Kuyini authoritarianism: definition, izici kanye nezici

Ngokusho incazelo, authoritarianism - omunye oyinhloko izinhlobo nemibuso yezombangazwe. It kuyisinyathelo Lesisemkhatsini phakathi kobushiqela kanye nentando yeningi, ngokuhlanganisa izici zalezi zinhlelo ezimbili.

ubufakazi

Ukuze uzwisise ukuthi yini authoritarianism kuyadingeka ukugqamisa izimpawu. Sekukonke kukhona eziningana. Eyokuqala - a despotism noma autocracy. Ngamanye amazwi, umuntu noma iqembu labantu ababemi oshayelayo isimo, uthatha ukulawula zonke iziyisikhombisa zokubusa ayinikezi ukuba ziqhathaniswa nezimbangi zazo, njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, kwenziwa ukukhethwa ngokwentando yeningi.

amandla kobushiqela akanamkhawulo. Izakhamizi akakwazi ukulawula, ngisho noma umthetho kwemibono yabo kusho okuthile. Imibhalo ezifana umthethosisekelo washintsha ngokuzikhethela neziphathimandla futhi babe okunethezekayo ukubukeka kwakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho, setha esingenamkhawulo ukuthi imigomo, okuyinto inhloko yezwe kungaba sesikhundleni.

igunya ematheni

Izibonakaliso ebaluleke kakhulu authoritarianism amanga ekufiseni kwayo ukuze ukuncika emandleni - okungase kube khona noma langempela. umbuso okunjalo akudingekile ukuba ahlele yokucindezelwa - kungenzeka ethandwa phakathi kwabantu. Nokho, uma isidingo amandla anjalo uzokwazi ukwenza ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwamandla yokungalaleli civil njalo.

Kuyini authoritarianism? Lokhu nokugwema wanoma yikuphi ukuphikiswa, noma umncintiswano. Uma imodi kade iminyaka eminingi, i-ukufana iba enhle, futhi inkampani ilahlekelwa isidingo enye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kobushiqela uyavuma ukuba khona zabasebenzi, izinhlangano zezombusazwe kanye nezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi, kodwa kuphela uma ukulawuleka ngokugcwele futhi umhlobiso.

Esinye isici esibalulekile - ukwenqaba ukulawula jikelele phezu umphakathi. Amandla ikakhulu matasa ngokuqinisekisa okusinda yabo futhi uqede ezazibhekiswe wakhe. State kanye nomphakathi isimiso esinjalo bangaphila emihlabeni emibili okufanayo, lapho izikhulu ungagxambukeli e nokuphila kwangasese izakhamuzi, kodwa ungakuvumeli ukuthatha izikhundla sakhe.

sama

Classic izwe authoritarianism kuza ngesikhathi lapho elite zezombusazwe iba ngesilwane esifuywayo. Ngamanye amazwi, enqaba ukuba ngumnikazi Ukujikeleza ngokubamba ukhetho ukuncintisana. Kunalokho, neziphathimandla eziqokelwe ngesinqumo somthetho kwaphezulu. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka ngesilwane esifuywayo, amile ivaliwe ngoLwesithathu.

Kuzo zonke izici agcwele ukuthi onjalo authoritarianism, omunye kunazo yesiteleka iyona Fusion wonke amagatsha kahulumeni (zokwahlulela, mphathi nezomthetho) zibe munye. Lezi izindlela kuhluke populism. Le mpendulo we "Oyise balezi isizwe" kusekelwe umqondo isidingo hlanganani lonke izwe elizungeze ohlelweni olukhona. Ngo inqubomgomo angaphandle, laba uthi banolaka futhi zaseMelika, uma ine- izinsiza ezanele.

