Kuyini "Domostroy"? "Domostroy": umbhali, ngonyaka sokudalwa, isifinyezo

Itshe lesikhumbuzo kwamasiko esiyingqayizivele wahlala ababephila ngesikhathi ovela kwabakhileyo ERussia yasendulo. Yahlelwa ngekhulu le-16, le ncwadi kuphela isiqondiso esifanele hhayi kuphela kulabo wakha indlu. Kwathatha njengesisekelo endalweni umndeni nokulima. Kuyini "Domostroy" njengoba kwakunjalo nawobaba ukubaluleka kwalo mlando? Zama ukuqonda.

Encyclopedia yasendlini ERussia yasendulo

"Domostroy" - iqoqo imithetho namathiphu nsuku zonke. Yena ihlanganisa komoya wokuziphilisa. Shono le ncwadi iyona "I-Encyclopedia of abendlu" kuqala - okungukuthi "Domostroy".

Ngaphezu amathiphu namasu, ubusa emikhosini isiko banikezwe. Imishado, imikhosi kanye yokuchitha isizungu nsuku zonke kwadingeka ukuba uhambisane le ncwadi.

Abanye bezinye izizwe ngephutha sikholelwe ukuthi okuqukethwe "despotism wezinzalamizi" ukwazi konke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, izakhamuzi Russia.

Ukuvela "despotism wezinzalamizi"

Ekhulwini le-16-ke isibalo sezikhungo yesandla. Ayewusizo kakhulu. Esikhundleni isikhumba iphepha zaqala ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo owanikhipha eRussia evela eYurophu. Ngakho-ke, ukudalwa "despotism wezinzalamizi" kungaba e wesandla futhi ukuphrinta. Abanye abacwaningi ukubika ezimbili izinguqulo i-encyclopedia ubudala. Omunye wabo isitayela endala kakhulu, eziqinile, kodwa onembile nohlakaniphile. A yesibili ezisebenzi eqinile oda aphambene.

I "Domostroy" (unyaka kusungulwa alwaziwa ngokuqinisekile) engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-16 leminyaka Velikiy Novgorod.

Kokumethemba babe enjalo amaqoqo Slavic izimfundiso iziphakamiso ze- "Zlatoust", "izmaragd", "Chain Golden".

Ngo "Domostroi" lonke ulwazi ngaphambilini ephrintiwe namazinga eyaqoqwa. Ukuhlaziya "Ukufundiswa" Monomakh, umuntu angathola eziningi ezifanayo imithetho yokuziphatha zokuziphatha kusukela esikhathini ehlukene.

Ngubani umlobi?

Imibono mayelana Abadali esiyingqayizivele Encyclopedia washintsha. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi nombhali "despotism wezinzalamizi" - ongokomoya Ivana Groznogo - umpristi Sylvester. He qamba incwadi ukuze kube ngawokwakha yenkosi. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi Sylvester nje rewrote "Domostroy" phakathi nekhulu le-16.

isifinyezo

Kufanele ukufunda okuqukethwe le ncwadi for ekhaya ngcono, ukuqonda ukuthi ubophekile futhi kungani ahlonishwe yisonto. Uma sithatha njengesisekelo ukudalwa Sylvester, it has ngesingeniso, umyalezo ovela indodana kuyise futhi cishe 70 (empeleni 67) izahluko. Behlanganiswa kulezi zingxenye oyinhloko ongokomoya, zezwe, umndeni ukupheka.

Cishe zonke izahluko abanobuhlobo obuseduze nemithetho yobuKristu futhi imiyalo. Emva "isijeziso indodana sikayise," esahlukweni esilandelayo uchaza indlela amaKristu kahle ukholelwe kuZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele Umama Pure kaNkulunkulu. Yatshela indlela yokukhulekela izinsalela ongcwele namabutho engcwele.

Umbhali "despotism wezinzalamizi" ngokuningiliziwe litshela abafundi indlela yokwenza iminsalo, ubhapathizo, wenhlanganyelo, wenhlanganyelo isinkwa adle. Yini-ke asivunyelwe ukwenza esontweni.

