KumiswaIsayensi

Izinto ezibonakalayo yomlando uhlobo kuvisisa izinto ezibonakalayo emhlabeni

Ebala eyisisekelo izinhlobo nenhlalakahle, izazi zefilosofi nazo ziye njalo wacabanga ngalokho okwenzeka ku ontology ka yezinto kanye sangempela, noma-ke has a Imbangela olulodwa, nokuthi isisekelo sakho konke okukhona ngokwalo. Imfundiso kaZiqu-phakade emhlabeni wangempela usinika esinye eNdiya yasendulo futhi China. Ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi noma yiluphi uhlobo izinto ezibonakalayo zomlando ekuthuthukiseni wefilosofi. Bokuqala babo, Antique, ukukhomba daba into ethile noma uphawu, lapho kukhona imizimba ehlukahlukene izinto, futhi ukuthi bayafa, ujike (amanzi, "Apeiron", umoya, umlilo, ama-athomu wawungenalutho ...). Okusho ukuthi, njengoba kahle waphawula ngu-Aristotle, zefilosofi lo mkhuba babekholelwa ukuthi okushiwo isimiso sokuqala ayishintshi, nje livela kithi izinhlobo ezahlukene.

Nakuba imibono enjalo kwakunemifanekiso ethandwa Yenguquko, kucatshangwa ukuthi lokhu ekhulwini XVII ngekhaya omunye ifomu lokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo - the mechanistic. Descartes inquma ndaba njengoba uhlobo khona ezimele, kanye namagama ngemfanelo yayo obuphelele. Newton kunezela izakhiwo ketshezi ngisho impenetrability, inertia nesisindo (ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi ke ihlanganisa umqondo isisindo). Ukukhanyiselwa ongqondongqondo kuchazwe ndaba njengoba konke imizwa eqondakalayo kanye emizweni, ngisho konke okukhona ngaphandle kwe komuntu. Nokho, ubuhlobo phakathi izinto ezahlukene kanye izenzakalo ngaleso sikhathi livele ngokuvumelana ke evelele ngombono ongokwesayensi umhlaba njengeluchungechunge luyingxenye mechanical, njengomuntu amawashi omkhulu eziyinkimbinkimbi, lapho isondo ngalinye noma kwesondo kunendima okuyifezayo.

Omunye imizamo embalwa ukuchaza emlandweni wesintu futhi nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana sisekelwe eenkambisweni ka ezibonakalayo Marxism. A indima enkulu kuleli kukhala ngu nemfundiso kaZiqu Feuerbach endabeni umnqopho kanye rationalism wefilosofi classical German. Marx no Friedrich Engels, Umshicilelo abasunguli bale nhlangano emlandweni imibono ukubeka phambili umkhuba lokuqala ubuhlobo phakathi komuntu emhlabeni. Babazi ukuthi izitha zakhe umbuzo oyisisekelo wefilosofi njengoba sinjalo inkinga ka igunya, futhi uyakuqaphela igunya kwendaba njengoba isimiso esiyisisekelo zokuphila, kuhlanganise nomphakathi. Yavela kanjalo-ke izinto ezibonakalayo dialectical yomlando.

Ngaphansi kohlaka ukukhulelwa kaMarx Abadali zayo wasebenzisa izimiso ka dialectic Hegel abadalelwanga nje sokuba ukuhlaziywa nemvelo, kodwa ka kwezombusazwe, ezomnotho kanye nezinye izinqubo kwezenhlalo kanye izenzakalo. Ngakho-ke, beze ngesethi entsha eziphathelene nokuphila emphakathini. Uma ifilosofi odlule kubhekwe njengendlela yisandla imibono yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle nemibono, ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo zomlando ligxile ekuphileni kwezomnotho, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ku mkhakha womsebenzi, enikeza imikhiqizo. Ubudlelwano kule ndawo, kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa mbono, ukucacisa zonke ezinye izinhlobo ukuxhumana phakathi emaqenjini abantu kukhona isisekelo somnotho kokuphila komphakathi. Futhi lena khona amafomu ukwazi komphakathi (ie, nokuziphatha evelele, umthetho, imibono, nokunye).

Marx no Engels wakwazi ukuvula izakhi ezithile repeatability e inqubo yentuthuko kanye nangenkathi ezahlukene. Kule baphetha ngokuthi hhayi kuphela imvelo, kodwa umphakathi iphokophele phambili ngokuvumelana nemithetho ethile. izinto ezibonakalayo zomlando akusho kuphela ekukhombeni le mithetho, kodwa futhi lapho kukhululwa izigaba ngazinye ngokuhamba izenzo zabo. Ososayensi baye ngokuthi lezi izigaba zokwakheka izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, ukubukeka ezidlala indima, hhayi nje kuphela hhayi abantu kangaka njengoba uquqaba olukhulu lwabantu. Futhi ebekwe umbono wabo sezizathu wokuba lapho nekusebenta umbuso, amaqembu kwezenhlalo (amakilasi) njengoba zokulwa nihlanganyele, wabonisa ukuvela umkhaya, nokunye.

izinto ezibonakalayo zomlando ngendlela yalo evusa inkinga yomuntu. nefilosofi kaMarx kuletha okushiwo abantu izici zenhlalo libhekisele kuyo yonke nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana. Ngakho-ke, indima ekhethekile eyadlalwa ukuqonda theory zalesi simo kwezenhlalo, njengoba idla yodwa. Ethemini le abasunguli Marxism akuchaze into iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngenxa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene wobuntu inqubo yayo, njengoba imiphumela ibe uhlobo amandla zangaphandle. Yena wacala kubusa abantu, ingcindezi kubo, esikhundleni sazo zonke ezinye imizwa nesimo sethu sengqondo. Isizathu salokhu ukusebenza, futhi ngasesinqeni se lona okugcinwe ngawo abe nendawo yakhe yangasese ka oshumayela ukukhiqizwa senzeka. Ngakho-ke, wahlongoza wawubonakala ungacacisi kubo kuphela indlela kulesi simo - ushintsho ngendlela ubunikazi lezi zimali - kusukela yangasese esidlangalaleni.

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