I metal refractory kakhulu. Izimpawu metal

Izinsimbi - lena impahla ezivamile (kanye epulasitikini futhi ingilazi), okuyinto esetshenziswa abantu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. izici Ngisho ke, umuntu wayaziwa we metal, wayevame .Ubuhlobo kuzo zonke izindawo zabo ukudala imisebenzi enhle yobuciko, glassware, izinto zasekhaya, izitshalo.

Esinye sezici eziyinhloko e kuhlolwe lezi zinto kuyinto ubulukhuni yabo futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuma. Lezi izimfanelo zikuvumela ukuchaza ububanzi bokusebenzisa we metal. Ngakho-ke, sicabanga zonke izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi ukunakekela okukhethekile unikezwa nezindaba ukuncibilika.

Izakhiwo of izinsimbi

izinsimbi izakhiwo isici ngokomzimba ungaboniswa ngesimo amaphuzu emine esemqoka.

1. sheen metallic - konke babe mayelana efanayo esiliva-white enhle ayebuthaka isici, ngaphezu ithusi negolide. Sinenkosi red tide yellow, ngokulandelana. Calcium - esiliva blue.
2. isimo Physical - konke okuqinile ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, ngaphandle mercury okuyinto ngesimo uketshezi.
3. conductivity kagesi futhi ezishisayo - ifanela zonke izinsimbi, kodwa lubonakala ngezindlela ezingafani.
4. Malleability futhi ductility - futhi evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke izinsimbi ipharamitha okuyinto efanela ziyahlukahluka kuye ejenti ethile.
5. I ukuncibilika ukuvala abacaphuni - ubheka ukuthi yiziphi metal refractory kanye ongaphakeme ukuma. Lokhu ipharamitha ihlukile zonke izinto.

Zonke izakhiwo ngokomzimba zichazwe by isakhiwo olukhethekile eheleni metal. uhlele izinto zalo lwezendawo, ukuma kanye namandla.

izinsimbi Fusible futhi refractory

Lokhu kukhetha kubaluleke kakhulu uma kuziwa ezindaweni kwesicelo zezinto. izinsimbi Refractory futhi Alloys - oluyisisekelo isiqoqi sama-softwe kanye shipbuilding, sokuncibilikisa futhi ephonsa imikhiqizo eminingi ebalulekile, uthole ithuluzi esihle sokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, ulwazi ukuncibilika nokubilisa okushisa kudlala indima eliyisisekelo.

Echaza amandla izinsimbi, kungaba bahlukanise wabayisa kanzima futhi ziyaqothuka. Uma sikhuluma refractoriness, lapha ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile:

1. Fusible - yilawo bayakwazi ukuthi iguqule isimo sokuxhumaniseka ngokomzimba at okushisa ngezansi 1000 ° ^C. Izibonelo zibandakanya ithini nomthofu kuphela, mercury sodium, cesium, manganese, zinc, aluminium, kanye nabanye.
2. Refractory are labo ukuncibilika lokushisa lingaphezulu kwenani okhethiwe. Kukhona abaningi, kodwa umkhuba isetshenziswa ngisho kancane.

Ithebula izinsimbi kokuba lokuncibilika ngenhla 1000 ^{° C,} lapha ngenzansi. Kuyinto, walungisa abameleli refractory kakhulu.

Lokhu metal ithebula kuhlanganisa wonke abameleli, ogama ukuncibilika lokushisa lingaphezulu ^{kuka-1000 °} C. Nokho, umkhuba, iningi lawo azisetshenziswa ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yezinzuzo zezomnotho ngenxa radioactivity noma ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu fragility, ukuchayeka kuhlasela ezonakalisayo.

Futhi kusukela ithebula kusobala ukuthi metal refractory kakhulu emhlabeni - kuyinto tungsten. Izinga eliphansi kakhulu igolide. Lapho ukusebenza izinsimbi kuyinto umsungulo ezibalulekile. Ngakho-ke, eziningi okukhulunywe kahle ngenhla okusetshenziselwa izinjongo lobuchwepheshe.

metal Iningi refractory - Tungsten

Esikhathini ishadi lesikhathi itholakala ngaphansi neenomborosikhundla 74. Igama isuselwe igama physics esidumile uStefanu Wolfram. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile kuyinto metal refractory silvery-white umbala esiqinile. It has a evelele metallic sheen. Amakhemikhali cishe inert ekusabeleni ingena ngokungathandi.

