Izitshalo ezinkulu ubunjiniyela eRussia

Russia - ezweni ezimbonini nge nomlando omude yezimboni. Ngakho, lezi zitshalo umshini-ukwakha Russian ukudlala indima yokuhola emnothweni kazwelonke. Umthamo isamba ukukhiqizwa yezimboni share imikhiqizo ubunjiniyela ungaphakathi uhla 20%. Lena ezingeni ezinhle Ngokwesilinganiso, Nokho, kubalulekile ukwandisa, ngoba eziningi Emazweni asethuthukile kwezezimboni, lesi sibalo eduze 40% noma ngaphezulu.

Indawo umkhakha e umkhakha Russian

Russian isiqoqi sama-softwe in the umumo wezomnotho kazwelonke inselele kwasekuqaleni ne ezimbiwa phansi uphethiloli umkhakha futhi kakhulu lidlula nezinye imikhakha yezomnotho. Ngemva kokuwa zase-USSR, bukhona ku "piggy jikelele" nge-28% (1990) usongwa 16% (1995), kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala ukululama bushelelezi. Ngu ekuqaleni xxi izibalo ekhulwini lande laba ngu-19%, kanye ngonyaka ka-2015 - 22%.

Ngo-2013, izimboni umshini wokwakha Russian wathola $ 190 billion (6 isigidintathu ruble). Ubude eRussia kukhona 19 izakhiwo zezimboni, engaphezu kwekhulu sub-imikhakha kanye nezimboni ngabanye. I ubunjiniyela abathintekayo amabhizinisi kuka 40,000 bonke osayizi kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuphikiswa ubunikazi (2000 wabo - amakhulu), okuyinto ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu lonke inani amabhizinisi ezimbonini. 1/3 ye Imininingwane zokusebenza labantu embonini: abantu abangaphezu kuka-4.5 million (3.5 zawo eziyizigidi ezingu-- ukusebenza). Inani elikhulu abasebenzi inquma ukubaluleka komphakathi komkhakha ekuhlinzekeni umsebenzi.

Imininingwane zomlando

Abantu baseRussia babehilelekile ukucutshungulwa metal kusukela kudala. Esifundeni esise-Ural, komnikazi lasendulo batholakala lapho kulandiswa khona elicibilikile metal futhi wenziwe ke ezihlukahlukene imikhiqizo neminyaka engaphezu kuka-6,000 edlule. Ngo Kievan Rus kakade X leminyaka kwakukhona workshop omkhulu, ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ekhulwini XII, okhokho bethu yingcweti turning futhi imishini yokugaya. Nokho, izitshalo umshini wokwakha lokuqala eRussia uvele ekhulwini XVI. Zihlotshaniswa kunjalo isikhali wabekwa Tula. Ukukhiqizwa yayisekelwe wendawo nsimbi, kodwa yayincane anda, wahlukana futhi okungezona letindzala.

Ushintsho wamavukelambuso embonini iphutha ngaphansi uPetru mina, owayeneminyaka Inqubomgomo expansionist esebenzayo. Ibutho lakhe kwakudingeka zanamuhla izikhali, izinhlamvu kanye nemishini. Nge ukutholakala imali enkulu netshe yensimbi esifundeni esise-Ural khona zadalwa futhi umshini wokwakha amabhizinisi, ikakhulukazi izikhali.

amakhanda umkhakha

Ububanzi nomkhakha we imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa kuholela yokuthi eziningi izitshalo umshini wokwakha emikhulu eRussia, ngokuba umenzi okukhethekile imikhiqizo ethile, ngesikhathi esifanayo abe elincane amavolumu yokuthengisa ngezimali. Nge yezinkampani ezinkulu Russian embonini kaphethiloli, yokusansimbi futhi Petrochemical izimboni kukhona emadanisekako ngokuya ukuqaliswa "AvtoVAZ" AHK "Sukhoi", OJSC "Gaz" iqembu "JUICE" futhi OJSC "KAMAZ".

Isibalo ekuholeni kuhlanganisa izinkampani ikakhulukazi yezimoto (civil engineering sub-indastri ne share eziphakeme isakhiwo okukhipha imikhiqizo ubunjiniyela) kanye MIC, futhi inani eliphelele ukukhiqizwa esikhulu umshini wokwakha (nge imali yonyaka ruble ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu 5) incane.

