Kushisa bhé kule ndawo: umthamo ebulalayo ngoba abantu

Emisebeni is ionizing emisebeni izinhlayiya ezincane namasimu ngokomzimba. Ukuze njalo yokuchayeka emisebeni ye akubandakanyi imisebe ultraviolet ebonakalayo ukukhanya ububanzi. Ikhono ionize ketshezi ayinayo amagagasi esiphikisayo nomsakazo ama-microwave, akusiwona ngemisebe. umthamo Lethal ngoba abantu ayidaliwe eyayenziwe ngu yezinqubo zamakhemikhali, emisebeni libhekisela esenzweni ngokomzimba.

Amandla kanye umthamo

Amandla emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni inani ionization isikhathi esithile. Ukuze uthole amandla iyunithi khona - micro-roentgen ngehora.

Umthamo okuholela kukalwa umthamo Imininingwane, kunqunywa amandla emisebe ye-iphindwe isikhathi microparticles ngaleyo ndlela ibalwa umthamo ebulalayo emisebeni ngabantu, okuholela ekufeni. Ukulinganisa umthamo okulingana esetshenziswa sievert (Sv), ukubala amandla kunqunywa ngehora sievert (Sv / h).

Ukuze abale umthamo okulingana nokusondelana imisebe izinhlobo ezahlukene acabangele ukushuba emisebeni oyifunayo ekufezeni sievert. Ngokwesibonelo, e yokunquma the umthamo ephelele yezenzo gamma-ray kufanisa ukuze roentgens 100 1 Sv. kwafakwa isilinganiso esincane semithi esingaphansi 1 Sv ukubala mayelana:

• 1 mSv (mSv) elilingana 1/1000 sievert;
• 1 Sv (mikrozivert) elilingana 1/1000 milliziverts sesigidi noma sievert.

Idivayisi sokulinganisa ngemisebe

Standard zedivayisi ejwayelekile sokunquma umthamo noma izinga amandla iqondiswe ku- idivayisi futhi opharetha kudivayisi, dosimeter. Dosimetry uqhutshwa phakathi nesikhathi ukuchayeka ngokuqhubekayo emisebeni, isibonelo, shift, noma ekukhishweni ukutakulwa.

A umthamo olubulala emisebeni umuntu X-ray incike namandla emisebe ye-at indawo isisebenzi uma izinga Imininingwane kuyinto amayunithi angaphezu kuka-600, bese esisongela ngemisebe enjalo yokuphila. Obuqinisekisiwe izimpahla, izinto, alinganise zangokwasemuva zezinhlelo izakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo. Umuntu ngamunye ngokuvakashela izindawo ingozi yokungcoliswa enemisebe, le dosimeter uthola lisetshenziswa siqu njalo.

Iqhubeka sezwe ezingajwayelekile, ezifana izintaba, amachibi, kwenzekani ukushaywa noma khetha izithelo kanye amakhowe, athathe idivayisi ahlolisise endaweni ngaphambi kokuthola eside. Okunqumayo ukushuba endaweni emisebeni ngaphambi ukwakhiwa noma ukuthenga umhlaba. Emisebeni yangemuva akuyona encishisiwe futhi akakhishwanga ezindongeni zezakhiwo kanye netintfo, ngakho ingozi pre Kutholakele usebenzisa dosimeter.

Umqondo radioactivity

Ezinye nuclei engazinzile aqukethe ama-athomu uyakwazi ukuthuthukisa noma iba yingxenye yomhlabathi. Le nqubo kunomthelela ukukhululwa ion khulula. Kukhona ekushayweni enemisebe, amandla onamandla, sebeyakwazi ukwenza indaba elizungezile nokuvuselela ukuvela ion entsha kwenkokhiso engemihle futhi omuhle. A umthamo ebulalayo emisebeni e rad kwenzeka uma umuntu zishiswe 600 rad, 100 rad lapho (off-uhlelo iyunithi) = roentgens 100.

Izimbangela kwazo imisebe

Umthelela izici nezimo ezihlukahlukene zibangele ukuba imisebe eyingozi isizinda ephakeme:

• ukulahlekelwa izinto radioactive kusukela ubunjalo efwini zenuzi ukuqhuma;
• lapho eyenga a ngemisebe, okuholela akha zinhlobo IKhompyuthaYami enemisebe ngesikhathi isenzo leso ye-gamma rays kanye neutrons, le ezikhishwe ngesikhathi kuqhuma yenuzi;
• kwethonya emisebeni sangaphandle gamma ne-beta imisebe;
• umthamo ebulalayo emisebeni siboniswa i ngemisebe yangaphakathi ngemva yokuchayeka isotopes enemisebe ngaphakathi emzimbeni womuntu kusuka emoyeni noma ngokudla;
• ukungcola ezinemisebe sokucasuka ezinhlekeleleni sokuthula ezenziwe umuntu ezikhungweni zenuzi, ezokuthutha okungafanele nokulahlwa kwendle zenuzi.

