezinkulu izinganekwane, kuye ngokuthi lokho abakushoyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona labo adalwe ngaphambi yimuphi ulwazi umphakathi pre-class, bese kuba khona labo okuyinto ziyabonakala isiko impucuko.

Cosmogonical - inganekwane yokuqala yiluphi uhlelo. Ithi lapha mayelana nendlela umhlaba wadalwa. Njengomthetho, ukudalwa ekulandulayo nezinxushunxushu (eGrisi lasendulo), kwehlukana, ukungabi oda (eGibhithe lasendulo), amandla omlilo namanzi (izinganekwane zaseScandinavia), noma komhlaba nokwezulu e iqanda global (izinganekwane of eNdiya yasendulo).

Zonke izinganekwane cosmogonic we share emhlabeni indaba eyodwa: ukudala uhlelo ukuze izwe bezungeza-eksisi ethile. Kungaba izinkuni - umlotha emhlabeni, njengoba Scandinavians lasendulo, noma ukukhanya ukuba ibuse ubusuku kanye usuku nesiko lamaJuda. Futhi, "oda kusuka nezinxushunxushu" ungakha umshado. Ngakho, ngo-zamaGreki zasendulo - kuyinto Uranus futhi Gaia, futhi Polynesia - Papa Rangi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umfutho zonke lesi senzo unika ubuNkulunkulu owengamele: Vishnu, Nkulunkulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlobo izinganekwane ukuchaza edala abantu bokuqala futhi kude yezindaba Unkulunkulu ophakeme ukuze ekudluliselweni kobunikazi amalungelo ukudalwa ezandleni izidalwa.

izinganekwane anthropogonic

Vala phezu kuncike izinganekwane Cosmological Abut antropogogicheskie. Abanye ososayensi musa ukwaba nabo eqenjini ehlukile, futhi ubhekwa njengengxenye ebalulekile zinganekwane mayelana ngemvelaphi yezulu nomhlaba. Zisitshela mayelana umsuka indoda noma ambalwa. Ukuvela wabokuqala ibe khona ehlukile. Generalizing izinganekwane zomhlaba, sifika esiphethweni sokuthi kukhona umuntu ngezindlela ezilandelayo:

1. Kusukela izilwane totem - zafundisa le mfundiso izinganekwane eziningi zasendulo, isibonelo, i-Australian.
2. Izinkuni nobumba (izibalo kuqala ezinganekwaneni zamaNorseman, kwesibili - kubo abaseGibithe, nakuwo Akkadians, ob Ugrians).
3. Ngu babesuka emhlabeni aphansi emhlabathini (Sumerians, izizwe sub-Saharan Afrika).
4. Ukuvuselelwa abantu, ebanikeza umphefumulo (okuyinto ngokuvamile akubona Ezinganekwaneni, lapho kukhona onkulunkulu ababili aphikisanayo eyodwa "okubi" wenza ukwazi ukudala i ungumuntu wangempela, futhi kuphela unkulunkulu owengamele unika umphefumulo nokuphila). Njengoba isibonelo, kungenzeka ukuletha izinganekwane yobuKristu futhi OB-Ugric.

Astral, solar nezinganekwane kwenyanga

Ngu Cosmological izinhlobo ezifanayo izinganekwane axoxa indaba yokuthi umsuka izinkanyezi namaplanethi - astral. On kubo kungenangqondo ukufunda izinkanyezi esekelwe, esekhona namanje namuhla. Kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa umlaza lasendulo - uguqulwa izilwane, izitshalo ngisho nabantu (isibonelo, umzingeli). incazelo abathandwayo ye-Milky Way ezincwadini zezinganekwane ezahlukene. Ngokuvamile kuba ngokwamanga ukuhlobana phakathi imihlaba. AmaGreki asendulo asihlobanisa ubisi Hera, abaseBhabhiloni base izindophi sakhe sibambelele Umhlaba wonke endaweni yonke.

Okhokho bethu akude Kwakudida ukuhlonza onkulunkulu bamanga abathile noma izilwane nge amaplanethi nezinkanyezi, bebuka ukunyakaza kwabo esibhakabhakeni ebusuku, ukukhomba amaphethini. Ngakho zivela Ezinganekwaneni China, eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Kuyinto lezi zinkolelo baye kwavula ukuthuthukiswa umkhuba wokufundwa kwezinkanyezi.