Lokubaluleke kakhulu encwadini kunikezwa yokukhulekela yenkosi nazo zonke umbusi ezazihlanganisa ukubaluleka iSonto kanye umbusi wabantu.

Ukulaya kukayise indodana yakhe

Ngithanda bajwayelane incwadi "Domostroy", sifinyeto elichazwa ngenhla kabanzi.

Indawo ekhethekile isiqondiso esibaluleke kunazo zonke "despotism wezinzalamizi" - imiyalo kaYise. Ukuphendukela indodana yakhe, waqale wambusisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lisifundisa indodana yakhe, unkosikazi wakhe kanye nezingane ukuba siphile ngokuvumelana nemithetho yobuKristu, iqiniso futhi sinonembeza okhululekile, bekholelwa futhi ukugcina imiyalo kaNkulunkulu. UBaba anginika lezi imigqa indodana yakhe nendlu yakhe, futhi uthi: ". Uma lo mBhalo alamukeli, uzobe ngokwabo ngoSuku Lokwahlulela"

It etshaliwe ubukhulu obubabazekayo, ngokuhlakanipha nokuzithawala. isiqondiso afana nalawa abengeke abe efanele nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Kakade, abazali bafuna izingane zabo ezinhle, bafuna ukubona abantu abathembekile, abanesihawu futhi ehloniphekile. intsha yanamuhla ngokuvamile ezwa inkulumo kusukela oyise nonina. A "Domostroy", ngonyaka ka-ukudalwa okuyinto yawela phezu inkathi ngendlela ekhethekile kaNkulunkulu, konke endaweni yayo. Kuyinto umthetho ukuthi kufanele abulawe futhi lihlaba esikhonkosini. Wayengahlezi ngemibuzo. Wayelethwa ukubeka wonke umndeni "isitebhisi" yabo, ichaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwabo futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, kubenza babe munye. Yilokho "Domostroy".

Nokudunyiswa nokulalela uyise nonina

Izingane akuvumelekile ukufunga nabazali babo bezisebenzisa kabi, asilahle. Ama-oda Bee ukuze kwenziwe ngokungenamibandela, ngaphandle ukuxoxa abazali bakhe bathi.

Zonke izingane kufanele athande uyihlo nonyoko, ukuze balalele, ukuhlonipha sebebadala futhi ekuyigcineni ezintweni zonke. Labo disobey, elinde isiqalekiso futhi esontweni. Futhi izingane, ukunikeza ubaba nomama yokulalela, ningesabanga - they enza zwa ngaphakathi ubuhle, futhi ngaphandle nobunzima.

Inhloko igcwele ukuhlakanipha, inhlonipho ngabanye. Isikhumbuza ngokuqhubeka esizayo futhi esikhathini esidlule, ukuthi ukuhlonishwa kwalab 'abazali - lingamandla wonke umphakathi. Ngeshwa, okwamanje sebekulungele ukukhushulelwa njengoba iqiniso futhi bengahloniphani. Abazali abaye balahlekelwa ukuthembeka izingane zabo.

mayelana ngenalithi

Ngalezo zinsuku umsebenzi ngokwethembeka wayehlonishwa kakhulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lo "despotism wezinzalamizi" imithetho ethintekayo ukubulawa ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza futhi eliphezulu kwanoma yimuphi umsebenzi.

Nokulahlwa wathuthukisa yilabo amanga, esebenza ngendlela ebonisa ukungabi nabulungisa, ukweba, musa ukwenza okuhle ukuze kuzuze umphakathi. Ngaphambi kokuba uqale noma iyiphi ibhizinisi edingekayo ukuze bawele futhi sicele izibusiso ezivela izikhathi uJehova ezintathu zikhothamele lasezweni elingcwele. Njalo ngenalithi (ukupheka, ukulungiselela ezikhona, wezandla) umuntu kumelwe aqale ngemicabango ehlanzekile futhi izandla wageza.

Konke kwenziwa ngemicabango emsulwa futhi izifiso, uyozuza abantu. Kanjani you phikisana lokho? ..

