Ukwahlukanisa ukukhiqizwa futhi ukusetshenziswa imfucuza. Ukwahlukanisa udoti ekilasini ingozi

ngezigaba Jikelele imfucuza ukusetshenziswa kanye ukukhiqizwa engekho. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kube lula, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izimiso eziyisisekelo ngokwahlukana ezinjalo.

Izimiso ze-division langcolile zinhlobo

Ngakho, ukwakheka izimiso eziyisisekelo eyethulwe izinto ezilandelayo:

• kumiswa umthombo (uphawu igatsha);
• isimo wokuhlanganisa;
• emjikelezweni ukukhiqiza;
• izinkomba ukusetshenziswa.

Ake ukugxila ngamunye wabo.

Ngokusho emikhakheni ehlukene

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa ukungcola umkhuba luvame kakhulu. Yakhiwa ngesikhathi isimiso imikhakha ekhona esifundazweni. Largest share ngezigaba imikhiqizo imfucuza, phakathi awo: imfucuza non-ayoni noma izinsimbi ayoni, amalahle, zamakhemikhali ukhuni ukucutshungulwa izimboni.

Inkulumo Echaza Isimo Sezwe wokuhlanganisa

imfucuza okunjalo ngezigaba ikuvumela ngokunembile ukuthi azozibona njengoba uketshezi, okuqinile noma gaseous. Lokhu iziqephu kubalulekile lapho ekhetha isitoreji ubuchwepheshe, kucutshungulwe noma ekubhujisweni.

Ngakho, kufanele imfucuza gaseous agcinwe emathangini ekhethekile, uketshezi - uphawu iziqukathi, futhi okuqinile - izigubhu endaweni yomkhuleko noma landfills.

Ukuze ubone ukuthi zabo ukucutshungulwa ubuchwepheshe ngezigaba amakilasi imfucuza zisetshenziselwe, inqobo degree of combustibility futhi explosiveness. Akufanele sibakhohlwe mayelana ubuthi babo.

Ngokwe-imijikelezo ukukhiqizwa

Ngezinye izikhathi Ukwahlukaniswa ezimbonini, okuhlelwe nsuku imikhakha ekhona esifundazweni. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi acwenge ngu inqubo isinyathelo esikhiqiza umkhiqizo for the ukuthola imisebenzi inqubo okungase elasungulwa iyiphi byproducts.

Isibonelo salokhu umkhakha zamakhemikhali, lapho kungenzeka izinsalela volumetric ezingenziwanga enikeziwe ngenqubo ukukhiqizwa (ngesikhathi ziphuzo zazihluzwa noma ukulungiswa kwananoma) imiswe phakathi neminyaka zamagama izinto eziningi eziphilayo.

Ukwahlukaniswa ngenhla imfucuza abasemakilasini igxile kuhlolwe ukusetshenziswa kwabo njengoba impahla eluhlaza yesibili. Ngakho-ke, lokhu simo sibonisa ngokuyinhloko ambalwa, bese kuphela - izinga.

Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali imfucuza

imfucuza ngezigaba izakhiwo physicochemical kubalulekile kokuhlaziywa umthelela wabo imvelo. Yiqiniso, iphathelene izingxenye eziyingozi anobuthi.

World Health Organization wazakhela ngezigaba udoti ekilasini ingozi, ezamukelwe ngu-UN ngesimo izinhlelo kwemvelo Ukuvikelwa. Kuhlanganisa uhlu izingxenye eziyingozi anobuthi, okuyinto kokudedelwa ngo inqubo ukukhiqizwa. Uhlu efanayo kuhlanganisa izinto ezilandelayo: i-arsenic, imithi, compounds ahlukahlukene organohalogen futhi, yebo, mercury.

Njengoba inkomba ubuthi izinto kuthathwe kungavela umthamo Coefficient usebenzisa okuyinto isigamu izilwane test ethuthuka umphumela obulalayo.

Ukusingathwa ukuhlunga ingozi

Kuyingozi imfucuza ngezigaba kusekelwe lokuhlushwa ezinobuthi equkethwe kuwo. Futhi kubhekelwe futhi umphumela synergistic izingxenye eziningana.

Eminyakeni yamuva, amazwe aseYurophu, imfucuza ekilasini ngezigaba ingozi lisuselwe ekusebenzeni kwabo kwemvelo. Ngakho, le ndlela abangaphelele, ngoba inqubo ohlushwa kokuhlaziywa yabo njengoba izinto zokusetshenziswa for ukusetshenziswa ngokwengeziwe endaweni yezimboni.