Holdings FPG

Russian isiqoqi sama-softwe eminyakeni yamuva waqala indlela kumiswa izinkampani ubambe futhi amaqembu zezimali-ezimbonini (amakhiwane). Uma lokhu waphawula njengoba ukuqhubeka izinkampani umshini wokwakha kanye Holdings, wadala eminyakeni eyedlule (OMZ, wobunjiniyela corporation, "Izinhlelo okusha futhi Concepts" kanye nabanye), kanye kumiswa amaqembu amasha akhiwa ngesisekelo dolobha, wathola kwezinye izimboni. Ukwanda ephawuleka kakhulu kwezobunjiniyela izinkampani steel, okwaphumela kumiswa yezimoto enamandla FPG "RusPromAvto" futhi iqembu izinkampani imoto "Severstal". Ngenxa yalokho elilodwa noma izinkampani ezimbalwa ezinkulu (amaqembu) kwamiswa e-sub-imikhakha kakhulu, awabambe esimweni evelele.

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke izitshalo umshini wokwakha eRussia

Uhlu izinkampani nabasebenzi kuka 12.000, kwehle ngo-oda (kusuka 120 kuze kube kweshumi eziningana). izinkampani eziphezulu 10 inani lezisebenzi kususelwa ekutheni uye washintsha ngendlela emangalisayo kule minyaka eyishumi eyedlule. Inani izimboni empeleni ungeke uzithole usuwile, abanye baye kakhulu ziyancipha abasebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, sikunikeza itafula ngokuqhathanisa imidondoshiya ubunjiniyela zinamandla futhi namuhla.

Uhlu olunemininingwane ethe xaxa izinkampani ezinkulu yokusebenza esifundeni kanje.

Central Federal District

Entshonalanga, zobuchwepheshe Russian umkhakha ukuzivikela tibheke (isib, izindiza kanye rocket ukukhiqizwa, izinhlelo emoyeni wezokuVikela radar izibhamu, kwazimoto), isikhala umkhakha, silwenza anhlobonhlobo diesel, imishini ujantshi, imishini kanye nezinto zokusebenza. Esikhathini Kaluga esifundeni kukhona yinhlanganisela abakhiqizi amazwe ezizenzakalelayo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, yasekhaya auto imidondoshiya AZLK futhi Zil elahlekile bemibuso.

• EKR ibhizinisi "Almaz-Antey" (lonke inani abasebenzi baleli Qembu abantu 98,000). Lihlanganisa eMoscow Machine-Isakhiwo Isitshalo "Avangard" (ukukhiqizwa kwe imicibisholo anti-aircraft), Dolgoprudnenskoe NPP (anti-aircraft ezicitshwayo), ama-NGO LEMZ (radars), eMoscow Radio Engineering Plant (imisakazo) nabanye.
• Khrunichev. M. V Hrunicheva (abantu 43500, eMoscow.) - ibhizinisi eziholayo rocket isikhala umkhakha. Kutfutfukisa futhi ukhiqiza yenethiwekhi rocket "Proton", "Angara".
• Moscow Machine-Isakhiwo Isitshalo "Banner Wezabasebenzi" kanye RAC "MIG" (abantu 14.500, eMoscow.) - ukukhululwa fighters, "MIG".
• Car izimboni izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe, "Renault Russia" ( "Avtoframos", abantu 2300, eMoscow.), "PSMA Rus» (PSA Peugeot Citroen futhi Mitsubishi, Kaluga esifundeni.), "Volkswagen Group Rus" (Kaluga esifundeni.), "Volvo Vostok "(Kaluga esifundeni.) nabanye.
• RSC "Energia" (Korolev) - ehola rocket isikhala inkampani emhlabeni.
• MIC "NPO Machine Isakhiwo" (abantu 18,000, Reutov.) - rocket futhi isikhala ubuchwepheshe.
• MZ "ZIO-Podolsk" (4700 keli.) - imishini ukuze enuzi izitshalo amandla CHP izitshalo.
• "Kolomna ifektri" (6400 keli.) - amakhanda, amakhanda zikagesi, imishini udizili.
• Bryansk Engineering Works (6800 keli.) - amakhanda, izinqola.
• "Autodiesel" (Yaroslavl Automobile) - izinjini ukukhiqizwa.