Ukwenqatshelwa "despotism wezinzalamizi"

Njengoba sekunama-uhulumeni omusha 1917. Lokhu imidanti kukhanselwe, ngisho akuvumelekile. Yiqiniso, lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi wabaholi babemelene inkulumo-ze yenkolo futhi noma yini ehlangene nakho. Ngakho-ke, "Domostroy" ayikwazanga kugunyazwe uhulumeni omusha. Ukulwisana autocracy futhi serfdom (kusekelwa iSonto) yenqabela Ukhulumé inkolo futhi yenkolelo.

Kuzo zonke lezi zincwadi nababhali sikhathi alethwe umfundi umqondo wokuthi uNkulunkulu akekho. Yiqiniso, incwadi nezimfundiso nokudunyiswa abapristi zenkolo, obaba yenkonzo yabo engokomoya enkosini, futhi zonke izinhlobo ababusi ayikwazanga bavunyelwe kunoma isiphi isimo.

kuwumshikashika kangaka ngokumelene nenkolo amashumi eminyaka akazange kuthinte omuhle nokuziphatha emphakathini wanamuhla.

Inani zemfundo

Naphezu kokuthi ngangihlale okukhulunywe ngawo encwadini ka amazwi anjengokuthi "uSuku Lokwahlulela", "develi", "omubi", yonke le miyalo ngabe manje unikeza isiqondiso esihle ukuze imisebenzi zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Sikhishwe yokuthi, esekelwe iqoqo nezimiso ezijwayelekile akunakwenzeka "akuyona umthetho olotshiwe" nezakhamuzi yesimanje yeRussia.

Ukuziphatha akhiqizwa ngesisekelo kwezinkambiso zokuziphatha ukuthi walala abazali, isikole, umphakathi. Akukona njalo banake ngenxa yalokhu. Ingasaphathwa iqiniso ukuthi noma iyiphi imithetho yamukelwa zonke ukusetshenziswa nsuku zonke. Isonto ayisekho ekuthatha njengento ebalulekile lokho abantu ngakho ukuhlonipha yonke imithetho yaphezulu.

Manje, imisebenzi eminingi futhi reinvented ukusithatha incazelo entsha. Imisebenzi azenqaba, ulahliwe, waqaphela njengoba ekhaliphile abanamakhono. "Domostroy" - ingenye yalezi okudaliwe esiyingqayizivele ebizwa ngoba umndeni yesimanje, esizukulwaneni esisha futhi bonke abantu eningi iseluleko esiwusizo nsuku zonke. Umqondo oyinhloko incwadi - kuba emfundweni yezingane kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala, isiqondiso imisebenzi emihle wengane kanye ukubonakaliswa kobuhle zonke izenzo zakhe. Kungakhathaliseki lokhu kuntuleka emphakathini wethu ugcwele amanga, ubuzenzisi, umona, intukuthelo nobudlova?

Ukubaluleka komlando

Ukuvela yale ncwadi, Manje singakwazi ukuthola ulwazi mayelana nokuphila futhi ukuphila kwabantu ngaleso sikhathi. "Domostroy" kwalotshwa ababukeli, abantu isimo ezahlukene emphakathini. Lo mhlahlandlela zamasosha, onobhala, inkonzo futhi zonke izakhamuzi ngubani unomkhaya, ukudala kwemizi yenu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibhuku ibonisa ukuphila kwangempela, noma lingumthetho ukudala i ukuphila ekahle, kusho lukhulu womlando abantu manje abahlala ezindaweni Russia. Abacwaningi basafunda at yokuzilibazisa wakhe, Impucuko ubuhlakani labantu Russia ngekhulu le-16. Nakuba ngaleso sikhathi njengoba enjalo kwakungekho ukuzijabulisa nhlobo, ngoba iyiphi Isonto ukuzijabulisa ngecala futhi akuvumelekile. Kuyini "Domostroy" mlando? Lena imininingwane ebalulekile mayelana nokuphila kwabantu kwangasese, izindinganiso zemikhaya imithetho yenkolo, amasiko nemithetho zokuphila kwansuku zonke emndenini Russian langaleso sikhathi.