Authoritarianism abakwazi khona ngaphambi kokuphasiswa yiziphathimandla. Ngo ngokwesikhundla sakhe sokuba umholi onekhono noma inhlangano (party) angasebenza, ephinde iwuphawu (ubukhosi, esidlule okukhulu, njalo njalo. N.). Ngo migomo, futhi izimpawu eyinhloko authoritarianism. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ezweni ngalinye ezifana inezici yaso ehlukile.

izimbangela

Ukubonisa ukuthi kuyinto authoritarianism, kubalulekile ukuba uhlu izibonelo zayo izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu. Lokhu despotism aseMpumalanga Lasendulo, unya lasendulo kobukhosi ngokuphelele ngenkathi Ezikhathini zanamuhla, umbuso kwekhulu XIX. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi zikhona eziningi ezihlukahlukene amafomu lomkhuba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi authoritarianism zezombusazwe uyakwazi kuhlangene ezihlukahlukene izinhlelo: feudalism, ubugqila, ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, ne-capitalism, amakhosi ohlanga kanye nentando yeningi. Ngenxa yalokhu kunzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa umthetho jikelele ukuthi kukhona isimiso esinjalo.

Ngokuvamile imfuneko ukuvela authoritarianism ezweni kuyinto inhlekelele yezombangazwe nezenhlalo zomphakathi. Leso simo kungenzeka uma kwenkathi yenguquko, lapho ikhefu esungulwe amasiko, indlela zomlando wokuphila. A inqubo efanayo uzisibekele isikhathi kushintsha umuntu - izizukulwane ezimbili. Abantu abangafuni ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha zokuphila (isibonelo, okuzovela ngenxa yizinguquko kwezomnotho), bathambekele "ngesandla esinamandla nangengalo oda," okungukuthi amandla ematheni umashiqela.

UMholi izitha

Ezinjengokungcoliswa authoritarianism kanye nentando yeningi akuhambisani. Esimweni sokuqala, umphakathi esekudeni izihambeli zonke izinqumo ngokuyinhloko ezibalulekile ngenxa yokuphila yezwe umuntu oyedwa. Umholi kobushiqela yezwe kanye sibalo isimo ukumela kwethemba impilo engcono abantu abazithola ezansi isitebhisi nomphakathi.

Futhi qiniseka kukhona indlela esisemqoka lesitha. Lokhu kungaba uhlobo iqembu social), somphakathi noma lonke izwe (isizwe). Kukhona ihlelo ubuntu umholi, ngubani okuphiniwe amathemba abo nelokugcina ophumayo crisis. Kunezinye izici okuyizimpawu authoritarianism. kule modi lokukholisa ithuthukisa ukubaluleka kwenchubokuphatsa. Ngaphandle-ke akunakwenzeka ukuba ukusebenza evamile ngqongqotshe.

izibonelo ezahlukene authoritarianism eyenzeke emlandweni. Badlala izindima ezahlukene inqubo zomlando. Ngokwesibonelo imodi Sulla eRoma yasendulo kwaba ngoludala, Hitler eJalimane - yokusabela, kanye nezikhathi wokubusa kaPetru mina, kukaNapoleon Bismarck - ezithuthukayo.

authoritarianism yesimanje

Naphezu kwentuthuko jikelele, ngisho nanamuhla, izwe asizange sibe yeningi ngokuphelele. States uqhubeke ukhona, okuncike authoritarianism. Amandla kula mazwe kuhluke ngokuphelele eWestern imodeli izinhlelo. Isibonelo engokomfanekiso lo mehluko okubizwa ngokuthi "izwe lesithathu". Lihlanganisa amazwe ase-Afrika, Latin America kanye nezinye izifunda zomhlaba.

"Isimo Esibucayi Izwekazi" kuze kube muva nje (kuze isigamu yesibili yekhulu XX) wahlala base wamakoloni ngoba amadolobha European: UK, France, njll Lapho amazwe ase-Afrika yakhululeka ekubusweni, bamukela kusukela Old Umhlaba imodeli yeningi ... Nokho, akazange asebenze. Cishe kuwo onke amazwe ase-Afrika kamuva kwaphenduka izinto imibuso kobushiqela.

