Amadolobha zomhlaba. megacities

Kukhula kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni ingenye izici ezibaluleke kakhulu enkathini yesimanje. Imizi ngobukhulu kwezwe kuze kube muva nje kwaku kuphela esifundeni baseYurophu abathuthela kule ndawo impucuko endala Eshiya - China, India nase-Japan.

Engamakhulu amabili yokuphila yasedolobheni: 1800-2000

Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XVIII, ungabi ngumuzi kungazange kufinyelele embundwini abakhileyo yisigidi, ngaphandle waseRoma endulo: ngesikhathi umvuthwandaba bakhona abalwa abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1,3. Ngo-1800 kwakunebandla elilodwa nje kuphela edolobheni elinabantu abangaphezu kuka-1 million - Beijing, futhi ngo-1900, ziye zaba 15. Ithebula libala eziyishumi wemizi emikhulu kakhulu emhlabeni ngo-1800, 1900 no-2000 ne okuhambisanayo labantu laliphakeme.

Isilinganiselwa 1800 ibonisa sabaphathi yezibalo. Phakathi kwemizi eyishumi emaningi, ezine IsiShayina (Beijing, Canton, Hangzhou futhi Suzhou).

Ngemva nkathi yeziyaluyalu zezombusazwe ngesikhathi Qing BakwaHan, China sihlangabezane kwenkathi ende ukuthula ukunwetshwa yezibalo. Ngo-1800, Beijing iba idolobha lokuqala elilandela iRoma (at esiqongweni WamaRoma), ogama labantu lidlula abantu 1 million. Khona-ke yena waba inombolo eyodwa emhlabeni; WaseConstantinople wayebuye ziyawohloka. Bese kuba khona naseParis (lesibili nelesihlanu, ngokulandelana). Kodwa amazinga emhlabeni e oboné ezisemadolobheni isiko Japanese kusukela Edo (Tokyo) iqala XIX leminyaka abantu abayingxenye yesigidi, eduze labantu Paris, futhi Osaka kuyinto phakathi kwabayishumi abaphasa ngamalengiso.

Ukudlondlobala Nokushabalala Europe

Ngo-1900, ukukhula impucuko European kuba sobala. Imizi emikhulu yomhlaba (9 10) kwakungekaNkulunkulu impucuko yaseNtshonalanga nhlangothi zombili Atlantic (eYurophu nase-USA). Izifunda ezine ngobukhulu wedolobha e China (Beijing, Canton, Hangzhou, Suzhou) wanyamalala ohlwini, ngaleyo ndlela eqinisekisa ekuweni kwalo mbuso Chinese. Esinye isibonelo ekuhlehleni baba iConstantinople. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imizi ezifana-London noma e-Paris, lakhula ngokushesha: phakathi 1800 no 1900 labantu bayo kukhuphuke ngo izikhathi 7-8. Greater London lalinabashumayeli izakhamuzi eziyizigidi 6.5, okuyinto Udlule inombolo abakhileyo emazweni anjenge Sweden noma eNetherlands.

Kukhula Berlin noma eNew York kuhlaba umxhwele ngisho nakakhulu. . Ngo-1800, eNew York, kanye nezakhamuzi zawo ayizinkulungwane 63 ungakakwenzi usayizi dolobha, futhi idolobha elincane; Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, labantu bayo lidlule 4 million. Yamadolobha 10 emhlabeni, kuphela e-Tokyo eyodwa - kwaba ngaphandle kwenkululeko ukwakha yeYurophu.

Isimo lokubala ubuningi babantu ekuqaleni ngekhulu xxi

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili emadolobheni amakhulu zezwe yayinabantu elinabantu abayizigidi 20 ngamunye. Tokyo namanje ukusabalalela kangangokuthi edolobheni isibe agglomeration omkhulu kakhulu emhlabeni, elinabantu 5 million people Udlule inombolo baseNew okusha. Sam New York, sekuyisikhathi eside okuyinto aphethwe sicoco, okwamanje ingxenye yesihlanu yayo phezu izakhamuzi eziningi kuba abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-24.

Nakuba ngo-1900 i-agglomerations eziyishumi idolobha elikhulu elilodwa kuphela kwaba ngaphandle sphere European, isimo lwamanje ngokuphelele okuphambene, kusukela noyedwa Megalopolis eziyishumi enabantu abaningi ingeyona impucuko European. Imizi eziyishumi ngobukhulu zitholakala e-Asia (Tokyo, Shanghai, Jakarta, Seoul, Guangzhou, Beijing, Shenzhen kanye New Delhi), Latin America (Mexico) kanye nase-Afrika (Lagos). Ngokwesibonelo, e Buenos Aires, okuyinto namanje ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX kwaba emzaneni, waya endaweni 6 th elinabantu ingqikithi abantu abayizigidi ezingu-11 ngo-1998.

