Kuyini i-arsenic? Izici, izakhiwo kanye nezicelo

Arsenic - chemical isici nitrogen iqembu (Group 15 ishadi lesikhathi). Lokhu grey metallic ayebuthaka izidakamizwa ziyaqothuka (α-arsenic) nge rhombohedral crystal ngehele. Lapho sishisiswe 600 ° C Njengoba sublimates. Lapho lwaluyophola, a umusi, ukuguqulwa entsha - arsenic eliphuzi. Ngenhla 270 ° C wonke Njengoba lihamba phakathi black arsenic.

Umlando yokutholakala

Iqiniso lokuthi leli-arsenic wayaziwa eside ngaphambi ukuqashelwa yayo izakhi zamakhemikhali. I IV c. BC. e. Aristotle wakhuluma into okuthiwa "sandarak", manje okukholelwa ukuthi babe realgar kwaba, noma sulfide-arsenic. Futhi kule BC mina leminyaka. e. Pliniy Starshy nabalobi Pedany Dioscoride echazwe auripigment - udayi Njengoba ₂ S _3. Ngo XI e. n. e. kwahluka ezintathu izinhlobo "arsenic" emhlophe (Njengoba ₄ O _6), yellow (Njengoba ₂ S _3), futhi abomvu (Njengoba ₄ S _4). Into ngokwalo cishe labonakala okokuqala kule XIII leminyaka, Albert Elikhulu, owaphawula ukubukeka lomcebo metal-like uma Ars, eyaziwa nangokuthi Njengoba ₂ S ₃ sishisiswe ngensipho namanzi. Kodwa ukuthembela eqinisweni lokuthi usosayensi zemvelo kwaba arsenic okumsulwa, akukho. Ubufakazi bokuqala ngempela ngokwabiwa elihlanzekile chemical isici lungolwasengxenyeni 1649. wemithi German Iogann Shreder okulungiselelwe arsenic, amalahle ebukhoneni-carbon monoxide. Kamuva Nicolas Lemery, udokotela French wemithi waphawula ukwakheka kwalesi sakhi chemical ngokubeka amalahle nenye i-nitrous, futhi umanyolo insipho. Ngu ekuqaleni XVIII leminyaka, i-arsenic kwakuvele kwaziwa njengoba semi metal esiyingqayizivele.

nokudlanga

ungqimba lomhlaba futhi uphansi arsenic lokuhlushwa kwaba 1.5 ppm. Sitholakala inhlabathi namaminerali futhi ungase uthole emoyeni, emanzini nasemhlabathini ngenxa namanzi ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-elementi ingena emkhathini evela kweminye imithombo. Ngenxa mlilo emoyeni ikhishwe ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 3. T-arsenic ngonyaka, nezilwanyana ezincane yakha ayizinkulungwane 20. T metilarsina oluyingozi ngonyaka, futhi ngenxa yalokho wokushisa zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi esikhathini esifanayo lwabelwe ayizinkulungwane ezingu-80. T.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Njengoba - ushevu obulalayo, kuba ebalulekile amandla ezinye izilwane futhi mhlawumbe abantu, nakuba umthamo ezidingekayo singadluli 0.01 mg / usuku.

Arsenic kunzima kakhulu ukuhumusha kusimo ungaphumi lapho ifakwa emanzini noma oluyingozi. Iqiniso ukuthi ngempela mobile, kusho ukuthi lokuhlushwa enkulu ketshezi iyiphi endaweni eyodwa abakwazi ukuvela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kuyinto enhle, kodwa ngakolunye - kalula elulele, isizathu ukuthi ukungcoliswa-arsenic sekuba kuyinkinga ezinkudlwana. Ngenxa yezenzo zesintu, ngokuyinhloko inqamula izimayini kanye ukuncibilika, ngokuvamile ongasanyakazi chemical isici ayahamba, futhi manje zingatholakala hhayi kuphela ezindaweni emakamu yawo engokwemvelo.

Inani i-arsenic e koqweqwe cishe 5 g ngethani. Emkhathini, kulinganiselwa njengoba lokuhlushwa 4 ama-athomu ngalinye athomu ayisigidi silicon. Lo msuka zisakazwa. Inani elincane elikhona isimo bomdabu. Ngokuvamile, ukwakheka 90-98% ukuhlanzeka arsenic zenzeka kanye izinsimbi ezifana antimony nezesiliva. Eziningi zazo Nokho, ingxenye namaminerali ezingaphezu kuka-150 ehlukene - sulphides, arsenides, sulphoarsenides futhi arsenite. Arsenopyrite FeAsS ingenye ezivame kakhulu namaminerali Njengoba ezinembewu. Okunye ezivamile-arsenic compounds - namaminerali realgar Njengoba ₄ S _4, auripigment Njengoba ₂ S _3, FeAs loellingite futhi enargite ₂ Cu ₃ Ass _4. Kuphinda oxide arsenic. Iningi le nto kuyinto eceleni we sokuncibilikisa zethusi, okuhola ayibe, negolide imikhando.

