KaMasipala kukadoti - izinto noma imikhiqizo baye baphelelwa izakhiwo umthengi. ethwala imfucuza

KaMasipala kukadoti - kukhona izimpahla kanye eziya (kuhlanganise izingcezwana) ukuthi balahlekelwe izindawo nemizi yabo yawo yangempela futhi baye baxoshwa ngumnikazi yabo. Kanye kukadoti zezimboni, bamele usongo olukhulu imvelo futhi kungenziwa kabusha.

Ethwala imfucuza akusho kuphela ukwehlisa isimo kwemvelo, kodwa futhi umthombo izindleko ezengeziwe elihlobene ne iqoqo yayo kanye nokulahlwa. Njengoba amadolobha zikhule, lezi zindleko ukwandisa. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga imfucuza siqinile zomhlaba ziye zasungula ubuchwepheshe ezahlukene ukuze kusebenziswe yabo. Isixazululo kakhulu nemvelo ephephile futhi yempucuko iyona ngokwahlukana imfucumfucu okuqinile kanye nokusetshenziswa yabo kamuva njengomprofethi impahla eluhlaza yesibili.

Inkinga kukadoti

Ukunqwabelana kukadoti - inkinga eyingozi. Ukungcoliswa izwe izinhlobo ezahlukene imfucuza lenzelwa cishe kuyo yonke indawo. A isamba esikhulu it is ehlakazekile komhlaba ngesimo izingcezwana noma amaqoqo (landfills). Waste futhi bawe amanzi ezilwandle.

A ingxenye enkulu kukadoti - kukhona imikhiqizo imikhiqizo uwoyela negesi. Ziyakwazi ukumelana compounds polymeric nge eside isigamu-nokuphila. I eziyingozi kakhulu imvelo kuyo polyvinyl chloride (PVC), okuyinto lihlotshaniswa wokuqukethwe lelisetulu chlorine e ngezithako zawo. Imfucumfucu, kunalapho polymers itsatfwa kancane usongo imvelo.

izingozi Environmental elihlobene ne MSW

Umthelela imfucuza eqinile uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli ahlukahlukene, ngezinga elikhulu futhi cishe kuzo zonke izimo ezingezinhle. Izinketho MSW umthelela emvelweni ngendlela elandelayo:

• Odla surface ethwala imfucuza emhlabeni. Izikhwama zeplastiki nezinye izinhlobo ethwala imfucuza kukhona isithiyo ukukhula kwezitshalo, sandla ukwehla umkhiqizo yemvelo, ijubane inhlabathi kumiswa. Akhiwe amachibi, izilwandle nakho izilwandle yasendlini udoti kungathinta izinqubo yokuhwamuka ebusweni amanzi.
• Kwemoya MSW imikhiqizo kwamazinyo. Lona netinkinga letijulile nezemvelo ezihlobene wasendlini. I polymers kwamazinyo nokuguquguquka compounds ezinobuthi okuyinto ushevu emanzini inhlabathi kanye emhlabathini. Ayikho imikhiqizo engaphansi eziyingozi kanye amandla omlilo yabo. landfills Ziningi njalo ungabhemi, bangcolisa umoya, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi. I esiyingozi kakhulu futhi ethize MSW omlilo mkhiqizo dioxin, okuyinto ikhishwe ngesikhathi omlilo of PVC. It kubhekwa anobuthi kakhulu isayensi eyaziwayo zamakhemikhali. Ngenhlanhla, izamba ejection of dioxin lapho kushiswe akuyona okukhulu kangangokuthi kungaba anobuthi, Nokho, igalelo lalo ukungcola jikelele kuyaphawuleka ngempela.