Ukwanda ukubonwa ku Seoul, lapho izakhamuzi eziningi phezu Emashumini amahlanu eminyaka edlule liye landa ngamaphesenti izikhathi 10. Afrika I-Sub-Saharan ine isiko zasemadolobheni kanye kuphela ekuqaleni kwale nqubo, kodwa kukhona kakade multi-abayizigidi ezingu-idolobha laseLagos linabantu abantu abayizigidi ezingu-21.

Mayelana 2.8 bhiliyoni izakhamizi ezisemadolobheni ngo-2000

Ngo-1900 10% kuphela Earthlings bahlala emizini. Ngo-1950 bona kakade kwase 29%, futhi ngo-2000 - 47%. I ezisemadolobheni labantu emhlabeni liye landa kakhulu: lisuka ezigidini ezingu-160 ngo-1900 laya ezigidini ezingu-735 ngo-1950-2.8 billion ngonyaka ka-2000

ukukhula Urban iyisici jikelele. E-Afrika, usayizi ezinye nemizana kabili njalo eminyakeni eyishumi kwaba ukuthi umphumela we-Ukwanda kwenani nezakhamuzi ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe olunzulu yasemakhaya. Ngo-1950, cishe kuwo wonke amazwe e-sub-Saharan Africa, i-isilinganiso sabantu ezisemadolobheni laliphansi 25%. Ngo-1985, lesi simo liyalondolozwa kuphela ingxenye yesithathu mazwe, futhi emazweni angu-7 inani izakhamuzi lanqoba.

Idolobha kanye Country

ELatin America, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha waqala kudala. It yayina kakhulu engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XX. I kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni namanje eziyivelakancane, bambalwa kakhulu amazwe ampofu kakhulu eMelika Ephakathi naseCaribbean (eGuatemala, eHonduras, Haiti). Emazweni elinabantu abaningi kakhulu iphesenti kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni oluhambisana labo ababhekene nazo emazweni asethuthukile the West (75%).

Isimo e-Asia kuyinto ngokuphelele ezahlukene. Ngo Pakistan, isibonelo, 2/3 labantu abahlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya; India, China ne-Indonesia - 3/4; eBangladesh - ezingaphezu kuka 4/5. Izakhamuzi kakhulu wabusa. Iningi labantu namanje bahlala emaphandleni. I lokuhlushwa kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni elinganiselwe ezindaweni ezimbalwa emazweni aseMpumalanga Emaphakathi izifunda yezimboni eMpumalanga Asia (Japan, Taiwan, Korea). Kubonakala sengathi i-okusezingeni eliphezulu yasemakhaya ukwanda kwabantu kukhawulela ukwahlukanisa futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbela ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni ngokweqile.

Ukuvela megacities

izakhamizi Urban banikezwa kancane kancane abaningi bagxila e agglomerations omkhulu. Ngo-1900, semizi ezinababaleki phezu kwabantu 1 million zazilingana 17. Cishe bonke atholiwe ngaphakathi impucuko European - kakhulu eYurophu (London, Paris, Berlin), e-Russia (Petersburg, eMoscow) noma igatsha lawo North American (okusha NY, Chicago, Philadelphia). Okukhishwayo kuphela Uyi emadolobheni ambalwa nge nomlando omude izikhungo zezombusazwe kanye kwezezimboni lizwe nge okusezingeni eliphezulu ukwanda kwabantu: Tokyo, Beijing, Calcutta.

ngemva kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka, ngo-1950, esezithuthukiswe ishintshile kakhulu. Imizi elikhulu kunawo wonke embusweni namanje ingeyamakhosi sphere European, kodwa Tokyo kakhulu lenyukile kusukela 7th endaweni 4th. Futhi uphawu obucacile iningi yokuncipha kokubaluleka West Ukuwa Paris kusukela 3rd endaweni 6th (phakathi Shanghai futhi Buenos Aires), kanye London ngesikhundla yayo ihamba phambili ngo-1900 kuya inombolo 11 ngo-1990.

Kuleli dolobha nasethafeni imijondolo we amaZwe

ELatin America futhi nakakhulu e-Afrika, lapho ukunakekelwa yomhlaba yaqala ngokuzumayo, amadolobha inhlekelele enkulu kakhulu. Ukushesha nokuthuthuka, kabili kuya kulokutsatfu zisale ngemuva nezinga lokukhula labantu; isivinini ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni manje isici ngodlame: ukusheshisa intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kukhawulwe ezingaba ekwakheni imisebenzi emisha ngokwanele, kuyilapho ezikoleni nasemanyuvesi zonke emakhaya ngonyaka emakethe yezabasebenzi, izigidi zabafundi abathole iziqu ezintsha. Ukuphila muzi yalolu hlobo igcwele ukukhungatheka abazondla sikhundla kwezepolitiki.

