Njengoba ukuphefumula izinhlanzi emanzini? Umbuzo othakazelisayo kakhulu ukuphendula akunzima kuye. Uphefumula gills, kodwa ncamashi ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka kanjani, ngoba amanzi - akusiwona umoya? Futhi uma izinhlanzi babe gills? Futhi uma ungakwazi umoya ozungeze umhlaba wethu? Futhi amisa kanjani lithole umoya-mpilo emanzini bobabili? Ngakho kuphakama imibuzo eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa, uma kuphela ucabange indlela ungakwazi uphefumule emanzini. Sizama ukuthola izimpendulo.
izitho zokuphefumula zezinhlanzi
The main komzimba ukuphefumula izinhlanzi kukhona zokuphefumula. Basuke etholakala eduze inhloko ngalo ingaphakathi gill. It abhanqiwe isitho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingabantu emnene kakhulu, ngakho-ke ihlanganisa phezulu ikhava gill sokuvikelwa. Kodwa uma zonke gills babe isakhiwo esifanayo? Lutho neze. amaqembu ezihlukene zezinhlanzi kwehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, Sack-cyclostomes gills, kuyilapho uqwanga, ezifana ushaka, bona ipuleti. Kodwa eqenjini enkulu - izinhlanzi bony - ikamu gill. Sinenkosi isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Futhi iqiniso elithakazelisayo kakhulu: Ngokungafani nazo zonke ezinye izinhlanzi bony "ukuphefumula" ngomlomo. Kodwa ngo cyclostomes hagfish imisebe cartilaginous amanzi nomoya-mpilo enikeziwe kusukela ngaphandle. Ngo ukuvela izinhlanzi zokuphefumula Uhlelo njalo ngcono futhi baba ezingcono. inhlanzi kakhulu ukuphefumula umoya-mpilo ziyoncibilika emanzini, kodwa zikhona ezehlukile, labo engasetshenziswa futhi emoyeni.
lungfish
Lungfish ukuphefumula ngendlela efanayo njengoba yonke nezinye izinhlobo. Kodwa kukhona isici enkulu. Leli qembu zezinhlanzi gill lwasendulo akuyona kuphela, kodwa futhi kwezimila yamaphaphu. Uma lezi izinhlobo zawo ziye esakazwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Manje kukhona iyunithi elilodwa kuphela - rogozuboobraznye. Atholakala e-Australia, e-Afrika nase-South America. Njengoba izitho for emishinini yokuphefumula yamaphaphu lezi zinhlanzi eyodwa noma ezimbili (kuncike zinhlobo) esinyeni. Basuke esisogwini emphinjeni kuthabathela ecaleni ventral. Lokhu kuvumela lungfish isikhathi eside ukuba amanzi elingenawo umoya-mpilo, lapho nezinye izinhlanzi ngeke siphile nje.
cyclostomes Lokuphefulmula
Njengoba sekuzoqala ukubukeka izinhlanzi mhlawumbe owokuqala ezahlela, kodwa hhayi i-eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa gills kukhona cyclostomes. Akukona ngisho ngempela inhlanzi. Minogovye (cyclostomes) uvele ekuqaleni kakhulu futhi ahlukile jawless lamabutho. zokuphefumula zawo zincikene izikhwama gill. Sinenkosi imvelaphi endodermal futhi kuphakama ngenxa ngokwahlukana kusukela pharynx. Kanjani ukudoba lamprey uphefumula kubo? Uneziqu amabhangqa ayisikhombisa ohlotsheni gill izikhwama, ngamunye uqukethe okuthile okungase izimbobo ezimbili. Eyokuqala ubizwa ngokuthi yangaphandle, kanti eyesibili - langaphakathi, kuholela tube ukuphefumula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu imbobo kungenziwa njalo wavula futhi ivaliwe. Sheer ukuphefumula tube ezakhiwe sokuhlukanisa pharynx. Ingxenye engenhla kwaba isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene, kanye aphansi - zokuphefumula. Iningi minogovyh zangaphandle gill ukuvuleka zenziwe umgudu owodwa. Wavula okwengeziwe isikhwama kancane gill zokugcina. Ngo lampreys futhi hagfish ikhala exhunywe kwi-pharynx. Ngakho-ke, ngisho nalapho inhlanzi ukugqiba ngokwayo esihlabathini, uphefumule. Lapho Cyclostomes okuphakelayo, amanzi angena izikhwama gill hhayi ngokusebenzisa ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo noma acinene futhi enqamula izimbobo gill yangaphandle.