Emvelweni, ngesimo namaminerali equkethwe:

• wolframite;
• scheelite;
• Gyubnera;
• ferberite.

Ososayensi baye bafakazela ukuthi tungsten - kwensimbi refractory kunazo zonke. Nokho, kukhona ukusikisela ukuthi seaborgium kwakuthiwa akwazi ukushaya irekhodi lokhu metal. Kodwa liyisici enemisebe nge esifushane kakhulu khona. Ngakho-ke, ukuba kufakazelwe akunakwenzeka okwamanje.

At lokushisa ethile (ngenhla 1500 ^C) tungsten iba ductile nabalolongeka. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuba ukukhiqiza wire elincanyana ngesisekelo yalo. Le mpahla isetshenziswa womshini sesigcilikisha ekukhanyeni yasendlini evamile ama.

Njengoba metal refractory kakhulu lapho ongakwazi ukumelana namazinga okubanda ^engaphezu kuka 3400 C, i-tungsten sisetshenziswa emasimini elandelayo ubuchwepheshe:

• njengoba electrode Welding ngaphansi argon;
• I-acid-fast, ukugqoka ukumelana ukushisa ukumelana Alloys futhi;
• njengoba Ukushisa isici;
• e cleaner amashubhu njengoba intambo nokunye.

Ngaphandle metal tungsten kabanzi yobuciko, isayensi kanye electronics compounds yayo. Njengoba metal refractory emhlabeni futhi yakha kwakwakhe nge eliphezulu kakhulu izinga izici: okuhlala, amelana cishe zonke izinhlobo isinyathelo zamakhemikhali, awekho ngaphansi ukugqwala, withstanding okushisa aphansi kanye high (win, tungsten sulphide, zinhlayiya yayo olulodwa kanye nezinye izinto).

Niobium futhi Alloys

NB, noma niobium, - ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile zesiliva-zethusi acwebezelayo. Uphinde refractory, njengoba izinga lokushisa ushintsho esimweni liquid kuye kuyinto 2477 ° ^C. Yile mfanelo, kanye inhlanganisela reactivity ongaphakeme futhi umumo wokwakha ivumela niobium iyaduma ngaphezulu umsebenzi womuntu esisebenzayo njalo ngonyaka. Namuhla, le metal isetshenziswa izimboni ezifana:

• rocket isayensi;
• umkhakha Aerospace;
• amandla enuzi;
• ukwakhiwa apharathasi chemical;
• umsakazo zobunjiniyela.

I metal azigcina impahla yayo ngokomzimba ngisho okushisa aphansi kakhulu. izihloko Isekelwe libhekene ukugqwala ukumelana, ukushisa ukumelana, ukuqina, conductivity enhle kakhulu.

Lokhu metal sengezwe izinto aluminium ukuthuthukisa ukumelana amakhemikhali. Kusukela ukukhiphele cathodes futhi anodes, it is doped nge Alloys non-ayoni. zemali Ngisho kwamanye amazwe ukwenzani okuqukethwe niobium.

tantalum

Metal, ngefomu khulula ngaphansi kwezimo ezejwayelekile kanye embozwe i ifilimu oxide. It has iqoqo izindawo ngokomzimba ukuthi uyivumele ukuba kusakazeke futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba abantu. izici zako ezisemqoka ezisetshenzisiwe kanje:

1. Emazingeni ngenhla 1000 ^{° C} iba superconducting.
2. Lona kakhulu ngemva metal refractory of tungsten futhi rhenium. Amazinga ukuncibilika kuyinto 3017 ° ^C.
3. Ngokuphelele ubamba amagesi.
4. Njengoba kulula ukusebenza njengoba iphuma ngongqimba, ucwecwe wire kalula.
5. Ingabe ubulukhuni ezinhle futhi ziyaqothuka, azigcina ductility.
6. Kuyinto ukumelana kakhulu ejenti zamakhemikhali (akusho chaza ngisho aqua regia).

Ngenxa izici ezinjalo wakwazi ukuthandwa njengesisekelo eziningi ephezulu lokushisa kanye acid nemithi, Alloys ukugqwala ukumelana. compounds yawo eminingi ukuthola izinhlelo zokusebenza e wesayensi yenuzi, electronics, kumadivayisi Computing uhlelo. Asetshenziswa njengezitolo superconductors. Ngaphambili, tantalum isetshenziswa njengoba isici kule intambo. Manje esikhundleni sakhe sathathwa tungsten.