uhlobo ngemisebe

Kuyingozi abantu kuyinto microparticles ngemisebe, obubangela izifo emzimbeni futhi nokufa. Ubukhulu umthelela incike zezintaka imisebe, ubude kanye imvamisa:

• esindayo-alpha-kuyizinhlayiyana, nuclei kahle icala emva nokwahlukana (okokugcina zihlanganisa thoron, ayibe-60, i-uranium, Radon);
• izinhlayiya beta kukhona electron ezivamile Sesithombe-90, potassium-40, Cesium-137;
• gamma rays emelelwa izinhlayiya nge high amandla afinyelela ekujuleni (cesium-137, ayibe-60);
• kanzima-X ray, gamma-like-izinhlayiya, kodwa ngaphansi esinomdlandla, ukunikeza americium-241, liwumthombo njalo nesenzakalo kwelanga;
• Neutrons zibangelwa wokugoqa cores plutonium, ekuqongeleleni yabo ebonwe imvelo ezindaweni zamandla enunzi.

izinhlobonhlobo ngemithamo

fixed Ilingana umthamo ngempumelelo Ukuzimisela amazinga okukhishwa kwemisebe emzimbeni ngenxa ethile izinto eziyingozi. Lesi sibalo uyakucabangela nozwela kwezitho zangaphakathi kanye nesikhathi sokuhlala of a Radioactive emzimbeni (ngezinye izikhathi impilo yonke). Kwezinye izimo, umthamo ebulalayo emisebeni e X-ray abonise kukalwa ngoba ingenye yezindlela umzimba akhethiwe.

Ambidentate umthamo okulingana kunqunywa inani ezingase uthole umuntu, uma ikhona endaweni lapho dosimetry kwenziwa, inkomba ulinganiswa sievert.

Umthelela kwazo imisebe emzimbeni womuntu

Noma yimuphi ngemisebe, okuholela ukwakheka imvelo izinhlayiya kagesi ngezibonakaliso ezahlukene, ionizing kubhekwe. I zihlakazeke emisebeni yangemuva njalo esihambisana indoda, kudala emisebeni cosmic, umphumela ilanga, imithombo yemvelo radionuclides kanye nezinye izingxenye uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli.

Ukuze Usebenza ezimweni esingaphephile ukuvikela abasebenzi izingubo ezikhethekile, uhambisane namazinga zokuphepha. Ngemisebe ye umzimba uthola endaweni yokusebenza ngesikhathi ucwaningo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali, enifeza ukuhlolwa, ukucwaninga kwezokwelapha, survey Geological nabanye.

Kwezakhi yokuchayeka

A umthamo ebulalayo emisebeni kumuntu amayunithi rad iphelile 600 siholela ekufeni. Ngemisebe at umthamo rad 400 kuya kwangu-600 ikhuthaza nesenzakalo yokugula ngemisebe kungabangela ngokuguqula izakhi zofuzo. Isenzo ukuguqulwa ionized komzimba kancane wafunda, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo azibonakali ngokusebenzisa izizukulwane. isikhathi ukusabalala ukunika ilungelo sokungabaza, kwakukhona ngokuguqula izakhi ithonya enemisebe noma ngenxa yezinye izizathu.

Ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo ngokubukeka sehlukaniswe evelele, kokuvela esikhathini esifushane emva isenzo ukuchayeka futhi esikhubazayo. Uhlobo lwesibili ka sibonisa ngokwalo, kuphela uma umama nengane babe munye isakhi sofuzo soguquko lwegciwane singalawuleka. I kuguquka akusho uvuke ezizukulwane eziningana, noma ukhetha ukungabuthinti nhlobo indoda ukukhathazeka. Ukonakala umbungu kunzima ngokunqunywa kunjalo bokubeletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi, uma kuguquka ayivumeli umbungu abafinyelela eminyakeni yobudala engu zamaKhosi.

Kushisa bhé kule ndawo ukugula. leukosis

Ekwakhiweni kwesifo emisebeni ukugula ngayo inesandla emisebeni. A ebulalayo umthamo emisebeni kuholela ekufeni, kodwa akukho amazinga kancane esiyingozi yokuchayeka 200 kuya ku-600 p, ibangela ukugula ngemisebe. Kushisa bhé kule ndawo kuthinta umuntu emva umthelela olulodwa enamandla noma ngesikhathi Ukungena njalo ongaphakeme amandla emisebe. Isibonelo umsebenzi radiologists hhayi ukumelana ukuchayeka njalo futhi yizifo ejwayelekile.