Phakathi agglomerations 33 nabantu abangaphezu kuka-5 million ngo-1990, 22 babevela emazweni asathuthuka. amazwe ampofu kakhulu lo muzi bathambekele babe esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ukwanda kwazo ngokweqile futhi sokungalalelwa kwemithetho akuhileli izinkinga amadolobha ezifana imijondolo imfundo shanties, ingqalasizinda overload futhi okubi kakhulu izifo zenhlalo, njengokwanda abangasebenzi, ubugebengu, ukungalondeki, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kanye nokunye. D.

ukusabalala kwaleso megacities: Nekusasa

Esinye sezici yesiteleka kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa Ukwakheka kwezitho emadolobheni, ikakhulukazi emazweni ngaphansi asethuthukile. Ngokwe-definition-UN, kuba zasemizaneni abakhileyo okungenani 8 million. Kukhula izakhiwo ezinkulu ezisemadolobheni iyisici omusha livelile phezu Emashumini amahlanu eminyaka edlule. Ngo-1950, amadolobha amabili kuphela (New York, nase-London) babe kulesi sigaba. Ngo-1990, emizini yezwe kuhlanganisiwe nemizana 11: 3 atholiwe eLatin America (Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires futhi Rio de Janeiro), 2 eNyakatho Melika (New York Los Angeles), 2 - e Europe (naseParis), no-4 - e-Asia (Tokyo, Shanghai, Osaka kanye Beijing). Ngo-1995, 16 22 mega-imizi abahlala emazweni ngaphansi athuthukile (12 e-Asia, 4 e-Latin America kanye 2 e-Afrika - Cairo, Lagos). Ngu-2015, inani lakhuphuka lafika ku 42. Phakathi kwabo, 34 (ie 81%) zitholakala emazweni ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele futhi 8 kuphela - athuthukile. Amadolobha zomhlaba iningi (27 aphume 42, lokulandisa abangaba izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu) sitholakala e-Asia.

amazwe Sinemibandela okuholela semizi-abayizinjinga kukhona China (101), India (57) kanye ne-US (44).

Namuhla, muzi yaseYurophu ngobukhulu - eMoscow, eyaqala 15 nabantu abayizigidi ezingu-16. Lokhu kuhlola kulandelwa Paris (29 th indawo kwezigidi ezingu 10.9) kanye London (32th nge kwezigidi ezingu 10.2). Sencazelo "idolobhakazi" lalezi eMoscow awuthola ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, lapho umumo wenhlangano 1897 eqoshiwe 1 million abantu bakuleli dolobha.

Abafundela mega-imizi

ngokushesha agglomerates Abaningi sawela umgoqo sesigidi eziyisishiyagalombili. Phakathi kwabo -. Hong Kong City, Wuhan, Hangzhou, Chongqing, Taipei-Taoyuan, njll E-US, ukhetho kude ngemuva ngokuya labantu. It agglomerates le Dallas / Fort Worth (izigidi ezingu-6.2), e-San Francisco / San Jose (abayizigidi ezingu-5,9), 5.8 izigidi ezingu-Houston, emzini Miami, Philadelphia.

Isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando Inani 8 million kuze kube manje ukunqoba 3 kuphela emadolobheni aseMelika - New York, eLos Angeles futhi Chicago. Labantu lesine ngobukhulu e-United States futhi ngowokuqala e-Texas kuyinto Houston. Umuzi isendaweni indawo 64 ohlwini lamalokishi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Amathemba e-United States futhi ukukhula namanje conurbations elincane. Izibonelo yalemitimba kukhona Atlanta, Minneapolis, Seattle, Phoenix futhi Denver.

Ingcebo Nendlala

Meaning yokuphila yasedolobheni Hyper kuhluka izwekazi beya zwekazi kusuka kwelinye izwe. Ngokuphongoza iphrofayela ukubalwa kwabantu, uhlobo lomsebenzi kwezomnotho, hlobo luni lwezindlu, iqophelo lengqalasizinda, ukukhula, umlando zokuhlala. Ngokwesibonelo, emadolobheni ase-Afrika, akukho esidlule, ngokungazelelwe baba waphuphuma kwatheleka omkhulu futhi okuqhubekayo kwababaleki ezindweni zasemakhaya (ikakhulukazi abalimi), kanye ukwandisa ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu ukwanda zemvelo. Izinga yabo ukukhula imayelana kabili kwesilinganiso somhlaba esingu.

EMpumalanga Asia, lapho ukwanda kwabantu kuphezulu kakhulu, a conurbation omkhulu, okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi indawo enkulu kakhulu futhi kuhlanganisa inethiwekhi emizaneni engomakhelwane, kwaba ngenxa yezimo zomnotho ngcono.

On Indian ezwekazini megacities efana eBombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Dhaka futhi Karachi, bathambekele ukwandisa ngezithukuthuku abampofu ezindaweni zasemakhaya, kanye wenzalo ngokweqile. ELatin America, isithombe kuyiwa: ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni livelile lapha ngaphambili kakhulu futhi osedonsa kusukela ngo-1980; indima ebalulekile ngalokhu kushintsha kubonakala sebedlale izinqubomgomo ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo.