OKUVUMELEKILE umthamo ngemisebe ngoba abantu

Kushisa bhé kule ndawo - isici imiphumela ku eziphilayo, okuyinto ayiboni kubo. Ngisho nabantu bantula ama-receptor ehlukile, okuyinto bebelokhu behlukunyezwa khona emisebeni zangokwasemuva zezinhlelo. Ochwepheshe uzifunde ngokucophelela umphumela emisebeni empilweni yomuntu futhi ukuphila. Baye wadala futhi amadivaysi ngawo ukusebenza ingalungiswa. elichaza umthamo ngemisebe ngokuvamile izinga lemisebe ye, ngaphansi kwethonya okuyinto umuntu kwaba ngokuhamba konyaka.

Kwemisebe iziphi izinyathelo?

I-World Wide Web, ungathola eziningi izincwadi emisebeni enemisebe. Cishe yonke imithombo kukhona imali kwezinkambiso ngemisebe imiphumela ngokweqile yabo. Ukuze uqonde amayunithi usithe bengayi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ubuningi Imininingwane ephawula esiphezulu ngemithamo kuvunyelwe emphakathini, kalula ukudida futhi umuntu onolwazi. Cabanga nomqondo isikali esincane futhi eqondakalayo.

Ngayiphi ukukala amagesi ngemisebe? I uhlu lokwehlukile kuyinto ngempela umxhwele: Curie, rad, Gray, becquerel, o gavriliuk ir kvitka - it is kuphela izici eziyinhloko umthamo ngemisebe. Kungani bebaningi kangaka? Zisetshenziswa emikhakheni ethile wezokwelapha kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Per unit emisebeni ukuchayeka into ukuthatha ugxile umthamo - 1 Gray (gy) 1 J / kg.

Ngaphansi kwethonya emisebeni ku eziphilayo ukhuluma ngani umthamo okulingana. Kuyinto ilingane umthamo ugxile kwezicubu zomzimba, esekelwe mass iyunithi, iphindwe isilinganiso umonakalo. I njalo zabelwe isitho ngayine inezidingo zayo. Umphumela etholwe Computing isibalo iyunithi entsha - sievert (Sv).

Ngesisekelo kakade wathola idatha umphumela emisebeni evela izicubu isitho kunqunywa umthamo okulingana ngempumelelo. Lokhu ipharamitha ibalwa ngokuvele azalane inombolo lwangaphambilini sievert ngumuntu Coefficient okuyinto uyakucabangela ukuzwela obuhlukahlukene kwezicubu emisebeni. Inani layo kunikezwa hlola impendulo begazi lemali umzimba eneji ugxile.

Uyini umthamo ovumelekile emisebeni futhi uma befika khona?

ochwepheshe Kushisa bhé kule ndawo ukuphepha ngesisekelo idatha umphumela emisebeni empilweni yomuntu baye basungula esiphezulu amanani avumelekile amandla ukuthi kungenziwa amuncwa wumzimba ngaphandle umonakalo. Ubuningi umthamo ezivunyelwe (PDD) ngeyakho ngemisebe olulodwa noma isikhathi eside. Kulokhu, izindinganiso zokuphepha emisebeni acabangele izici Abantu abasondelene isenzo ngemuva ngemisebe.

Hlukanisa kule mikhakha elandelayo:

• A - Abantu abasebenza ne ionizing imithombo ngemisebe. Ngokuhamba enza imisebenzi umsebenzi wabo bavezwa ngemisebe.
• B - kuchazwe labantu izindawo, abasebenzi kabani imisebenzi kungukuthi ezihlobene irisidi ngemisebe.
• Ngo - sabantu yezwe.

Phakathi izisebenzi ababonakali ngezikhundla amaqembu amabili: benzi endaweni elawulwa (emisebeni ulapha mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 0.3 we SDA yonyaka) kanye nabasebenzi indawo enjalo (0.3 we SDA akuyona kudlulwe). Phakathi ngemithamo 4 izinhlobo izitho ezibucayi, isb labo izicubu zabo ekubhujisweni siyenzeka inani elikhulu ngokuqondene emisebeni ionized. Uma ucabangela izigaba ezibalwe sabantu emphakathini futhi abasebenzi, kanye izitho ezibucayi, ukuphepha ngemisebe usetha SDA.