Northwest FD

Petersburg Leningrad esifundeni has izitshalo ngobukhulu umshini wokwakha eRussia. shipyards Local anesikhundla okuholela ekwakhiweni izinkantolo ezempi kanye civil. Phakathi Amaqhawe yasekhaya usayizi giant izitolo (200 amahektha enkabeni yedolobha) imele Kirovsky izixaxa Plant, imali oyinhloko lapho sadabuka isikhala kunokuba ukukhiqizwa iphrofayela ukukhululwa. Endlini elandelayo, embonini enkulu "Ford" e Vsevolozhsk izenzo ,. Esinye isikhungo umshini wokwakha yesifunda lingumuzi Severodvinsk, lapho ukwakha ngwenya.

• "Sevmash" (abantu 25,000, Severodvinsk.) - ukwakhiwa ngwenya.
• Shipyards Petersburg: "Admiralty Shipyards" (. Edolobheni yenkampani zabantu 8,000) "Baltic Isitshalo" (. 4000 keli), "Severnaya Verf" (. 3500 keli), "Mid-saseNevsky" (ca. abantu 1000 ..) .
• nemishini ukukhiqiza amandla: Leningrad Metal Works (e 2017 ukugujwa kweminyaka engama-160th, ukhiqiza abaphehla ugesi), "Electrosila" (ugesi), "Izhora Izitshalo" (I-zenuzi imishini amandla, abembayo).
• Autoenterprise Ford, Toyota, Nissan, Hyundai, General Motors MAN, Scania.
• Lomo (Petersburg) - amathuluzi okubona.
• Kirov izixaxa Plant (8000 keli.) - ukukhiqizwa kwe "Kirovets" ogandaganda, imishini ehlukahlukene.

Wik FD

The main ukushayela force of isiqoqi sama-softwe esifundeni kukhiqizwe wezolimo imishini amandla imishini. Largest umenzi wezimoto kanye TagAz Volgograd izixaxa Plant limenyezelwe ungeke uzithole usuwile.

• inkampani Engineering "Rostselmash" (abantu 10,000, Rostov-on-Don.) - lo ukukhiqizwa imishini yokuvuna "Don" nezinye izinto wezolimo.
• "Boilermaker Red" (4400 Pax, eTaganrog.) - umenzi elikhulu imishini kubhayela.
• "ATOMMASH" (Volgodonsk) - umphakeli ehamba phambili kwemishini for enuzi izitshalo amandla CHP izitshalo.
• KU "ngothango" (3300 Pax, Volgograd.) - inkampani okuhlukahlukene (wezikhali, missile systems enuzi izitshalo amandla uwoyela negesi umkhakha).

IVolga Federal District

Ngo esifundeni kukhona izitshalo umshini wokwakha owaziwa eRussia: AvtoVAZ, Gaz, "Tyazhmash", KAMAZ, UAZ, "Kalashnikov" nabanye. Ibanga imikhiqizo lisabalele: kusukela amabombo (1/4 of the emakethe yasekhaya) imishini ehlukile umkhakha amandla, kusukela izimoto ukuba izindiza.

• AvtoVAZ (52,000 abantu, Togliatti.) - Flagship kunombolo izimoto ezikhiqizwa.
• "Tyazhmash" (7000 Pax, Syzran.) - imishini ukuze imboni esindayo.
• Automobile izimboni yeqembu "GAS": Gorky Automobile Plant (amancane naphakathi-duty amaloli, izimoto zempi, izimoto ezithwala), "Pavlovsky Bus" (PAZ), Ulyanovsk Engine Plant nabanye.
• KAMAZ (Chelny) - umenzi eziholela amaloli yasekhaya.
• Izhevsk izingalo ifektri: "Kalashnikov" (. Ngaphambili owayengenalusizo "Izhmash", 4500 keli), "IMZ" (7000 keli.).
• Imboni zezindiza of Bashkortostan: UMPO (21.000 abantu, UVA.) - izinjini izindiza, UPPO (Ufa) - Aviapribor, KumAPP (Kumertau) - ukwakhiwa nokulungiswa ezinophephela emhlane "KA" chungechunge.
• Perm Motors Group (abantu 12000) -. Missile futhi izindiza izinjini.
• MZ (abantu 7000, Perm.) - Weapon.
• UAZ (Ulyanovsk) - SUV futhi amancane.
• "Aviastar-SP" (abantu 10,000, Ulyanovsk.) - isakhiwo izindiza isitshalo (izindiza "TU" onobuhle, "AN", "IL") ngobukhulu.

Ural FD

Ural ngephutha ngokuthi inhliziyo umkhakha yeRussia. Ukutholakala imali amaminerali ocebile futhi indawo ebalulekile amasu baba izimfanelo for ukuthumela lapha amabhizinisi enkulu yezimboni, ikakhulu ezihlobene ngokucubungula izinsimbi kanye umkhakha ukuzivikela. Izizinda ubunjiniyela enamandla kakhulu kukhona eYekaterinburg futhi Nizhniy Tagil.