Ngaphezu imikhiqizo noqhekeko kanye ahlukahlukene polymers omlilo amakhemikhali yasendlini, izinsimbi ezisindayo, asbestos slate, hydrocarbon kanye nezinye izinto eziningi nanesandla ukungcola jikelele. Imiphumela ingaba esesabisayo:

• Ukubhujiswa izilwane nenhlanzi. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinyoni nezinhlanzi ongasigwinya izinto plastic ezincane, ngezinye izikhathi eholela ekufeni ngenxa ekuqongeleleni udoti isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene. Engozini nokuthi izilwane zidla landfills, njengoba awokuthi ubuthi.
• Ukuwohloka isimo sanitary. Udoti izinqwaba ngokuvamile ayizidleke kwamagciwane angadluliselwa kwezinye izindawo lapho igundane yokuhlala.
• Ukulahleka isikhalazo yobuhle ndawo. Ukuthola phakathi kwabendlu waste abantu bengeke uthanda. ukubukeka ebukekayo, iphunga, ingozi ekubambeni ngegciwane, ukungcoliswa yamanzi iziphethu - konke okungenza kakhulu konakalise aphumula ngosuku lwayo nemvelo.
• Umthelela sezulu. amafilimu uplastiki namabhodlela ukubambezeleka ivela emisebeni ezishisayo zomhlaba, okubangela ukukhuphuka yasendaweni Isivuvu futhi izinga lokushisa komhlaba. accumulations elikhulu kudoti kukhona umthombo sasivumela enamandla i-methane, ukhululeka emkhathini, kwandisa Isivuvu.
• umhlaba zokuqaleka. Landfills kukhona isizathu zokunciphisa isikhala singenamuntu engasetshenziswa ukuze kwakhiwe, ukudala izikwele noma amapaki. Lokhu inkinga ngempela efanele, ikakhulukazi eduze emadolobheni amakhulu kanye naphakathi.

Ukwahlukanisa udoti okuqinile

A uhlelo olubumbene division zibe amakilasi of kukadoti alikho. Ekuqaleni MSW ukumela isisindo olulodwa Imininingwane. Nokho, kamasipala kukadoti - ke ihlukile kakhulu ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye izakhiwo ngokomzimba yezingxenye. I obanzi kunayo phakathi MSW yilezi: metal, epulasitiki, ingilazi, ukhuni, emaphepha kanye amakhadibhodi. Emazweni amaningi imfucuza ngezigaba oluyisisekelo yokuqoqela eseceleni futhi kabusha. Namanje aphonswe mass bese egcinwe ERussia, bona landfills.

Nokusebenzisa kabusho imikhiqizo esisebenzile udoti zikamasipala

Ukuchithwa kokungcola kuyalawulwa okuqinile kuhilela ukusetshenziswa amasu ahlukahlukene. Okuvame kakhulu manje izindlela bachithe kamasipala kukadoti - kuyinto:

• mechanical izindlela ukucubungula.
• Ulahla lo imfucumfucu eziqinile landfills (landfills).
• Nokushiswa.
• ukucutshungulwa Complex.
• Ukusetshenziswa-biotechnology.

Ukususwa ukuze ngemapholigoni kukadoti kuyinto bendabuko kanye kunazo imvelo eziyingozi indlela "ukulahlwa" kusukela MSW. Ezweni lethu namanje onesikhundla ehamba phambili.

Ukuze kuncishiswe ivolumu, elibhekene nomse- udoti landfills, avame ngomlilo, okuholela ukusabalala eziyingozi ezindaweni ezinkulu kanye Ukuwohloka izinga lomoya. Labelwe ngesikhathi omlilo zokulahla imikhiqizo babe iphunga evelele kakhulu futhi eyingozi empilweni. Ubukhulu landfills ezweni lethu njalo ziyanda.

ukuphathwa imfucuza

Okwamanje, zikhona izindlela eziningana ukulahlwa. Izindlela eziyinhloko ezisiza ukucubungula kamasipala kukadoti - kuyinto:

• kabusha Mechanical - iqoqo imisebenzi zobuchwepheshe ukugaya, ngokucindezela, briquetting. Konke lokhu kuholela noku- ukunciphisa imfucuza ivolumu tandla emahlandla la -10, okwenza kube zokuthutha kulula futhi isitoreji. Nokho, lezi zindlela kuphela lula inkinga kulahlwa kodwa ngeke kuyiqede ngokuphelele.