Indawo ekhethekile kuhlala izinganekwane zasendulo ilanga. Sinenkosi cishe wonke ezincwadini zezinganekwane. Ezinye - heroes, ngandlela-thile sibhajwe esibhakabhakeni, ngezinye izikhathi - ahlobene (eScandinavia), kwabanye - ambalwa abangane bawo bomshado noma izingane zakubo lapho omunye (inyanga), ilawulwe abanye (ilanga). Ngokwesibonelo, kuba ejwayelekile izinganekwane-Korean.

Izizwe eziningi ezikhonjwe ababusi bawo ngezinkulumo izingane kwelanga. Lezo zinto zenziwa yilawa izinganekwane we Abantu baseGibhithe, Japan, i-Ningizimu Melika (Inca isizwe).

izinganekwane etiological

Izinganekwane ezichaza ukuvela izitshalo, izilwane, isimo sezulu, izici landscape ngokuthi etiological. Lena izinganekwane endala kakhulu, eyaqala umphakathi lasekuqaleni. Yiqiniso, impahla ukuvula izimbangela izinto ihlanganisa izinkolelo basezinganekwaneni ngokuvamile Nokho, kuhloswe etiological usitshele ngemvelaphi konke ezungeze umuntu.

Ngesikhathi sigaba sokuqala ngqa kukhona izinganekwane ukuthi manje waqonda njengoba inganekwane abantu-Australia, New Guinea kanye Andaman Islands. Ngokwesibonelo, bachaza ukuthi amalulwane usuku ubumpumputhe, akukho umsila ku bear marsupial.

A notch zezinkolelo ezichaza ukubukeka izitshalo nezilwane jikelele. Lawa izinganekwane mayelana umsuka amahlengethwa amatilosi enonya, kanye Arachne womeluki spider, sona-Aphrodite.

Izinkolelo eziphambili kakhulu etiological ukutshela ngemvelaphi izinkanyezi: ilanga, inyanga, isibhakabhaka. izinganekwane batholakala kuzo zonke izinkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-New Zealand nase-Gibhithe, isibhakabhaka kungenxa ukuvela emandleni aphakeme, ukuze "phuma" wezulu kusuka emhlabeni. Futhi abantu nezinganekwane, ngokuphelele zonke, ukuchaza ezinyakazayo diurnal futhi yonyaka kwelanga esibhakabhakeni.

Isigaba esingezansi izinganekwane etiological bayasonta: bekhuluma ngayo kwakukhona lokhu noma lokhuya emkhubeni, kungani kubalulekile ukuba enze kanjalo hhayi ngenye indlela.

izinganekwane nobuqhawe

Heroes of the izinganekwane ngale ndaba - isikhungo lelandzisako. Likhuluma ngamaphathi Ukuphila kwanoma imuphi zobuqhawe, yenza umsebenzi emuva-breaking. Isakhiwo cishe okufanayo:

• Kokuzalwa okuyisimangaliso hero.
• Izenzo kanye nezivivinyo ebekwa uyise noma yimuphi omunye esiseduze sikaJesu, njengoba umqalisi kungaba umukhwe abakhulu esizayo besizwe ngisho nonkulunkulu. Ngokuvamile, kulesigaba hero - odingisiwe: waphulile le umgoqo kwezenhlalo, uye wenza ubugebengu.
• Umhlangano umkakhe esizayo nomshado.
• Izenzo okuqhubekayo.
• Ukushona Hero.

Uma sikhuluma izinganekwane ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo, lapha emaqhaweni asezinganekwaneni - izingane kankulunkulu futhi kowesifazane ofayo. Kuyinto lezi zinkolelo ziyisisekelo inganekwane futhi eminye imisebenzi yeqhawe.

izinganekwane Totemic nakwezenkolo

Iyafana kutimu izinganekwane ezilandelayo: totemic nakwezenkolo. Isibonelo zakudala wokuqala - unkulunkulu waseGibhithe lasendulo, ngamunye babenethemba ezinye izici zoomorphic: ingwenya, ikati, impungushe nabanye. Lezi izinganekwane kubonise nokuzwelana ezithile namaqembu, lombhalo abantu totems okuyikhona izilwane noma izitshalo.