Ngokwengxenye, lokhu iphethini kungenxa emasikweni umphakathi empumalanga. E-Afrika, e-Asia, futhi ngezinga elincane e-Latin America, ukubaluleka kokuphila komuntu nesokuzibusa ayikaze at kokuwa. Esinye nesinye isakhamuzi lapho kubhekwa ukuba yingxenye lonke. Ngokuhlanganyela kubaluleke ngaphezu siqu. Kule sengqondo futhi kukhona authoritarianism. Kuchazwa umbuso ezinjalo uthi ke phuca umphakathi enkululeko. Yenza kube lula kakhulu lapho kukazibuse bakucabange okuthile okuyigugu.

Ukwahlukana kusuka kombuso wobushiqela

Njengoba isinyathelo Lesisemkhatsini, authoritarianism lungaphezu okunye okucishe kufane ukuze kobushiqela kuka idimokhrasi kanye nokuhlonishwa emphakathini okhululekile. Yini kulokhu umehluko phakathi kwalezi emibili yobushiqela? Authoritarianism iqondiswa "ngaphakathi". imfundiso yakhe sisebenza kuphela ezweni lakubo. kwemibuso yobushiqela njengoba sesisanganiswa umbono nakancane kuhlelwa kabusha zezwe, ngaleyo ndlela eziphatha hhayi kuphela izimpilo zezakhamuzi zawo siqu, kodwa futhi ukuba khona omakhelwane. Ngokwesibonelo amaNazi aseJalimane ngiphuphe balahle Europe abantu "okungalungile", futhi amaBolshevik babekhuphukela ukuhlela inguquko ngamazwe.

Ngaphansi kobushiqela eyakhelwe amafilosofi, owawuthi umphakathi kumele lwenziwe kabusha yonke into kusuka ekuphileni ukuba nobudlelwane nabanye. Ngakho, isimo ababeziphatha esiphazamisayo e yobumfihlo womuntu. Kufeza indima uthisha. umbuso kobushiqela, ngokuphambene nalokho, ezama depoliticize uquqaba - ukuze ugxilise kuzo umkhuba wokushaya hhayi nesithakazelo kwezombangazwe nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana. Abantu ezweni onjalo kuhambisana nokuntuleka yokuqwashisa (lapho bonke luphumelele Ngokungafani kobushiqela).

Umphakathi inkululeko ngengqondo

Lapho authoritarianism empeleni wagabadela amandla, kodwa elite usabambelela lowo mkhaya uphinde uphile yelinyenti. It uhlala ePhalamende ngokwahlukana esisemthethweni amandla, amaqembu kanye nezinye izimfanelo emphakathini okhululekile. wobushiqela okunjalo kungaba ukubekezelela abanye tembangave yangaphakathi.

Izwe onegunya egcinwe amaqembu enethonya (wezempi, ubushiqela, nezimboni kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D.). Ukuvikela izinzuzo + zabo siqu (ikakhulukazi kwezomnotho), angamuvimba izinqumo engadingeki ngabo. Kobushiqela akusho okunje.

Umthelela emnothweni

uhulumeni kobushiqela sifuna ukulondoloza lombhalo bendabuko kanye nemtsetfo wesintfu, ekilasini noma isakhiwo lesizwana umphakathi. Kobushiqela, ngokuphambene nalokho, eshintsha ngokuphelele izwe ngokuvumelana enhle yakhe. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka imodeli kanye ngodonga yangaphakathi ngempela ubhujiswe. Kwavala kwamangqamuzana nomphakathi. Amakilasi uquqaba.

Amandla emazweni kobushiqela (isib kwamakhowe eLatin America) bakhathazekile isakhiwo kwezomnotho. Uma lo mthetho ungaphakathi wezempi (the Junta), ziba ngaphezulu abalawuli Ochwepheshe. Zonke lezomnotho is ngaphakathi accordance nga a Obheka izinto njengoba zinjalo ezomile. Uma esondela ezibucayi kanye lisongela uhulumeni ke uqale kabusha.