Kuyini potassium electron ukucushwa

Kanjani ukucushwa electronic potassium? Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, cabanga isakhiwo athomu kanye nemithetho electron wokusabalalisa ku amazinga kanye sublevels.

quantum Mechanics

Electronic potassium ukucushwa echazwe Schrödinger equation. It uxhuma amandla ezingaba nokuxhumana we-nucleus futhi electron futhi ubukhulu umuzwa wokwenyanya phakathi izinhlayiya kokuba icala elifanayo. quantum Mechanics osebenzisa lesi kwesibalo postulates echaza khona ngamunye ezingeni amandla kusukela ngaphansi amandla.

ama-athomu amaningi-electron

Electronic potassium ukucushwa kulotshiwe ne Pauli inyumbazane isimiso. Banikezwe izici imvelo igagasi electron, kucatshangwa ukuthi ngamunye kuyizinhlayiyana omubi isendaweni "esemkhathini", okungukuthi it has a khona othile ngekwendzawo. Ngokuphathelene kuya kuma-atom multi-electron, okuhlanganisa i-potassium, ku ngamunye esemkhathini ayikwazi elise-electron engaphezu kwemibili. Ngenxa yalokho-ke kwabelwe ezine izinombolo quantum esibonisa isimo electron ku kubhekwa isikhathi sokuphumula.

Aufbau isimiso

Electronic potassium ukucushwa senziwa ngesisekelo imithetho etholakala Klechkovskaya. Ake sicabangele ke kabanzi. Kuye ngalokho electron esemkhathini ahlelwe, banayo inqolobane ezithile amandla. Okokuqala kukhona ukusatshalaliswa izinhlayiya kokuba ezincane ugesi.

Ngenxa eyinhloko electron amandla sici for ukhonza inombolo oyinhloko quantum, elihambisana inombolo isikhathi.

I eziningi-electron-athomu Luhambo kwenzeka nje kuphela ama-electron core, kodwa futhi umuzwa wokwenyanya phakathi kwazo. Ngokwandisa inani spin izinhlayiya kunciphisa amandla igobolondo electron, kwandisa ama-electron kokuba ukuma efanayo izikhathi zabo siqu ukunyakaza. kwencika okunjalo kwamakhemikhali quantum ibizwa ngokuthi umthetho Hund sika.

Ngesisekelo le mithetho emibili ihlanganiswe ukucushwa ngogesi kanye potassium athomu. spectra Atomic enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba sithole isimo wesisekelo electron, okungukuthi, ukukhomba labo izinhlayiya ukuthi babe sakugcina amandla izinqolobane.

Ingqikithi wokwakha ifomula electronic athomu multi-electron potassium ulula: yokuthenga izinhlabamkhosi zikagesi kumele abe namandla ubuncane sihambisana Pauli inyumbazane isimiso.

Izibonelo ukusatshalaliswa electron amazinga amandla

Ngaphambi kokucabangela lokho ukucushwa electron potassium ion isibonelo esilula. I athomu ye-hydrogen core yakhiwa eyodwa proton omuhle. Emhlabeni core ijikeleziswa ngomunye electron orbit. Isimo phansi formula hydrogen simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: 1s. Cabangela izici orientation we spin lokhu electron. Ngokusho umthetho Hund, kungukungcola codirectional ne spin zenuzi.

Ukuze helium kokuba inombolo yesibili ngokulandelana izici etafuleni emibili electron orbitals umsindo. Ngamunye wabo has a ½ spin, it has a isiqondiso ezahlukene ngokushintshana.

Ngo izakhi lesibili amandla ezingeni livela amagobolondo ezimbili, ngayinye ine amandla ayo agcinwe.

Potassium iyona element kwesikhathi wesine, izakhi kohlelo, ngakho-ke has ezine amazinga electronic, ngamunye equkethe tinhlobo letehlukene sublevels.

Esimweni esejwayelekile we alikhali athomu metal has ukucushwa elandelayo: 1s22s22p63s23p64s1.

Electronic potassium ion ukucushwa lihlukile athomu. Ngesikhathi yangaphandle amandla ezingeni metal ingenye Valence electron. Njengoba potassium ziphephile ekunciphiseni izakhiwo, kuyilapho ekuxhumaneni nezinye ama-athomu, uthumela i-electron Valence is iguqulwe ibe ion omuhle (seka) kokuba ukucushwa elandelayo electronic: 1s22s22p63s23p64s0.

isiphetho

Ngayinye element kwamakhemikhali, itholakala ishadi lesikhathi ungakha ukucupha electronic, umthetho ahlomile Hund sika, Pauli inyumbazane isimiso, futhi Klechkovskii izimangalo. Ngaphezu ukucupha electronic ukuzulazula kwama-athomu e chemistry wezinto ezingaphili futhi bakha ifomula cations futhi anions okuholela kusuka ekusebenzisaneni zamakhemikhali.