Isakhiwo apharathasi gill zezinhlanzi bony
inhlanzi Teleost ziphefumula zokuphefumula. Sinenkosi isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakho ama-apharathasi branchial siqukethe gill nemengamo ezinhlanu. Ziyakwazi umgodi ekhethekile ekhanda. Ukuze bavikele arc ekulimaleni mechanical, phezulu yabo ihlanganisa okuqinile futhi eqinile gill isivalo. It kwandisa ubukhulu izinhlanzi. Gill nemengamo babe ezimbili zezitokisi ezingu-amacembe ngaphandle, okuyinto zisekelwa uqwanga asekelayo. Them nanso is inqubo negesi lokushintshisana. Ngu gill efanelekayo Umthambo futhi lwemithambo yegazi kuletha. Lapha kuba abasizakali zihlangana nomoya-mpilo ithwala ke bonke kwezitho nezicubu. Ohlangothini kwangaphakathi kukhona stamens gill. Zenza njengendlela lemifanekiso futhi zivikela ingress izinhlayiyana zokudla.
Indlela ukuphefumula inhlanzi emanzini?
inhlanzi ukuphefumula ngendlela elandelayo. Uma uhogela ke okhamisa umlomo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo gill lwaleli esiphezulu ngaphandle futhi isivalo gill, ngakolunye uhlangothi, simi sicindezelwe ekhanda. Kanjalo, amanzi okungena emlonyeni futhi sihamba, kodwa asicimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngalo ingaphakathi gill ngokusebenzisa iphimbo-mpilo ukumuncwa. igazi elinomoya-mpilo, eza kuye, ligcwele. Ahlanganiswe umoya-mpilo, athwala kuwo wonke izicubu izinhlanzi. Njengoba exhale, vala umlomo izinhlanzi kanye gill isivalo siphakeme. Ngakho, amanzi uyakhanywa. Ngo-capillary amacembe ku nemengamo gill kuyinto igesi hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi umzimba amanzi-usawoti. Amanzi ukhululeka imithambo yegazi carbon dioxide hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ammonia kanye nezinye izinto akhiqizwa phakathi umzimba. Lokhu incazelo eningiliziwe indlela yokuphefumula inhlanzi ngaphansi kwamanzi.
zokuphefumula engeziwe
Kodwa njengoba izinhlobo eziningi eziphilayo eMhlabeni, izinhlanzi babe uhlelo ezengeziwe zokuphefumula. Yiqiniso, gills ahlale ukhiye. Kodwa ngaphezu kwabo, ezihilela isikhumba, amathumbu ngisho izitho ekhethekile inqubo negesi lokushintshisana, ezifana sacs wamaphaphu noma "uxhaxha". Kodwa konke lokhu kufanele akutshele ukuze. zinhlobo izinhlanzi eziningi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezingase, njengoba engokwemvelo ngokukhetha, amanzi anodaka elingenawo umoya-mpilo, wenziwa wakwenza ngokuzimisela kakhulu ukuhlinza umoya. Njengoba ukuphefumula esebenzisa isikhumba senhlanzi esomile? It nje ubamba mpilo ubuso bayo. Ngezinye izikhathi ngisho siphuma umoya kwasekuqaleni. Enye idivayisi - esinyeni ebhukuda. Iqoqa emoyeni nezinhlanzi ubamba i-oksijini evela kuwo. Kungaphinde asinde ngisho isikhathi esithile ngaphandle kwamanzi. Iqhaza efanayo esinyeni sibhukuda, namathumbu ongenza. Ngo uxhaxha izinhlanzi ingaphakathi gill has a ephaketheni-mnyango ekhethekile. Izindonga zawo ezinabantu lwangena by capillary. Kulezi izinqubo gas exchange kwenzeka. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inhlanzi uxhaxha uphefumule umoya-mpilo emkhathini. Bangenza abakuthandayo ngaphandle amanzi kwaphela izinsuku eziningana. Yiqiniso, akusiwona wonke izibonelo indlela emangalisayo ukuzivumelanisa imvelo yabo nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinhlanzi. Sinenkosi izimfihlo eziningi ngaphezulu ukuthi uyobhekana kanjani ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu.