Kuyini ndaba omnyama? Imfundiso yokuziphendukela esimnyama

Eyaba khona kuqala: inkukhu noma iqanda? On lo mbuzo olula ososayensi emhlabeni wonke alwa amashumi eminyaka. kuphakama omunye umbuzo ofanayo ngokuqondene nalokho kwakunjalo ekuqaleni, ngesikhathi edala izulu nomhlaba. Futhi uma kwaba, ukuthi ukudalwa, noma kwamanye ama-universe eyindilinga noma engapheli? Kuyini esimnyama emkhathini futhi ukuthi lihluke kanjani esimhlophe? Ukusikeka tinhlobo letehlukene inkolo, zama ukuza izimpendulo zale mibuzo ezivela iphuzu zesayensi of umbono. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ososayensi bakwazi ukwenza okuhle ngendlela engakholeki. Mhlawumbe okokuqala emlandweni izibalo zesayensi theory yavumelana izibalo zesayensi zokuhlola. Umphakathi yesayensi eziningi eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma lahlukahlukene ethulwa eminyakeni. Okuningi noma okuncane ngokunembile, empirically, ngezinye izikhathi athi lwesayensi, kodwa izilinganiso theory babesayenza kuqinisekiswa ucwaningo, abanye ngisho ne ukubambezeleka kuka eyishumi (i-Higgs Boson, isibonelo).

esimnyama - eneji emnyama

imibono enjalo imane nje eziningi, ezifana string theory, imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwe-Big Bang (Big Bang), imfundiso yokuziphendukela universes eyindilinga, imfundiso yokuziphendukela universes ngaphakathi okufanayo, ukushintshwa Dynamics Newton (MOND), umbono wolwazi yonke umile Hoyle nabanye. Okwamanje, Nokho, inkolelo-mbono wamukelwa ngokuvamile njalo uyanda futhi ivela yonke, iziphakamiso okuyizinto kahle ngaphakathi kohlaka nomqondo Big Bang. Ngakho kvaziempiricheski (t. E. empirically, kodwa tolerances esikhulu esekelwe eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ekhona yesimanje isakhiwo microcosm), idatha eyatholakala ukuthi zonke microparticles eyaziwa zimumethe% 4,02 kuphela umthamo isamba sonke okuphathelene nokwakheka kwendawo yonke. Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi "baryon cocktail", noma ndaba baryonic. Nokho, ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi umkhathi wethu (phezu 95%) - ikhemikhali ukuhlela, yenziwe ngohlobo oluhlukile futhi izakhiwo. Lokhu okuthiwa esimnyama namandla amnyama. Benza ngendlela ehlukile: indlela ehlukile aphendule ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ukusabela kungukuthi omiswe ekhona izindlela lobuchwepheshe abonise izakhiwo wafunda ngaphambilini. Kule singaphetha ngokuthi iyiphi yalezi izinto angaphansi kwemithetho ezahlukene physics (physics-non-Newton, analogu ngomlomo non-Euclidean geometry), noma ezingeni lethu isayensi nobuchwepheshe namanje esigabeni sokuqala lasungulwa.

Uyini baryons?

Ngokwe-ekhona okwamanje imodeli Quark-gluon kokusebenzisana eqinile izinhlayiya aphansi eyishumi nesithupha kuphela (kanye etholakale muva nje i-Higgs Boson kuqinisekisiwe): izinhlobo eziyisithupha (fleyvorov) quark gluons futhi ezimbili eziyisishiyagalombili Boson. Baryons - nezinhlayiya esindayo zokucathula nokuxhumana eziqinile. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kubo - kuba quark proton kanye neutrons. Umkhaya izidakamizwa zingafani emuva, ubungako "umbala" yabo, futhi isibalo "imilingo", "ongaziwa", kukhona nje izitini zokwakha alokho esikubiza ngokuthi ndaba baryonic. Black (amnyama) ndaba, kuyinto 21,8% of the ukwakheka ingqikithi yonke yakhiwa nezinye izinhlayiya bungakhiphi emisebeni kagesi kanye akasabeli nalo. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ahlolwe oqondile okungenani, futhi kuphela okwengeziwe ngakho ukubhaliswa izinto ezinjalo kudingeka uqale ukuqonda physics yabo nokuvumelanisa imithetho ukuze zingabantu ukuthi isiphi isihloko. Ososayensi abaningi yesimanje Njengamanje sizibandakanye leli bhizinisi ku zocwaningo yamazwe ahlukene.