Ngokokuqala ngqá ukuchayeka imikhawulo kwangena 1928. Inani lonyaka emisebeni ukumuncwa zangokwasemuva zezinhlelo 600 mSv (mSv). It yasungulwa for ochwepheshe bezempilo - radiologists. Ucwaningo ionizing emisebeni nomthelela obuphelele kanye nekhwalithi iziqondiso obuqinile ukuphila. Kakade 1956 strip lancipha mSv 50, futhi ngo-1996-ke sehla 20 mSv International Commission on Kushisa bhé kule ndawo Ukuvikelwa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukusungulwa imithetho yomgwaqo ukuthi uthathe hhayi ku-akhawunti ukumuncwa engokwemvelo amandla ionized.

Ukuchayeka emisebeni yemvelo

Uma ugweme izakhi enemisebe nemisebe yabo namanje ngandlela-thile kungenzeka, ngemuva yemvelo ngeke aphunyuke. ukuchayeka Yemvelo ngamunye izifunda has izinkomba ngabanye. Kwaba njalo eminyakeni ngeke anyamalale, kodwa aqoqana kuphela.

ezingeni zemvelo emisebeni kuxhomeke ezicini eziningana:

• ukuphakama ngaphezu kogu lolwandle we inkomba (ephansi, i-ezincane ngemuva, futhi okuphambene nalokho);
• inhlabathi ukuthungwa, amanzi shushuzela;
• izizathu yokufakelwa (ukukhiqizwa, enuzi izitshalo amandla).

Indoda ithola emisebeni ngokudla, inhlabathi ukukhanya, ilanga, ngesikhathi ngihlolwa. imithombo engeziwe yokuchayeka kuthiwa yokukhiqiza izitshalo, izitshalo amandla enuzi, ukuhlolwa amasayithi kanye airfields iziqhumane.

Ochwepheshe bakholelwa exposure ezifanele kakhulu, okuyinto ingeqi 0.2 mSv ngehora. Futhi mkhawulo kwezinkambiso emisebeni elicacisiwe 0.5 microsieverts ngehora. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile yokuchayeka okuqhubekayo izinto ionized emisebeni kuvunyelwe umthamo ukuze womuntu likhule laba ngu-10 mSv / h.

Ngokusho odokotela, ekuphileni kwakhe konke umuntu bangathola emisebeni ngesilinganiso engekho ngaphezu kuka-100-700 mSv. Empeleni, abantu abahlala ezindaweni sezintaba, bavezwa emisebeni e isikali ezinkulu eziningana. ukumuncwa Isilinganiso ionized amandla ukusebenza ngonyaka imayelana 2-3 mSv.

Uqinisile indlela eyingozi ngayo kuthinta amaseli?

Kunamaphuzu amaningana zamakhemikhali isakhiwo ngemisebe. Ingabe esebenzayo ama-athomu ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo, okuholela ukukhululwa esiningi namandla. La mandla enza umzimba okwazi ngokoqobo ukudonsa electron kusuka kuma-atom izidakamizwa amaseli. Inqubo ngokwaso libizwa ionization. Atom, okuyinto usebhekene inqubo enjalo, eshintsha impahla yayo, okuholela ushintsho wonke isakhiwo ndaba. Ukuze ama-athomu engqamuzaneni baguqulelwa, ngoba ama-molecule sezindawo jikelele ophilayo izicubu. Njengoba kwanda ukuchayeka ezingeni luyanda futhi inani lamaseli Ushintshe, kuphumele ushintsho global. Kule ndaba, futhi kuye kwabalwa ovumelekile umthamo emisebeni abantu. Iqiniso lokuthi izinguquko emangqamuzaneni aphilayo bese kuthinte molecule ye-DNA. Amasosha omzimba ngenkuthalo ubuyisela kwezicubu ngisho nekhono "ukulungisa" i-DNA lilimele. Kodwa ezimweni yokuchayeka abalulekile noma ukungena umzimba ozivikela bayatfutfuka sifo.