• ukuphathwa kwemfucuza Uxhumano ihlanganisa ukwenziwa imfucuza ekuhlungeni nokwelashwa imfucuza izitshalo. Ngo sokuqala imfucuza lihlukaniswa kuncike uhlobo impahla (ngengilazi, epulasitiki, metal nokunye. D.), Bese wathumela ukucubungula lesi sitshalo okuhambisanayo. Le ndlela zokuchithwa kwemfucumfucu ekhiqizwa ungakwazi balahle iningi ukungcola okuqinile ukuthola izinto zokusetshenziswa yesibili.
• izindlela eziphilayo uvumele ukucutshungulwa ukususa kakhulu imfucuza etholakalayo yokubola ingxenye eziphilayo ezincane, okuyinto iguqulwe ibe Vermicompost okuthiwa. Ngenxa yale njongo, uhlobo yamasiko obomvu isihlava California.

briquetting

Briquetting is expediently eyenziwa ngemva isizinda izingxenye ligugu. Ukuhlala udoti athutha ohlangene emabhodleleni. I briquettes kwakhiwa kukhona elula ngaphezulu isitoreji, ezokuthutha kanye nokulahlwa.

Composting

Composting - indlela yemvelo lokucubungula lapho indle okuqinile Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ukudalwa okuthiwa umquba izinqwaba. Kuye ezingeni yentuthuko ukuphila ubuchwepheshe imfundo umquba ivela amasonto 2-10 iminyaka engu 1-3.

Sebenzisa imfucumfucu njengoba izinto zokusetshenziswa yesibili

izinto kakhulu lokusinda walulama, umphumela esesimweni esihle futhi basetshenziswe. Lo mkhuba osebenza kwamanye amadolobha Russian. Glass, insimbi, aluminium nezinye izinsimbi kungenziwa elicibilikile basetshenziswe. Okwesibili ingasetshenziswa futhi ingxenye enkulu imfucuza yephepha.

Nokusebenzisa kabusho imikhiqizo esisebenzile ka amapulasitiki kusukela ethwala imfucuza is hhayi olwenziwa e-Russia, njengoba kubhekwa onganakiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezweni lakithi kukhona ezifakwa enkulu uwoyela negesi, okunikeza ephezulu eluhlaza izinto.

Nokushiswa of kukadoti

MSW nokushiswa ungakwazi balahle esiningi imfucuza, kodwa futhi unalo nemiphumela ethile engathandeki sina. Lapho ashisiwe emoyeni ukuwa amapulasitiki izinto eziyingozi, iningi okuyinto dioxin anobuthi.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, emazweni athuthukile manje ukuthuthela kude le ndlela ka imfucuza. Omunye umthombo ukungcoliswa umlilo MSW liphakathi - kwezingcezu umule kwekhabhoni umlotha kumiswa ingaphakathi hhayi wokushiswa okungase ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ivolumu kokuqala imfucuza. Bonke babe ekilasini ingozi ephakeme kunaleyo imfucuza yokuqala okuqinile ngakhoke zidinga izimo ezibophayo kakhulu wesitoreji nokulahlwa.

Ukuze nokushiswa baletha okuningi njengoba ukusetshenziswa kungenzeka emazweni asentshonalanga imizamo ukuyisebenzisa njengoba umthombo ngokukhiqiza ugesi nokushisa. Lokhu kunciphisa isidingo wezinsalela zamandulo. Isibonelo salokhu ukuba yimpumelelo co udoti eVienna. Kukhona ubuchwepheshe zesimanje, lapho inqubo amandla omlilo iba ivikeleke nakakhulu.

Ukuqoqwa ethwala imfucuza kule Russian Federation

ERussia ukususwa kukadoti emadolobheni kulawulwa sihloko 13 yomthetho ku "Ukukhiqiza Ukusetshenziswa Ukusingathwa". Standard metal iziqukathi (ikani likadoti) asetshenziselwa ukuqoqwa wasendlini. Lo mkhuba usebenza kusukela nenkathi yamaSoviet.