Emvelweni, kukhona eyodwa kuphela IKhompyuthaYami esitebeleni arsenic - ⁷⁵ Njengoba. Phakathi isotopes yokufakelwa enemisebe ezikhishwe ⁷⁶ Njengoba c isigamu-ukuphila amahora 26.4. Arsenic-72, -74 futhi -76 asetshenziswa ukuhlola kwezokwelapha.

Industrial kukhiqizwa futhi kusetshenziswa

Metal arsenic arsenopyrite okulungiselelwe Ukushisa ukuze 650-700 ° C ngaphandle ukufinyelela air. Uma arsenopyrite nezinye metal imikhando ukufuthelana nge-oksijini, ama-Njengoba iyaphendula kalula nabo ifomu lemagalagala kalula sublimes Njengoba ₄ O _6, owaziwa ngokuthi "i-arsenic emhlophe". oxide evala zathathwa futhi wafingqa, futhi kamuva kabusha kuhlanzwe Sublimation. Iningi Njengoba-ke kuveza carbon ukuncishiswa arsenic ezimhlophe ngaleyo ndlela wathola.

Umhlaba ukusetshenziswa arsenic metallic incane - amathani ambalwa kuphela ngonyaka. Okuningi okukulesi kudliwe, livela Sweden. It is lisetshenziswe yokusansimbi ngenxa metalloid yayo izakhiwo. Mayelana 1% we-arsenic isetshenziswa womshini shot phambili, njengoba ngcono roundness we amaconsi esibunjiweyo. I izakhiwo sihlobene ingxubevange esekelwe phambili yenziwa ngcono kokubili izici ezishisayo kanye mechanical lapho ziqukethe cishe 3% arsenic. Ukuba khona nengcosana lesi sici kwamakhemikhali Alloys phambili ulaka kubo ukuze isetshenziswe amabhethri nemvunulo yempi kukanye nani ikhebula. ukungcola ezincane arsenic ukwanda ukugqwala ukumelana naso futhi kwenze izakhiwo ezishisayo zethusi ngethusi. I okumsulwa chemical zokucathula Njengoba zethusi isetshenziswa sokusebenzisa ezinengilazi futhi pyrotechnics. Kwazise-arsenic uthola isicelo e Semiconductor ubuchwepheshe, lapho ukusetshenziswa ne-silicon ne-germanium, kanye ngesimo gallium arsenide (Gaas) ku diodes, lasers kanye transistors.

njengoba compounds

Njengoba i-arsenic Valence 3 no-5, futhi unalo namachibi ezifundazweni eziningana ezivela -3 kuya +5, element bangase bafinyelele izinhlobo ezahlukene compounds. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukubaluleka commercial yayo oxides, eziyisisekelo izinhlobo okuyizinto Njengoba ₄ O ₆ futhi Njengoba ₂ O _5. oxide Arsenous, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi i-arsenic ezimhlophe, - ovela eceleni yokuwugazinga imikhando zethusi, phambili namanye izinsimbi, kanye sulfide imikhando futhi arsenopyrite. He is indaba kokuqala for iningi nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziswa zinambuzane, wasebenzisa decolorizing ejenti enkulu ekwakhekeni ingilazi futhi uyakulondoloza ukuze lesikhumba. kwakhiwa i-arsenic pentoxide is lapho eyizwa oxidant (isib nitric acid) ukuze i-arsenic emhlophe. Kuyinto isakhi esiyinhloko zinambuzane, imithi ebulala ukhula futhi kokokunamathisela ngoba metal.

Arsine (Ash _3), ezinobuthi igesi kungenambala ehlanganisa hydrogen ne-arsenic, - kuyinto enye into eyaziwa. Ingqikithi ebhaliwe, ebizwa nangokuthi i-hydrogen arsenical uzilungiselele hydrolysis metal arsenides, futhi yokutakula metal kusukela compounds arsenic izixazululo acid. Uye wathola isicelo njengoba dopant e Semiconductors nakwezempi nesisi esinobuthi. Kwezolimo, ukubaluleka okukhulu arsenic acid (H ₃ Aso _4), arsenate phambili (PbHAsO ₄₎ ne-calcium arsenate [Ca ₃ (ASO _{4) 2],} ezisetshenziswa abilayo enhlabathini bese inkathazo control.

Arsenic - chemical isici ukwakha sebuningini organic compounds. Kakodin (CH _{3) 2} Njengoba-Njengoba _{(CH3) 2,} isibonelo, elisetshenziswa kokulungiselela asetshenziswa kabanzi desiccant (omiswe ejenti) - cacodylic acid. kwakwakhe Inxanxathela eziphilayo i-elementi esetshenziswa ukwelapha izifo ezithile ezifana uhudo amoebic kubangelwa nezilwanyana ezincane.

izakhiwo

Kuyini i-arsenic ngokuya impahla yayo ngokomzimba? Enkulumweni yayo esitebeleni kunazo, kuba ziyaqothuka steel okuqinile grey umbala ne ongaphakeme conductivity ezishisayo kagesi kanye. Nakuba ezinye izinhlobo Njengoba kukhona metal-like, isabelo sakhe ukuze non-izinsimbi - a kwebalingisi esinembile arsenic. Zikhona nezinye izinhlobo arsenic, kodwa wafunda kahle, ophuzi ikakhulukazi ifomu metastable, ehlanganisa ama-molecule Njengoba _4, efana phosphorus ezimhlophe P _4. sublimes arsenic ezingeni lokushisa 613 ° C, futhi njengoba umusi ikhona njengoba molecule Njengoba _4, okuyinto musa Nqamula lokushisa mayelana 800 ° C. Qedela dissociation zishintshe kwi Njengoba ₂ lwenzeka ngesikhathi 1700 ° C.

isakhiwo Atomic kanye nekhono izibopho

Electronic arsenic ifomula - 1s ² 2s ² 2P ⁶ bo-3 ² 3p ⁶ 3d ¹⁰ 4s ² 4p ^{3 -} efana nitrogen ne phosphorus ukuthi ine-electron ezinhlanu udonga lwangaphandle, kodwa uhluke khona 18 electron igobolondo penultimate esikhundleni amabili noma eyisishiyagalombili. Ukwengezwa 10 amacala omuhle komongo phakathi ngokugcwalisa ezinhlanu 3d-orbitals ngokuvamile kubangela ukwehla jikelele efwini electron nokukhuphula izakhi electronegativity. Arsenic ethebuleni gqwa ingafaniswa namanye amaqembu, okubonisa ngokucacile lesi sibonelo. Isibonelo, kwamukelwa kabanzi ukuthi i-zinc kuyinto electronegative ezingaphezu kuka-magnesium gallium - kuka aluminium. Nokho, iqembu ezilandelayo, lo mehluko incipha, futhi abaningi abavumelani lokuthi eJalimane electronegativity ka-silicon, naphezu kwengcebo kobufakazi zamakhemikhali. Lolu shintsho kusukela 8- 18-cell ulwelwesi kusukela phosphorus ukuze arsenic kungandisa electronegativity, kodwa uhlala impikiswano.

Ukufana Njengoba udonga lwangaphandle futhi P ibonisa ukuthi bangakwazi ukwakha ezintathu izibopho covalent athomu ngalinye ebukhoneni ezengeziwe olukhululekile electron pair. Ngakho-ke namachibi kumele kube +3 noma -3, kuncike mutual electronegativity isihlobo. Isakhiwo arsenic futhi kusikisela ukuthi kungenzeka usebenzisa sangaphandle d-orbitals ngenxa ukunwetshwa OCTET evumela ukuthi isici ukwakha 5 izibopho. Kuyazeka kuphela ukuphendula sasekhaya. Ukuba khona khulula electron pair for kumiswa compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi (nge-electron umnikelo) Njengasendabeni athomu livela mancane kakhulu kunalawo phosphorus kanye nitrogen.

Arsenic uzinzile emoyeni owomile kodwa olumanzi embozwe black oxide. evala bakhona combusted kalula akha Njengoba ₂ O _3. Kuyini i-arsenic esimweni khulula? It is cishe bangaveziwe amanzi, alkalis futhi acid-non-oxidizing, kodwa oxidized nge nitric acid esimweni +5. Njengoba i-arsenic basabela halogens, isibabule, futhi izinsimbi eziningi akha arsenides.

ibhokisi lombhalo onothile

Ingqikithi kungatholakala qualitatively arsenic njengendlela orpiment ophuzi kusheshisa ngaphansi isenzo 25% hydrochloric isixazululo acid. Iminonjana Njengoba, ngokuvamile kunqunywa ukuguqulwa arsine, okungase ukutholwa isivivinyo Mashi. Arsine is thermally ukubola ukwakha esibukweni black arsenic ngaphakathi tube emincane. Ngu indlela Gutzeit uphenyo ukuba afuthwe ngesibulali -mercury chloride ngaphansi isenzo arsine mnyama ngenxa kwezulu mercury.