Ngaphezu izithixo zaseGibithe ungakwazi ucaphune isibonelo izinganekwane zezizwe zakwa-Australia lapho amatshe angcwele, izilwane, izitshalo - is ophindukuzalwa oke wahlala okhokho zoomorphic. izinkolelo ezifanayo babephakathi kwamaNethini Papuans kanye kwabaThwa.

Kaningana, izinganekwane totemic ezivamile isihloko emshadweni izidalwa zoomorphic, futhi umuntu ovamile. Njengomthetho, ichaza imvelaphi yezizwe. Kuyinto phakathi Kirghiz, Orochi, baseKorea. Ngakho izithombe inganekwane Ixoxo Princess noma Sula Finist le Falcon.

izinganekwane sezenkolo, mhlawumbe oluyimfihlakalo kunalo lonke. okuqukethwe kwabo ukuze ambalwa ezaziwayo, ikakhulukazi abagcini kukhulekelwe khona. Ziyakwazi engcwele kakhulu futhi usitshele ngemvelaphi ezinye izinyathelo. Isibonelo zakudala - Bacchanalia, wahlela yokudumisa ngesiGreki unkulunkulu Dionysus. Esinye isibonelo - kusukela Ancient Egypt. Izinganekwane mayelana onkulunkulu Osiris kanye Isis babe ngesisekelo isenzo lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa lapho Isis wafuna umzimba lover yakhe, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wavuka kwabafileko.

izinganekwane lokuphela kwezwe

Kunengqondo eziphelele kakhulu izinkolelo lokuphela kwezwe legends etshela mayelana nokuphela kwezwe. Lezi izinhlobo nezinganekwane Cosmological antonymous. Kuphela ukuthula ayisetshenziselwa wadala futhi ubhujiswe. Njengomthetho, umfutho iyona phansi izisekelo kwesimilo somphakathi. Libhekene zinkolelo ngoba izinganekwane athuthukile. Ngokwesibonelo, amaNorseman, amaHindu, amaKristu.

Izihloko izinkolelo lokuphela kwezwe zingahlukaniswa zibe amaqembu amaningana:

1. It wachaza yesigemegeme embulungeni yonke, ihlukanisa ezweni inganekwane kulesi sikhathi samanje. Zinjalo Ket kanye Sami.
2. Ukufa "yokuchuma" lwesintu, ukungapheleli yayo. Njengoba isibonelo, izinganekwane Iranian, echaza kwenkathi isikhala ezintathu, ngamunye ngekhwalithi zokuziphatha okubi kakhulu ukwedlula owedlule. Lokhu kungenzeka futhi ihlanganisa Ragnarok basezinganekwaneni Norse - emlilweni jikelele, okuyinto ukubuyekeza iplanethi.
3. Esinye isihloko - imvelo cyclical impucuko, lapho ekupheleni inkathi nenhlekelele ngamunye, njengoba ehlanza phansi. Kuyinto, isibonelo, engu-amalanga amane izinganekwane-Aztec. imikhawulo Okokuqala ukuhlasela ama-jaguar, kwesibili - hurricane, eyesithathu - emlilweni, kanti owesine - kukazamcolo.
4. Messianism. Kuyiphutha ukuthi bakholwe ukuthi akubona zonke izimfundiso zobuKristu. Kunezinganekwane eziningi ngokuphathelene onkulunkulu omesiya babe ubuHindu (Kalki), kanye Islam (Mahdi) nobuBuddha (Buddha Maitreya).

izinganekwane ikhalenda

Ikhalenda izinhlobo nezinganekwane zihlobene kakhulu cosmogony futhi ihlelo. Isintu Kwakudida ukuchaza ushintsho zonyaka, imini nobusuku, obulawe nemvelo ekwindla nasebusika futhi entwasahlobo imvuselelo. Lezi imicabango kanye kubonakala izinganekwane ikhalenda. Zisekelwe kugcinwa yezinkanyezi imihlola, imikhosi ngesikhathi ukungena konyaka omusha ikhalenda, ukuqoqwa nokutshala izitshalo. Cabangela lokhu ngokombono kwezihloko ezithakazelisa kakhulu izinganekwane.

