Popigai wentaba eSiberia (isithombe)

Iplanethi EwuMhlaba ngokuphindiwe "ezichithekile" Meteor imvula. Ngemva kokuwa omkhulu Meteor izingcezwana elisele enhlabathini iminonjana abahlukene - astrobleme osayizi omkhulu. Ososayensi baye bahlola mayelana 150 omkhulu "inkanyezi isilonda" nge oscillating ubukhulu ku uhla 25-500 amakhilomitha.

Shiya elisemkhathini esikhulu Dent ke kubhekwe Popigai wentaba, etholakala kwi insimu yase Russia. ubukhulu Largest ke esibalwa lesine. Popigai astrobleme - lesikhumbuzo bemvelo ngezinga elingelikhulu kwamaplanethi, engaphansi Ukuvikelwa UNESCO.

Indawo Popigai wentaba

iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-35 edlule eSiberia, engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Anabar Shield, lapho Yakutia elisemngceleni ne esifundeni sase-Irkutsk, izwe kwagxila Monolithic giant nendikimba ethile esemkhathini esime a isilinda. Nobanda komhlaba e Popigaj umcengezi Meteor ekushiyeni omkhulu wentaba enkulu ka 150 amamitha ukujula.

Popigai elisemkhathini sigodi, lapho kunensimu esiyingqayizivele idayimane abamnyama, ithatha ingxenye expanses mpumalanga Krasnodar esifundeni. Uhlangothi olusempumalanga ye isifaca sinwebiswe Yakutia. Ngathola ubukhulu ongaqondakali astroblems amakhilomitha 100 ngo-1949 AD Kozhevin.

Isakhiwo wentaba Popigai

Popigai astrobleme - indandatho isakhiwo kunalokho enkulu. Kuyinto inhlanganisela izindandatho ovals. Lokhu "Star isilonda" ifana ayimigodi isiyingi. uphondo ifinyelela ka 200-400 amamitha ukujula. Its isikhala kwangaphakathi kancane egcwele Sands quaternary futhi gravels.

I ring elingaphandle uphondo ifinyelela ububanzi 20-25 amakhilomitha. ibhodi yayo sakhiwa amatshe sedimentary. Behlelwa yilo mshophi ukusonteka ezinzima ngenxa abelula centrifugal kanye waphuka osabalalayo nge amplitude displacements ezinkulu.

I ububanzi we ngaphakathi uphondo - 45 amakhilomitha. Lakhiwa nokuvusa indandatho iminonjana eshaywayo. It kungabonakala ekubhujisweni ingilazi inclusions. Kwakheka ungqimba enamandla obukhulu ketshezi nokunamathisela-like.

Popigai wentaba Yakutia has a core ungqimba impactites eligoqiwe. Uhlonze lwalo imayelana ezimbili amakhilomitha. izinto friable ezahlukene usayizi izigaxa cezu kwakhiwa breccias allogeneic nge amandla 150 amamitha. Impactites kwakhiwa ingilazi, gneiss tho namaminerali.

Meteor ingcindezi wavele ephelezelwa kube yiyo eshayeka kanzima 105 pascals kanye lokushisa mayelana 2000 ⁰ C. Lokhu kwabangela yokuthi gneiss elicibilikile esimweni liquid. Ungqimba ezithathekayo, esakaza radially ngesivinini, indandatho izakhiwo kwakhiwa. Okuphambili kusukela maphakathi Jets nemifudlana, basuke ngaphakathi phansi uphondo.

Kuyamangalisa negalelo elinamandla ka netshe elisemkhathini phansi zaholela ekwakhekeni kwe-ukuphakamisa emaphakathi. Khona-ke, amanani azo ayanda kukhuphuke ngo inertia kuze wentaba ukugcwaliswa kodwa iphutha, futhi nokunwebeka ukubuya amandla kwanele.

Izici astrobleme

Indawo ezungeze lezi wentaba Popigai cishe lingenamuntu. Esikhathini astrobleme ntshonalanga kuyinto emzaneni igama elifanayo - Popigaj. Kusekhona yona ikhule izihlahla, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Amagquma wona some kubo iminyaka engamashumi amabili emva ukumisa kwemayini.

Stony placers ayahlakazeka acekelwa phansi, efana isihlabathi. Soft amatshe kancane badlula. Isizathu salokhu - ukuhamba izingqimba up-phansi. Phakathi calcareous doti kwakhiwa izimbotshana ezijulile.

Khona-ke wathola nokutholakala kwamanzi emithonjeni ehloniphekile. Aquifers kwenzeke endaweni imitha elilodwa ukujula. Amanzi okokuqandisa e izimbotshana ukhuthaza "uthephwe" izingqimba. Popigai meteorite wentaba - yindawo lapho inhlabathi ezitholakala ephenya ngokuthengwa anomaly kazibuthe. Kungenzeka ukuthi lapho kwenzeka ingxubevange izidakamizwa yensimbi-aqukethe.

Ocatshangelwayo "Break Omkhulu"

Ngo-1970, ososayensi, esekelwe izifundo yamadwala nqunu, inhlabathi okuyinto baye bahlupheka umthelela ukuncibilika angawethusi, hypothesized astrobleme umsuka meteoric. Ngokwabacwaningi, umzimba cosmic ishayisa ezweni aseSiberia engu-Eocene-Oligocene yokuqothulwa mcimbi. "Break Omkhulu" okwenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa astrobleme kumiswa.

Crater - imbangela zenuzi ebusika

Ososayensi baye exhumene ezinkulu izilwane ulwandle lapho kuwa meteorite. Bakholelwa ukuthi bawa nendikimba ethile esemkhathini ombangela kokufa toothed imikhomo, izimbaza sea urchin zidla kunokuba izimo zezulu. Lokho elisemkhathini - ekwandeni eyinhloko lesi simanga omubi ngokwemvelo. ukuwa kwakhe kwadabukisa ebusika zenuzi, ukubulala izilwane.

Ebhekene nazo emhlabathini, omkhulu emizimbeni isikhala bephoqeleka ukuba usethe izinhlayiya emkhathini. Ukukhanya kwelanga kubonakala kusukela ezinhlayiyeni kuholela Ukupholisa global. Ososayensi ihlaziye isotopes oksijini, carbon, nezinye izakhi akha ontanga-Eocene idwala, futhi bathole ukuthi lapho kwakuvela Popigai wentaba eSiberia, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa ushintsho ngokushesha esimweni sezulu. Isimo sezulu we elina efudumele sasomile abandayo.

Ukucwaninga kososayensi isikuqinisekisile ukuthi bashayisana cosmic kwenzeka ukuqhuma leso izinhlayiya ezincane sulphur. Luhlala emkhathini, reflectors steel ka ukukhanya nokushisa. Izinguquko esimweni sezulu ziye kwaholela emiphumeleni ebulalayo - ekunyamalaleni kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezitshalo.

izifundo Geological wentaba-mlilo

Ngemva uzingela Popigai wentaba sasiyindawo umsebenzi ukuhlola. Izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba bathole kukhona ezimbili idayimane idiphozi ezinkulu. Inkambu ethi "Rock" kwenzeka 140, futhi "Bump" - 7 milliardov carats.

Diamonds nazi umphumela ukuchayeka iDemo ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu nezingcindezi amalahle imali kanye graphite. Diamond ezitholakala rocks basaltic, nika igama elehlukile - Yakutia.

Kuze 2012, ulwazi mayelana Black Diamond awuzange kudalulwe. Ngokushesha ngemva kokutholakala imali kolwazi ngazo oluthathwa njengoba imfihlo, futhi cwaningo lwathola placer idayimane kumisiwe. Izazi zilinganisela ukuthi ngaphezulu inzuzo ukuqhubeka ukukhiqizwa zokwenziwa amadayimane kuka kukhishwe nokucubungula amatshe zemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi zokuma komhlaba wakhuluma ngesimo idayimane omnyama kanje: amatshe, okuyinto abe ezisindayo-duty, ayifanele ubucwebe ukucutshungulwa, zingabantu ekahle sanding umsebenzi.

Izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba ukuhlola Popigai wentaba wahlanganyela idwala imishini. Amasampula zisusiwe emithonjeni kumuntu ka 1.7 amakhilomitha ukujula. Okwamanje, endaweni kwalesi sigodi Lighthouse dengwane cishe eziyinkulungwane amathani cores zisakazwe emhlabathini.

Expedition 2013

Bayalithakasela Isasasa Esinalo placers idayimane astrobleme Popigaj savuka muva. Ngo-2013, lowo mkhankaso wathunyelwa wentaba. Ngemiphumela yocwaningo amasha abe newozawoza. Izibikezelo utshelwa ososayensi ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi Russian Federation uyakwazi ukuphazamisa diamond ezimakethe zomhlaba.

Amathemba idayimane ezifakwa Popigaj

Naphezu ubukhulu idayimane placers, izimayini uhlala umbuzo omkhulu. Nakuba eligcwele amadayimane ehlakazekile ngokoqobo ezinyaweni, Popigai wentaba izithombe okuyinto zenziwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ukukhiqiza kubo, kuvela, kusenzima hhayi kwezomnotho ingenzeka.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, asikho isidingo ukuba abeke ezimayini, imali engajulile umbe kalula ukumbiwa. Ngakolunye - izimayini yabo ukuphazamisa hhayi kuphela ezimakethe zomhlaba idayimane ezimbonini, kodwa futhi emnothweni isiRashiya, kakhulu. Phela, i-Russia - umdlali elinamandla emakethe idayimane.

Ungasheshi ne abamnyama izimayini futhi ngoba placers zabo zikude kakhulu endleleni, babengakholwa bephethe ugesi, umsebenzi kuyodingeka enze ezindaweni nokhahlo. Industrial ingqalasizinda kuzodinga Yimali enkulu kabi.

lava Basaltic, eligcwele amadayimane, kunzima kangaka ukuthi akunakuba ukuphatha amathuluzi ukusika. Ukuze isizinda amatshe kudingeka ubuchwepheshe ezintsha kanye nemishini, Ucwaningo umsebenzi, ucwaningo laboratory.

Lezi zici unezinkinga ezinkulu zezimali futhi lwenhlangano bephoqeleka ukuba siphethe ezingenanzuzo izimayini idayimane. Kodwa ngisho noma inzuzo izimayini iyoba sobala, hhayi iqiniso lokuthi amatshe ukulanda. Phela, lesikhumbuzo jikelele Popigaj ivikelwe UNESCO.