Ngokuvamile, kudoti athambekele esikhaleni phakathi kwalezi zakhiwo efulethini. Okwamanje, imizamo ezenziwa inhlangano yokuqoqela eseceleni imfucuza, njengoba kuhlinzekwe ngokuhambisana neSigaba 13 soMthetho. Ukuhlukana senziwa kule mikhakha elandelayo: emaphaketheni plastic, izindwangu, iphepha, ingilazi, zensimbi, organic imfucuza yemifino. Nokho, kuleli qophelo esethulweni mass kwabendlu waste imikhuba ukuhlunga ingemukelwa.

Ukususwa kukadoti

Ukuze ezokuthutha kukadoti usebenzisa imishini ekhethekile - udoti. Ziyahlukahluka izici ezilandelayo:

• Sebenzisa: imishini esetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuhlala kanye ezokuthutha, yakhelwe ukusebenza udoti ezinkulu (imfucuza bulky);
• by volume umzimba;
• ngokwendlela indlela yokulayisha;
• thayipha mechanical uphawu doti;
• ubunjalo ukudedelwa kukadoti.

Injongo uthutha ukususwa okuqinile imfucuza izindawo. Emadolobheni amakhulu, wokukhuculula imfucumfucu nzima elide, okumele abe njalo unqobe umshini.

Ukuqoqwa kanye storage yesikhashana imfucuza

Ezweni lethu, ukuqoqwa kukadoti buyisigaba ezibizayo kakhulu ukusetshenziswa yabo. Uhambo olude, okuyinto kufanele kudlule iloli udoti edolobheni elikhulu, futhi omningi udoti elakhiwe amabutho ukuthatha izinyathelo sokuhlelwa okunengqondo uhlelo iqoqo. Ngesizathu esifanayo, kubalulekile ukukhulisa tariff ngoba kukadoti for nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho. Inani elikhulu imfucuza eyengeziwe ngenxa ukusebenza Izitolo ngokuhweba, kusho yokususa doti enjalo ngokuvamile akwanele.

Omunye isixazululo esingenzeka ukunikeza iziteshi isitoreji Lesisemkhatsini MSW kusukela imfucuza bulky kungenziwa athuthwe esizeni ukusetshenziswa usebenzisa izinto zokuthutha ezahlukene kufaka phakathi izitimela.

Izindlela ukuhlunga ethwala imfucuza

Lapho udoti uphenya isehlane kusukela isisindo Imininingwane kwamafrakshini ezithile ukuthi ingathunyelwa kabusha. Ukuze wenze lokhu, izindlela ezilandelayo zisetshenziselwa:

• ngokuhlukana Magnetic. Kusekelwe ukusetshenziswa uzibuthe onamandla ukuthi ukuheha esekelwe ayoni metal Alloys. yokutakula isilinganiso imayelana 90% isisindo ingqikithi zensimbi imfucuza.
• ngokuhlukana Electrodynamic. Isetshenziselwa ukususwa aluminium, zethusi and zethusi. Izinga yokutakula idlula 80%.
• Ukuhlukana sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza isetshenziswa ukususa polymer kanye isisindo isamba imfucuza yephepha. Le ndlela iqukethe ekwakheni komoya namandla, lapho ingxenyenamba ukuxegiselwa ehlukanisiwe esindayo.
• ngokuhlukana Ballistic kusekelwe ngokuphazima kweso lapho isivinini nendlela yekuhambisa sandla isayithi imfucuza, okuvumela ukuhlukanisa izingxenye nokunwebeka kusukela viscous ngaphezulu. Le ndlela ingasetshenziswa ukuze kukhishwe ingilazi namanye izinhlobo zezinsimbi.

Naphezu ngcono okuqhubekayo kwezindlela ukulahlwa, inani imfucuza landa ngamaphesenti 3% unyaka ngamunye.