Uma sikhuluma ekushintsheni izinyanga zomnyaka, kukhona ukuhlanganisa oqinile ne izinganekwane astral. Explained kushintshana izinyanga ngokoMthetho Izimpawu zezinkanyezi. Ikakhulukazi waphumelela kule izinganekwane yaseMesophothamiya.

Esikhathini izinkolelo yaseGibhithe lasendulo wakubangela ngesikhathi shift yakhe kanye nokunyakaza izinkanyezi ngezinkanyezi nasekusebenziseni astronomy unkulunkulu Thoth. Kwaba sibonga kuye lowo nyaka ehlukaniswa izinsuku ezingu-365. Zokugcina ezingu-5 yabelwe azalwe ubuNkulunkulu u-Osiris, uSeti, u-Isis kanye nabanye. Bakhandwa enikelwe ekugubheni wezinsuku ezinhlanu ekupheleni konyaka ikhalenda. Uma sikhuluma ushintsho imini nobusuku - abaseGibhithe ukuyichaza ngale ndlela: unkulunkulu Ra phansi isikebhe esihogweni noma ukulwa uSeti nokugeleza.

ERoma lasendulo, inyanga ikhalenda ngayinye kukhonjwe unkulunkulu Ikakhulukazi: Apreli - Aphrodite, Juni - Juno, Mashi - Mars. I ekuqaleni kwenyanga ngayinye kunqunywa umpristi lokwethwasa kwenyanga. I elakhelene Roman zamaGreki kwaba unkulunkulu - ezintabeni banesibopho ushintsho zonyaka.

Nkulunkulu Marduk kusukela izinganekwane yamaSumer futhi Akkadians esasiphethe ikhalenda. UNcibijane ukuze nezizwe zalezi iqale ngo sokulingana kwemini nobusuku entwasahlobo.

I zonyaka zishintsha ezinye zezinganekwane ehlangene ukuphila nokufa noma unkulunkulu. Engingakusho nje kokukhumbula indaba kweGrisi yasendulo Demeter futhi Persephone. Lesi sakamuva wayezebile e lemimoya yakhe iHayidesi. Demeter, unkulunkulukazi wenzalo kokuba ngalokho waphuthelwa indodakazi yakhe eye wayencisha wenzalo umhlaba. Nakuba uZeyusi ngaphambilini eHayidesi ukubuyela Persephone, waphoqwa ukuba kanye ngonyaka ukuze ubuyele abafileyo. Nalokhu futhi amaGreki ezihambisana zonyaka. izindaba ezifanayo mayelana namaqhawe wasenganekwaneni Osiris Yarile, Adonis, Balder.

izinganekwane yesimanje

Kuyiphutha ukuthi bakholwe ukuthi inganekwane ukwenza kuyomane ukubhekana lo ngempucuko yasendulo. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa sici yesimanjemanje. Ngokungafani izinganekwane yesimanje ukuthi lusekelwe olwazini olunzulu lwesayensi. Ukuba eyakhelwe izibonakude ezinamandla nokubona yeplanethi i-Mars, abantu baqala ukwakha ithiyori wasenganekwaneni ukuba khona kungenzeka wokuphila lapho, njengoba lapha akunakubangelwa zonke izinhlobo izincazelo "izimbobo omnyama". Singasho ukuthi lonke yesimanje yesayensi - ke uhlobo oluyisimanga lwenganekwane, ngoba ngenkathi bezama ukuchaza lomkhuba engaqondakali.

Futhi, ekuguquleni izinganekwane nobuqhawe angabhekwa namaqhawe mafilimu, emakhomikhi, Spider-Man, Batman, Teenage Mutant ninja turtles. Ngempela, ngamunye wabo umlando walo, ukwehluleka ngumphakathi (ekudingisweni); abasenzela migilingwane kumnandi ukuze kuzuze umphakathi.

Kubalulekile ukubalula izinganekwane emadolobheni. izidalwa Style, izithelo zawo uvele izingqondo zabantu kakade XX-xxi eminyaka. Kanye yalemitimba, ezifana Gremlins babe izinganekwane wonke ezisemadolobheni. Njengomthetho, zisekelwe amaqiniso zomlando nedolobha elithile nabakhileyo kuwo. Ngokwesibonelo, umlando Kaliningrad bacushiwe emigodini, amagugu afihliweyo lapho amaNazi ebaleka phakathi bamba emzini ebuthweni laseSoviet.