I cishe kukho

Yini izinto ezibhekwa ngangokunokwenzeka? Ukuze uqale, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi kukhona izinketho amabili kuphela. Ngokusho GR futhi SRT (General and Special Ukuhlobana), ukubunjwa ketshezi kungaba kokubili baryonic futhi nonbaryonic esimnyama (black). Ngokwe-eziyisisekelo Big Bang theory, noma yiluphi udaba ekhona uvezwa uhlobo baryons. Lesi sitatimende kubonakaliswa ngokunemba high kakhulu. Okwamanje, ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi liyobamba i izinhlayiya elakhiwe emva Singularity ngomzuzu igebe, isb emva ukuqhuma isimo superdense kwendaba, isisindo somzimba, elusa infinity, kanye nezilinganiso umzimba, balima zero. Isimo baryon izinhlayiya, cishe, njengoba siqukethe nangokuhlanganyela nabo, uyaqhubeka nokwanda kwalo womkhathi. esimnyama, ngokuvumelana lo mbono, siqukethe eziyisisekelo, ezivamile physics Newton izinhlayiya, kodwa ngasizathu simbe, wavuma uxhumana electromagnetically. Yingakho abazi silungise imitshina.

Akubona bonke ngakho ngokushelela

Lesi simo evumelana ososayensi abaningi, asesengaphansi uhlala imibuzo engaphezu kuka izimpendulo. Uma ndaba omnyama nomhlophe zimelelwa kuphela baryons, emakamu baryons emaphashini njengoba iphesenti esindayo, okuholela BBN kumele lingafani kule kokuqala yezinkanyezi izinto yonke. Yebo, futhi abagcini Ucwaningo etholakala inakho emthaleni wethu zilingana inombolo ezanele izinto ezinkulu adonsela phansi, ezifana izimbobo omnyama noma i-neutron izinkanyezi, siqu-Milky Way-halo yethu ukulinganisela isisindo. Nokho, okufanayo neutron izinkanyezi, amnyama halo Galactic, abamnyama izimbobo, omhlophe, omnyama ensundu dwarfs (izinkanyezi zokukhula ezihlukene zokuphila umjikelezo yabo), okungenzeka kakhulu, ingxenye esimnyama ukuthi yenza-matter emnyama. Black amandla Ungase futhi umphelelisi ukugcwaliswa, kufaka ekhatsi wabikezela izinto esicabanga ukuthi kungaqhamuka ezifana preon, nezinkanyezi Q-Quark.

ukhetho nonbaryonic

I Kwesesibili eqala ekuqaleni-non-baryonic. Lapha, njengoba ukhetho angenza izinhlobo eziningana izinhlayiya. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhanyisa neutrinos, ogama khona okuye kwabonakala ososayensi. Nokho, isisindo sabo, ku-oda eyodwa wokuhamba komunye eziyishumi ev (electron-Volt), cishe akufaki kubo kusukela ezinhlayiyeni kungenzeka ngenxa inaccessibility kudingekile ukuminyana ezibucayi. Kodwa neutrinos esindayo, abhanqiwe leptons esindayo, neze azibonakalisa ekusebenzisaneni ababuthakathaka ezimweni ezivamile. neutrinos ezinjalo ngokuthi oyinyumba, bona ngesisindo sayo esiphezulu komunye ev yeshumi izimfunda eziningi cishe kuhambisana njengoba izinhlayiya of matter emnyama. Axions futhi kosmiony kuye eyayenziwe busuka zibalo physics ukuba uxazulule izinkinga quantum chromodynamics e imodeli ejwayelekile. Bekanye namanye esitebeleni Susy kuyizinhlayiyana (Susy-LSP) bangase ufane- lekele, njengoba akusho iqhaza ekuxhumaneni kagesi uqine. Nokho, ngokungafani neutrinos, aziyi esicabanga ukuthi kungaqhamuka, ukhona namanje kusadingekile ukuba kufakazelwe.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela esimnyama

Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela mass yonke edonsa kulesi sici imibono ehlukene, ezinye zazo ucebile ngempela. Ngokwesibonelo, inkolelo yokuthi amandla adonsela phansi evamile abakwazi ukuchaza ukujikeleza eziyinqaba okusheshayo ngokweqile izinkanyezi Kuvunguza imithala. Ngesivinini yalokho, umane landizela ukudlula lokho, uma hhayi eliyifa ezithile amandla, okuyinto ukubhalisa akunakwenzeka okwamanje. Okunye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma abstract ukuchaza ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento ukuthola WIMPs (izinhlayiya omkhulu umlingani elektroslabovzaimodeystvuyuschie aphansi sub-izinhlayiya, supersymmetry futhi extra-esindayo - okungukuthi ukhetho ekahle) on the Earth, ngakho bahlala n-ubukhulu ngaphandle ngendlela enkulu kweyethu, ezintathu-ntathu. Ngokwe-theory Kaluza-Klein abase bekhulile, izilinganiso ezifana azitholakali kithi.

izinkanyezi oluyingozi

Omunye umbono uchaza izinkanyezi kanjani variable futhi isigaxa esimnyama uxhumana. Isicwebezelisi inkanyezi esinjalo ziyahlukahluka hhayi kuphela ngenxa izinqubo elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo okwenzeka ngaphakathi (okusizwa ukushaya umsebenzi chromospheric ukukhululwa ukuvelela, ukuchichima futhi eclipse okabili inkanyezi izinhlelo, ukuqhuma supernova), kodwa futhi ngoba izakhiwo ezingasadingeki ka-matter emnyama.

Warp izinjini

Ngokusho kwenye mbono, esimnyama ingasetshenziswa njengendlela yokubasela izinjini subprostranstvennyh mkhathi ezisebenza yezinto asonte ubuchwepheshe (Warp Engine). Izindawo ezingaba, lezi izinjini avumela imoto ihamba ngesivinini ngokushesha kunokuba ngejubane lokukhanya. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi bayakwazi ijika isikhala ngaphambili nangasemuva umkhumbi bese umuse kulo ngisho ngokushesha kunokuba igagasi kagesi yanda esikhaleni nje. Lo mkhumbi ngokwayo endaweni akuyona kuyashesha - inkambu lwalugobile ngekwendzawo phambi kwakhe. Ngo eziningi isayensi izindaba eqanjiwe ukusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe, isibonelo e Saga of Star Trek.

Kwenaba eMhlabeni

Imizamo ukukhiqiza futhi wamukele ngendwangu emnyama phansi namanje abazange kwaholela impumelelo. ucwaningo Okwamanje olwenziwa e-LHC (Lesibanti Hadron Collider), kahle lapho okokuqala waloba Higgs Boson, kanye nezinye, kancane enamandla, kuhlanganise colliders komugqa beyofuna kagesi izinhlayiya aphansi emkhombeni, kodwa wavuma uxhumana abalingani. Nokho, akekho photino noma gravitino higsino alalelwayo, sneutrinos (Neutralino), kanye nezinye WIMPs (WiMP) Awukatholi. Ngokusho kwangaphambilini ukulinganisela olandelanayo lososayensi, ukukhiqiza eyodwa milligram ka esimnyama eMhlabeni idinga okulingana amandla washisa e-United States phakathi nonyaka.