izici arsenic toxicological

iseli ubuthi nemikhiqizo yalo kukhona kabanzi kuyahlukahluka ngaphakathi anhlobonhlobo, kusukela arsine enobuthi kakhulu nemikhiqizo yalo organic ukuze nje Njengoba, okuyinto kuqhathaniswa inert. Lokho i-arsenic, wathi ukusetshenziswa compounds yayo organic zamakhemikhali impi ejenti (Lewisite) kanye defoliant ibhamuza ejenti ( "i-ejenti blue" esekelwe ingxube aqueous 5% of cacodylic acid, 26% sodium usawoti yalo).

Ngokuvamile, amagama ahlobene kwalesi sakhi chemical obulimaza isikhumba kubangele dermatitis. Futhi kunconyiwe ukuvikelwa ephefumula ngothuli arsenic-equkethe, kodwa ubuthi kakhulu kwenzeka uma udle. Maximum lokuhlushwa kuvunyelwe of Njengoba othulini ngosuku amahora ayisishagalombili kuyinto 0.5 mg / m ^3. Ukuze arsine umthamo kuyehla kube izingxenye 0.05 per million. Ngaphandle ukusetshenziswa compounds timphawu zamakhemikhali yokubulala ukhula futhi kwenze izibulala-zinambuzane, isicelo arsenic e kwemithi ayithelanga salvarsan - izidakamizwa lokuqala yimpumelelo ngokumelene ugcunsula.

Empilweni

Arsenic ingenye izakhi ezinobuthi kakhulu. compounds Inorganic we zamakhemikhali ezitholakala ngokwemvelo okuncane. Abasebenzisi zingavezwa ukuze arsenic ngokudla, amanzi kanye nomoya. Ukuchayeka kule misebe kungaphinde kwenzeke phezu contact kwesikhumba inhlabathi noma amanzi angcolile.

okuqukethwe arsenic ngempela ongaphakeme ekudleni. Nakuba kunjalo, amazinga yayo lezinhlanzi nezimbaza kungaba eliphezulu kakhulu, kusukela ziba isici chemical asebenzayo emanzini abahlala kuwo. Inani enkulu arsenic wezinto e izinhlanzi kungaba ingozi impilo yabantu.

Imiphumela izidakamizwa futhi kuncike abantu abasebenza nabo, sihlala ezindlini ezakhiwe ngokhuni iphathwa nabo, futhi emazweni yezolimo, okuyinto esikhathini esidlule wasebenzisa zinambuzane.

arsenic Inorganic kungabangela imiphumela yempilo ezehlukene ezifana ukucasuka isisu namathumbu, kwehle ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu namhlophe, isikhumba ushintsho, futhi wamaphaphu ukucasuka. Kusolwa ukuthi ukumuncwa esibalulekile yalolu ketshezi kungandisa amathuba okuba nomdlavuza ngokuphawulekayo asathuthuka, ikakhulukazi umdlavuza wesikhumba, iphaphu, isibindi uhlelo lymph.

lokuhlala eliphezulu kakhulu arsenic wezinto ayimbangela yazo ukungazali kanye kwesisu azalela, dermatitis, ukwehlisa ukumelana nezifo, izinkinga zenhliziyo ukulimala kobuchopho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sici chemical uyakwazi kokulimaza DNA.

Lethal umthamo arsenic white mg 100.

Egcekeni eziphilayo isici noma umdlavuza, noma kulimaze isimiso sezakhi zofuzo musa abangele, kodwa ebulilini ezingalimaza impilo yabantu, njengokuthola kubangele iziyaluyalu sezinzwa noma ubuhlungu esiswini.

njengoba izindawo

chemical Eyisisekelo kanye izakhiwo ngokomzimba arsenic ezilandelayo:

• inombolo Atomic - 33.
• isisindo Atomic - 74,9216.
• Ukuma grey isikhunta - 814 ° C ngesikhathi ukucindezela eziphindwe 36.
• Ubuningi grey isikhunta - 5,73 g / cm ³ at 14 ° C.
• I kwabantu of ifomu ophuzi - 2.03 g / cm ³ at 18 ° C.
• Electronic arsenic ifomula - 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2P ⁶ bo-3 3p ⁶ 3d ¹⁰ 4s ² 4p _^3.
• isimo namachibi - -3, +3, +5.
• Valency arsenic - 3, 5.