Up ukuphakamisa amathuba isifo okwenzeka emangqamuzaneni, ukumuncwa evamile emisebeni kanzima. Uma umthamo ngempumelelo (mayelana 20 mSv ngonyaka umkhakha abasebenzi) idlula izibalo yanconywa kaningi, impilo jikelele ancipha kakhulu. Amasosha omzimba ebuthaka, okuyinto kubandakanya ukuthuthukiswa izifo ezihlukahlukene.

Ukweqiwa elikhulu radiation, ingatholakala ngenxa izingozi at enuzi izitshalo amandla noma ibhomu le-athomu, akuzona njalo iyahambisana ukuphila. Izicubu ngaphansi kwethonya amaseli ezishintshwe afe sibaningi futhi abanawo isikhathi sokusukuma, okuyinto luhambisana nomthwalo ukwephulwa of imisebenzi ebalulekile. Uma ingxenye izicubu inakekelwa ke umuntu uzothola ithuba ukuze alulame.

Izinkomba kuvunyelwe amazinga okukhishwa kwemisebe

Ngokusho emisebeni izindinganiso zokuphepha ukusetha esiphezulu nenani avumelekile ionizing emisebeni ngonyaka. Cabanga manani akula etafuleni.

Njengoba singabona kusukela etafuleni, umthamo kuvunyelwe ngonyaka abasebenzi ezimbonini enobungozi kanye izitshalo amandla enuzi wehlukile izibalo etholakala ngokuba esishintshashintshayo sanitary evikelwe yomphakathi. Into wukuthi nge ukumuncwa isikhathi eside ionizing emisebeni ye kuvunyelwe umzimba ukuze ubhekane ngokuphumelelayo nalesi yokutakula esifike amaseli ngaphandle umonakalo empilweni.

Ukweqiwa Single yokuchayeka womuntu

A ukwanda okukhulu emisebeni zangemuva kuholela umonakalo lubucayi kakhudlwana komunye kwezicubu, ngakho baqala ukungasebenzi noma senqabe emizimbeni. Isimo esibucayi kwenzeka kuphela uma ethola isamba esikhulu ionizing amandla. A ngokweqile kancane ngemithamo Kunconywa kungaholela ezifweni ukuthi ingelapheka.

One-time kokuthola semali emisebeni kubathinta kabi isimo umzimba: iseli ngokushesha wabhubhisa, akukho isikhathi sokusukuma. Kukhula ukuchayeka, kuba ilapho zithola okwengeziwe we izilonda.

Ukuthuthukiswa ukugula ngemisebe: Izimbangela

Kushisa bhé kule ndawo ukugula ibizwa ngokuthi isimo jikelele umzimba, kubangelwa ithonya emisebeni okweqa SDA. Izilonda kuyagcinwa yibo bonke izinhlelo. Ngokusho kwemibiko we-International Commission on radiology Ukuvikelwa, umthamo ngemisebe, kubangele ukugula ngemisebe, siqale ukusebenza mSv 500 ngesikhathi noma ngaphezulu kuka-150 mSv ngonyaka.

imiphumela elimazayo okujula okusezingeni eliphezulu (500 mSv ngaphezulu yesikhathi esisodwa) kuphakama kusukela ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi, ukuhlolwa kwabo izinhlekelele ezenziwe umuntu, i olunzulu ngemisebe ukwelashwa wokwelapha isifo somdlavuza, izifo rheumatism nezifo yegazi.

Ukuthuthukiswa ezingamahlalakhona ukugula ngemisebe kuncike ochwepheshe bezokwelapha enisezweni uMnyango ukwelashwa ngemisebe nokuhlola, kanye neziguli avame ngaphansi-X-ray kanye nezifundo radionuclide.

Ukwahlukanisa ukugula ngemisebe, kuncike umthamo ngemisebe

Lesi sifo libhekene ngesisekelo uhlobo ionizing emisebeni ulapha isiguli wathola futhi kwakuzoba isikhathi esingakanani. ukuchayeka Single kuholela esimweni acute, futhi njalo okuphindaphindiwe, kodwa ngaphansi omkhulu - inqubo ezingamahlalakhona.