Chromium uphinde Alloys yayo

Omunye kwensimbi sekukaningi injalo zemvelo kuyinto umbala bluish-mhlophe. ukuncibilika wayo iphuzu lingaphansi kunalokhu ukuthi kubhekwe kuze kube manje izakhi futhi ^imayelana 1907 C. Nokho, isasetshenziswa ubuciko kanye umkhakha lonke, kanye amenable amathonya mechanical, kusetshenzwe futhi olubunjiwe.

chromium eyigugu Ikakhulukazi njengoba napylitelya. It isetshenziswa izihloko ukubanika akhanye enhle, isivikelo ukugqwala futhi sithuthukise bafake ukumelana. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi Plating-chrome.

chromium Alloys athandwa kakhulu. Ngoba ngisho nengcosana le zensimbi ingxubevange kakhulu kwandisa nobulukhuni nokuzabalazela imiphumela yokugcina.

zirconium

Omunye metal eqolo, ngakho elisetshenziswa izicelo lobuchwepheshe kunzima. Nokho, ubunjalo bomzimba ukwenza kube nje Irreplaceable kwezinye izimboni eziningi.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, i-metal enhle esiliva-mhlophe. It has a sezingeni eliphezulu ukuncibilika amaphuzu - 1855 ^C. It has ubulukhuni ezinhle, ukugqwala ukumelana, kusukela amakhemikhali asebenzayo. Futhi ubukisa biocompatibility kamnandi nomphathi isikhumba futhi wonke umzimba. Lokhu kwenza kube metal esibalulekile ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha (amathuluzi, lezi zitho, nokunye).

izicelo Main zirconium futhi compounds yayo, kuhlanganise Alloys, njengoba kulandela:

• amandla enuzi;
• pyrotechnics;
• alloying izinsimbi;
• imithi;
• enza bioposudy;
• impahla kwesakhiwo ;
• efana superconductor.

Zirconium futhi Alloys ngisho imihlobiso zenziwa ngesisekelo yalo, uyakwazi ukuthonya ngcono impilo yabantu.

molybdenum

Uma uthola ukuthi lo metal refractory kakhulu, ngaphezu tungsten afanele kanye molybdenum kusengathiwa. lokushisa yayo ukuncibilika kuyinto 2623 ° ^C. Ngakho kuba impela kanzima, ductile kanye nokubambisana.

It isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko hhayi ifomu okumsulwa kodwa njengoba ebalulekile ye Alloys. Bona, sibonga khona molybdenum kwaluqinisa kakhulu e bafake ukumelana, ukushisa ukumelana naso futhi kwenze anticorrosion.

Ezinye compounds molybdenum ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo Lubrication lobuchwepheshe. Futhi, lena impahla doping metal kanyekanye kuthinta amandla futhi anticorrosion, okuyinto ivelakancane.

vanadium

metal Gray nge ucwebezela ngendlela ekhangayo silvery. It has a rate kahle eliphezulu of encibilika (1920 ° ^C). It is ikakhulukazi esetshenziswa kulethe izinqubo eziningi ngenxa inertia yayo. Amandla lisetshenziswe kokubili chemical umthombo zamanje enkulu ekwakhekeni acid wezinto ezingaphili. Ukubaluleka eyinhloko ayikona ukuhlanganisa metal okumsulwa, okungukuthi ezinye compounds yayo.

Rhenium futhi Alloys yayo

Uyini metal refractory kakhulu Tungsten ngemva? It rhenium. ukuncibilika Izinga ^imayelana 3186 C. Ukuze amandla aphakeme futhi tungsten molybdenum. Plasticity akusiyo liphezulu kakhulu. Isidingo rhenium likhulu kakhulu, kodwa ukukhiqizwa kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuba metal eqolo khona namuhla.

Isetshenziselwa womshini:

• jet izinjini;
• thermocouples;
• intambo ntambo ngoba spectrometer namanye amadivayisi;
• kulethe e uwoyela.

Zonke izicelo ibiza, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kuphela uma isidingo kakhulu, uma ukufaka esikhundleni enye into akunakwenzeka.

titanium Alloys

Titan - a engasindi kakhulu metal umbala esiliva-white, okuyinto kabanzi umkhakha Metallurgical nensimbi. Kungaba qhuma lapho usesimweni fake ihlukaniswe, unjalo ingozi yomlilo.

Isetshenziselwa ekukhiqizeni izindiza kanye rocket, ukukhiqizwa kwe emikhunjini. Kabanzi kusetshenziswa imithi ngenxa biocompatibility nendikimba (lezi zitho, ukubhoboza, izimila, njll).