• "Uralvagonzavod" (abantu 27,000, Nizhny Tagil.) - omunye flagships yobunjiniyela imboni yasekhaya. Ludala anhlobonhlobo imikhiqizo: kusukela zesitimela ukuze amathangi. Egatsheni "Uraltransmash" (Ekaterinburg) ukukhiqiza izinhlelo wezikhali self ezinezinjini kanye trams.
• "Uralmash" (14.000 abantu, Ekaterinburg.) - umholi ukukhiqizwa imishini, izimayini, imishini Metallurgical.
• Zeke (Ekaterinburg) - anti-aircraft missile izinhlelo, izimoto service.
• Chelyabinsk izixaxa Plant (abantu 13,000) -. Tractor, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo imishini, izinjini.
• Automobile Isitshalo "Ural" (abantu 13.500, Miass.) - amaloli.
• "Kurgan" (4800 Pax, Kurgan.) - izimoto zempi (BMP, ogandaganda).
• Zlatoust Machine-Isakhiwo Plant - Indawo rocketry.

ESiberia Federal District

ukukhiqizwa Engineering igxile Imboni yezokuvikela, izindiza kanye nemishini yokumba. Abaningi ibhizinisi eziyisisekelo yimali noma eduze naso. Umkhakha esifundeni abadinga sesimanje kanye nokwesekwa.

• izinkampani Aerospace: Napo. VP Chkalov (abantu 6000, Novosibirsk.) - ukukhiqizwa kwe aircraft "ezomile"; "Polyot" (4500 Pax, Omsk.) - Aircraft "Kuvele" iziphuphutheki "GLONASS" uhlelo, rocket isikhala ubuchwepheshe; Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant - Indawo omunye abakhiqizi elikhulu izindiza: ezinophephela emhlane "Mi" futhi izindiza "Su"; (abantu 6.000.) Irkutsk Aviation Plant - izindiza "Su", "Yak", "MS", izingxenye Airbus; "Ulwazi Satellite Systems" (8000 Pax, Zheleznogorsk.) - iziphuphutheki izinjongo ezihlukahlukene futhi izinhlelo zokuxhumana.
• "Tyazhstankogidropress" (Novosibirsk) - a umenzi eziholela zemishini yokunyathelisa wokubacindezela, umshini amathuluzi, amaphampu.
• Radiozavod kubo. A. S. Popova (Omsk) - Radio ubunjiniyela nezimiso zokuxhumana.
• "Altaivagon" (7000 Pax, Novoaltaysk.) - ukukhululwa kwe izimoto.
• LVRZ Engineering Enterprise (abantu 6000, Ulan-Ude.) - zokukhiqiza ukukhanda amakhanda nezitimela.

Far Eastern Federal District

Kwethulwa ngu amabhizinisi ngabanye elikhulu:

• KnAAZ kubo. Gagarin (13,500 abantu, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.) - yendiza ehola yezwe. Itholakala wezempi (umndeni "Su", "PAK FA") nasezakhamuzini (Sukhoi Superjet) izindiza, izingxenye "Boeing".
• Enterprises ka shipbuilding futhi umkhumbi ukulungisa: Shipyard Amur (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) - ngwenya yenuzi ekhiqizwa ngaphambili manje wezempi futhi enkantolo sokuya empini; "Dalzavod" (Vladivostok); Seaside Factory (Nakhodka), Nakhodka Shipyard.

isiphetho

Imbonini yezobunjiniyela yaseRussia ihamba ngezikhathi ezinzima. Naphezu kwamandla amakhulu ezimboni, iningi lama-flagship liye lanciphisa ukukhiqizwa, abaningi baphila ngokukhululekile. Imboni isesidingo esikhulu sokuguqulwa, ukuvuselelwa kwamathuluzi emishini nemishini, indlela entsha yokuphatha. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kwenziwa amabhizinisi amasha asebenza kahle, ikakhulukazi aphakathi nezincane. Amakhamphani wesibili wokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yempi athola umoya wesibili. Intshisekelo enkulu iboniswa ngabalingani bangaphandle, ikakhulukazi ama-automakers. Ngokusekelwa kombuso okudidiyelwe kanye nesinyathelo esizimele, ukwakha imishini kungenza umthelela omkhulu emnothweni wezwe.