I esiyingozi kakhulu umphumela emisebeni emzimbeni ethambile kuminyaka eyi-15. Mayelana usayizi umthamo esivumelwaneni, abacwaningi ukunikeza ukubekezelelana ezahlukene umthamo 50, 100 no-200-ZU likh. I pathogenesis sifundwa kuwo ucwaningo nezikhungo, emisebeni wegazi ifinyeleleka kakhulu ukwelashwa.

izifo Oncological

Ucwaningo ngemiphumela yokukhishwa kwemisebe phezu komuntu nzima ukuthi kube ukuvela idatha generalized wafunda namaqembu amakhulu wabantu, okuyinto akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuthi ukuhlolwa okukhethekile. Yini umthamo ebulalayo emisebeni kuyabulala, futhi yini amazinga umdlavuza okubangela izimila babantu abakwazi liyokwahlulelwa isilwane ucwaningo.

Ngokuya ukwabiwa umthamo eyingozi okubangela izimila anomdlavuza, akukho idatha ethile. Noma yimuphi umthamo emisebeni wathola umzimba kuphakamisa uqale nolaka cell division. Ngo imvamisa kuwukubonakaliswa sifo ihlukaniswa kanje:

• iyona nokubonakaliswa ezivamile wegazi;
• 1000 abesifazane okuqondene iqembu ingozi, umdlavuza webele 10 abagula;
• izibalo efanayo umdlavuza yegilo.

Kushisa bhé kule ndawo ukugula kobukhulu degree

Izimpawu ukugula ngemisebe kukhona ikhanda njalo, ukuhamba kahle, ukuthinta kokuxhumana, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, isiyezi, isisu iziyaluyalu emathunjini. Uyini umthamo emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni sibulala abantu:

• wokuqala degree manifest ngemva kwesikhathi esicashile Ngemva kwamasonto amabili, lo sifo sibangelwa kakhulu ngokuzishisa ngemisebe ye roentgens 100 200;
• kube yikwembulwa besigaba sesibili emva komthamo ngemisebe 200 kuya 400 zama-X ray, ukufa kwenzeka engxenyeni yesine obala;
• ukugula ngemisebe esigabeni sesithathu - kuyinto ngokwempilo yangenyama e-50% amacala, ngoba okuvela ngokwanele umthamo ngemisebe ye roentgens 400 kuya kwangu-600;
• wesine, esigabeni eziyingozi kakhulu, futhi kubangela ngemisebe. umthamo ebulalayo of roentgens 600, abantu bayafa ku-100% amacala.

Izindlela sokuvikelwa siqu uma kwenzeka enemisebe ukungcoliswa izindawo

Izenzo standard for labantu endaweni uma emisebeni. A umthamo ebulalayo emisebeni kuyingozi ekuphileni, ngakho ukunciphisa nokufa ihlelwe zithuthe abantu abalinganiselwa ku ezakhiweni, okuyinto zihlukaniswe ngezinga eyisivikelo dolobha ibhomu zokukhosela, ezindlini, izakhiwo lokhuni kanye nezimoto. Kungcono ukuvikela isakhiwo uhlobo lokuqala, abanye baphathwa njengoba eziphuthumayo yokukhosela yesikhashana.

izinyathelo Ngempumelelo zihlanganisa ukuvikelwa zokuphefumula, amanzi kanye ukudla. Shelter essentials wenza kusengaphambili uma kukhona ingozi yokuqhuma noma ukukhululwa. Sebenzisa imithi anti-emisebeni alisetshenziswa ukuphakela ubisi fresh.

Ikhishwa njalo sanitization magciwane ezindaweni, kuwo wonke abantu ithuba bashiye ongaphandle kwendawo elinegciwane. Ukuncishiswa ukuchayeka yangaphakathi ususe uthuli bamba enikeziwe respirators, ngempumelelo e-80% amacala. Lesi sibalo sincane unika gauze ngebhandeshi izingqimba ezine, kodwa ukusebenzisa zonke kusho at Ukuvikelwa isandla. Njengoba capes esetshenziswa oxosha rainwear, ezimweni ezibucayi, i-polyethylene ifilimu.

Ekuphetheni kufanele kushiwo ukuthi endaweni emisebeni akusho wehlise ukungcola, ingozi yokutheleleka womuntu lincishisiwe usebenzisa izindlela ngabanye babo kuvikeleka kanye ukulawula umthamo ngemisebe wathola esebenzisa dosimeters.