Sebenzisa imfucumfucu njengoba izinto zokusetshenziswa ukwenziwa

Enye yezinjongo eziyinhloko noma yimuphi umsebenzi commercial nezezimboni - ekufezeni ukonga amandla futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yezimo zomnotho esikhona convergence izithakazelo abathengi ezingaba nabakhiqizi, ezithinta yesimanje izindawo zokukhiqiza kanye nobuchwepheshe usebenzise imfucuza njengendlela impahla eluhlaza.

Ngokungafani izinto zokusetshenziswa, imfucuza ayikwazi oyi-ngamakhasimende emkhakheni othize ukusetshenziswa. Ngakho, imfucuza efanayo isetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ezimbonini. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ngezigaba ezinengqondo ngokuvumelana lesi sici kungcono ukwazi ezinye zezici zazo ehlukile. Ngakho, bonke imfucuza angaqoqwa ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko:

1. Have izici ezingezinhle ezifana yokuntuleka homogeneity we Ukwakheka nobumsulwa. Izizathu zalokhu - amazinga ehlukene zokukhandleka, ukungcola, nesimo sezulu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lezi izici bemvelo stochastic, ngosizo lwabo kukhona izibuyekezo uzimisele imfucuza ubuchwepheshe kanye nekhwalithi imikhiqizo sicabanga ngezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezomnotho kanye nezemvelo.
2. KaMasipala okuqinile imfucuza ngezigaba kusekelwe amathuba ukusetshenziswa njengendlela material eluhlaza yesibili. Ngamanye amazwi, uma sinikwa iqoqo izici ezingaba alinganiswe futhi kufakwe Ukucaciswa namazinga obuchwepheshe ukuthi banesibopho isiqondiso kahle kabusha.
3. Kusukela impahla eluhlaza eyinhloko ivame ukuba ujike enqubeni ukukhiqizwa njengoba udoti, kanye nokulahlekelwa noma Ukuwohloka ezinye izimfanelo umthengi abeyizuzile futhi izakhiwo olusha bekungenjalo sici for Analogue ekuqaleni.

Ngakho-ke, incazelo imfucuza kufanele esekelwe definition yohlobo ngalunye lobukhulu ngazinye izici ukuba alinganiswe futhi isiqondiso yokusetshenziswa kwawo ngempumelelo.

imfucuza ngezigaba Ukucaciswa

Kususelwa division of izinto awo adedelwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza, zingase zihlelwe zaba izingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile:

• izakhiwo ezibalulekile ukuze impahla, nesilinganiso yabo Kuphoqelekile uma izama izindlela zesintu ukusetshenziswa;
• asanda kuluthola izakhiwo, nesilinganiso yabo kuyadingeka ekunqumeni ngezindlela ezintsha ukusebenzisa izinto ezase.

Ukunqunywa izakhiwo neqembu lokuqala wenziwa ukusebenza izincwadi ezifanele yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni ngemibhalo yomsebenzi ojwayelekile.

Ukuze imfucuza ne inqubo izakhiwo asanda kuluthola edingekayo kokubili izindlela okwakha nesilinganiso awo okwelapha, kanye ekukhombeni nezinye izakhiwo ezidingekayo.

Ukwahlukanisa udoti

Ukuze ethwala imfucuza kungase labizwa ngokuthi langakufanelekela eminye izinto ukusetshenziswa yasendlini, ukudla impahla abalahlekelwe umthengi yabo izakhiwo. Futhi, lesi sigaba sihlanganisa kamasipala kukadoti, ngezigaba kunqunywa zici ezilandelayo: senqabe futhi ethwala imfucuza.

Ukwakheka lolu hlobo udoti kuzoncika izinto ezifana: ezingeni yentuthuko esifundeni nasezweni, ezingeni kwamasiko sabantu namasikwakhe, isikhathi sonyaka njll Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zonke MSW - impahla ukupakisha, futhi leyo mali njalo ziyanda.

Ukwahlukanisa kusekelwe imfucuza Ukwakheka multicomponent futhi heterogeneity, ukuminyana ongaphakeme kanye nokuntengantenga (ikhono ubole). Njengoba imithombo doti zamukelwa izakhiwo zokuhlala, kanye yezitolo, ezemidlalo, futhi namanye amabhizinisi kanye nezinhlangano.

Ukwakheka imfucuza enjalo kuhlanganisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo kubo:

• Zekhadibhodi (iphepha);
• izinto besiyoba sikhulu;
• ukudla udoti;
• izinsimbi kanye amapulasitiki;
• isikhumba iraba;
• ingilazi, izindwangu, kanye nokhuni.