Cabanga ifomu eziyisisekelo ukugula ngemisebe, ngokuvumelana ukuthola ukuchayeka olulodwa:

• emisebeni ukulimala (ngaphansi kuka-1 Sv) - izinguquko esethola kwenzeke kanjalo;
• ithambo ifomu umnkantsha (1 kuya 6 Sv) - ngezinga elithile ezine, kuncike umthamo wathola. Nokufa e kokutshelwa ngokukhubazeka kwengane kuba ngaphezu kuka-50%. amaseli athintekayo umnkantsha. Isimo kungathuthukisa ukufakelwa. eside isikhathi ukutakula
• emathunjini (10-20 Sv) libhekene isimo esibi, sepsis, ukopha emathunjini;
• Senhliziyo (20-80 Sv) - waphawula thuthuva hemodynamic futhi ukudakwa ezinzima;
• cerebral (80 Sv) - ebulalayo zingakapheli izinsuku 1-3 ngenxa edema palsy.

Ithuba kokusimama nokuhlunyeleliswa kweziguli umnkantsha isimo (isigamu isikhathi). izimo Ukungaphathwa ayikwazi ngayo. Ukufa kwenzeka ezinsukwini noma emasontweni ambalwa ezayo.

Ukuze acute ukugula ngemisebe

Ngemva umthamo imisebe eyingozi wathola futhi umthamo ngemisebe safinyelela 1-6 Sv ukuthuthukisa acute emisebeni ukugula. Odokotela uhlukanise isimo, okuyinto ukulandela nomunye ku 4 izigaba:

1. reactivity Primary. Senzeka amahora okuqala angu-ngemva ngemisebe. It libhekene ubuthakathaka, umfutho ophansi wegazi, isicanucanu nokuhlanza. Ngemisebe kuka-10 Sv wabe ngokushesha lwesigaba sesithathu.
2. Isikhathi esicashile. Ngemva 3-4 izinsuku ngemva kokuzibeka elangeni futhi kuze kube isimo kwenyanga eyodwa ngcono.
3. izimpawu Expanded. Sihambisane ezithathelwanayo, igazi, ukuphathwa isisu, oluhambisana syndrome. isimo sakhe sasibucayi ethuneni.
4. Yokutakula.

isimo sibi iphathwa kuncike uhlobo isithombe emtholampilo. Ezimweni jikelele babelwe yokwelapha ngokukhishwa kobuthi egazini ngu nokuphathwa ejenti okuyinto iwukudambisa izinto radioactive. Uma kudingeka, kwenziwa ukumpontshelwa igazi, umnkantsha transplantation.

Iziguli ezisindayo emavikini okuqala angu-12 inkambo acute ukugula ngemisebe, ngokuvamile abe Izibikezelo evumayo. Kodwa ngisho ekubuyiselweni okuphelele kwabantu ngale ndlela kwandisa amathuba okuba nomdlavuza ngokuphawulekayo, kanye ukuzalwa inzalo nge kwezinso zofuzo.

Okungalapheki ukugula ngemisebe

Nge ukuchayeka njalo emisebeni ngesikhathi ngemithamo ephansi, kodwa esingeqi ingqikithi 150 mSv ngonyaka (angafaki ngemuva zemvelo), iqala ifomu njalo ukugula ngemisebe. Ukuthuthukiswa Its egcina izigaba ezintathu: ekwakhekeni, umphumela yokutakula.

Isigaba sokuqala senzeka eminyakeni eminingana (kufika ku-3). Kobukhulu isimo kungaba azimisele kusukela imnene ezinzima. Uma ukuhlukanisa isiguli endaweni kokuthola emisebeni ke iminyaka emithathu kufika esigabeni yokutakula. Ngemva kwalokho, mhlawumbe umuntu alulame ngokugcwele noma, kunalokho, nge ukuqhubeka ngokushesha lesi sifo esibulalayo.

emisebeni Ionized ongabhubhisa lamaseli izikhathi emzimbeni unikele isasebenziseka. Yingakho ukuhambisana umkhawulo amazinga okukhishwa kwemisebe kuyinto umbandela ebalulekile umsebenzi ezindaweni eziyingozi futhi abahlala eduze izitshalo amandla enuzi, futhi ukuhlolwa amasayithi.