Ngakho generalized imfucuza ngezigaba.

Ukuchithwa kokungcola kuyalawulwa

Phakathi udoti okuthiwa singakwazi ukubona ukuthi izinhlobo ezinkulu ke ofuna kabusha.

1. Zasendlini. ukusetshenziswa kwalo kuyadingeka kubo bonke amabhizinisi abangafuni ukuba nenkinga neziphathimandla zokulawula. Ukuze afeze le nqubo ku nesidingo sabo ukuze babe nesizathu esizwakalayo, kuqinisekiswa amabhuku afanele. In the ukungabikho kugunyazwa inhlangano ibhizinisi kungenzeka unenkinga. Ngakho-ke, ukhetho best - ukuze ujike enkampanini, okuyinto waziphatha kabusha professional imfucuza.
2. Plastic, igwebu, iphepha, njll Ngamanye amazwi, indaba ka lapho nokupakisha. Ukucutshungulwa lezi imfucuza uhlanganisa kwasani kubo, futhi kuphela ke benziwa zithutha is futhi lisetshenziswa njengendlela material eluhlaza yesibili.
3. izibani fluorescent. Ziyakwazi ezikhangayo esanele ukucubungula, kusukela iyunithi electronic, base kanye isibani - material oluyigugu iluhlaza. Ekusebenzelaneni siyazi ukuthi lokhu angeke baphonse udoti nje ngenxa yokuthi iqukethe mercury. Nokho, lapho idluliselwe anawo eziningi izinkampani-izilimi ezidinga le nto umphakeli eluhlaza zilethwe ngokuzimela, futhi lokhu nezindleko ezengeziwe.
4. Amabhethri. Namuhla, laqala ukusetshenziswa amaphuzu yokwamukela lolu hlobo udoti. Ngakho-ke, i-main isimo kufanele kugxilwe ekufezeni ukukhuthazwa, ukukhangisa kanye Awakening ukwazi phakathi kwabantu. Lo mkhiqizo, kanye nezibani Fluorescent, futhi kuyingozi ngoba imvelo. Omunye ibhethri Engcolisayo uyakwazi mayelana 20 sq. amamitha komhlaba emhlabeni nesikhathi nokwanda kwalo - ikhulu leminyaka ikota. Futhi kumelwe kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngaphakathi kulo bangabantu izinsimbi elimazayo efana mercury cadmium kanye nomthofu.

uthuli Iyingozi kwezokwelapha

Ukwahlukanisa udoti kwezokwelapha kusekelwe ubuchwepheshe ezikhungweni ezifanele. Lena amabhandeshi ikakhulu esetshenziswa futhi gauze, izicubu womuntu, imithi noma igazi.

Zonke doti izikhungo zokwelapha idonse ngokukhethekile, ngoba ingaba kuthikameze imvelo.

Zonke udoti kusuka zezempilo, kuye ngokuthi ezingeni izingozi toxicological, epidemiological kanye radiology zihlukaniswe namakilasi amahlanu athatha ingozi.

Ngokwesibonelo, ekilasini A inikeza imfucuza non-enobungozi yakhiwa ndaba, hhayi ngaphambili nabo nokusaketshezi komzimba iziguli kanye neziguli ezithathelwanayo. Kulesi isigaba zihlanganisa imfucuza non-enobuthi.

Class B kuhlanganisa imfucuza ezithathelwanayo. Lokhu kungase zokwakha kanye namathuluzi ukuthi ingcoliswe uketshezi iziguli ezihlobene. Kufakwe izinto eziphilayo, kulandela ukugasela.

Hazard Class B - imfucuza enobungozi kakhulu, okubandakanya udoti kusuka Microlaboratory, kanye izinto eziye athintana iziguli izifo eziyingozi ezithathelanayo.

Class D - udoti, ezifanayo oyiyo kuya ezimbonini. Lezi zihlanganisa amakhemikhali, tsiostatiki, kanye namathuluzi kanye nemishini, okuhlanganisa mercury.

Hazard Class D - kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi, okuhlanganisa kudoti wezokwelapha izindawo aqukethe izakhi enemisebe.

Efingqa, singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ukulahlwa ezifanele zazo zonke izinhlobo kungaba isiqinisekiso kusimama, nekusetjentiswa lokhu kubaluleke kangaka kuleli zwe lethu lanamuhla kuyinkimbinkimbi.