Kwemvelo ubufakazi kwezazi. Umlando wokuphila Emhlabeni

Ukufundisa mayelana ukuziphendukela kwemvelo impikiswano. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu wadala umhlaba. Abanye baphikisa nabo, ethi Darwin wayeqinisile. Bakhombe eziningi bonakaliso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezazi ngubani ixhasa ngokunamandla kakhulu inkolelo yakhe.

Izinsalela zezilwane nezitshalo, bathambekele ukubola, bese iyanyamalala benganakwa muntu. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi amaminerali bamelele izicubu begazi, okuholela kwetinhlavu zamathambo. Ososayensi ngokuvamile atholakala amagobolondo omile noma amathambo, okungukuthi, amathambo, izingxenye kanzima eziphilayo. Ngezinye izikhathi bathola iminonjana udoti isilwane, noma iminonjana kwabo zeminwe. Ngisho ngezikhathi ezithile kungathola izilwane ngokuphelele. Zitholakala eqhweni eyiqhwa kanye amber (resin izitshalo lasendulo) noma asphalt (resin zemvelo).

Isayensi-paleontology

Palaeontology - isayensi study izinsalela. rocks sedimentary ngokuvamile imali izingqimba, ngenxa lokho izingqimba ezijulile aqukethe ulwazi mayelana esidlule kuyiplanethi yethu (superposition isimiso). Ososayensi bayakwazi ukunquma yobudala isihlobo zamathambo ezihlukahlukene, okusho ukuthi luhlobo luni eziphilayo wahlala Emhlabeni ngaphambi, futhi kamuva. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba bafinyelele iziphetho mayelana isiqondiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Umlando wezinsalela

Uma sibheka yomlando wezinsalela, siyakwazi ukubona ukuthi izinto eziphila kule planethi kakhulu washintsha, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphezu ukuqashelwa. lenyama Okokuqala (prokaryotes), akanawo kwaphakama nucleus yeselula Emhlabeni eminyakeni engaba ngu-3.5 billion edlule. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-bhiliyoni 1.75 edlule, kwakunoFakazi eukaryotes owumphumela. Ngemva bhiliyoni iminyaka, iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-635 edlule, izilwane ezinamangqamuzana amaningi ukuvela, kuqala okwaba isiponji. Ngemva amashumi ambalwa ngaphezulu ezigidi zeminyaka edlule, clams lokuqala nezibungu atholakele. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-15 million ngemuva ukuthi kwakukhona ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo bakudala, lampreys zifane yesimanje. Izigidi ezi 410 edlule lapho Jawed inhlanzi, futhi izinambuzane - iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-400 edlule.

Ezalandela 100 MYR ikakhulu Izinhlobo embozwe umhlaba, okukhulunywa ngawo lalinabantu kwezilwane eziphila ezweni nezilwane izinambuzane. Nge-230 eminyakeni million 65 edlule, izibankwakazi owayebusa iplanethi, kanti nezitshalo ezivamile ke babe cycads nezinye gymnosperms iqembu. I eduze kuze kube sesikhathini sethu, aba maningi ukufana waphawula phakathi nezilwane wezinsalela zamandulo nezimila ukuba yesimanje. Lesi sithombe kuqinisekisa ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Okunye izincazelo zesayensi enendawo cha.

Kukhona ubufakazi ahlukahlukene kwezazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Omunye wabo - ukwandisa DURATION khona kwemindeni kanye izizukulwane.

Ukwandisa isikhathi eside nemindeni futhi izizukulwane

Ngokusho idatha etholakalayo, ezingaphezu kuka-99% azo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo wahlala wake emhlabeni ophilayo - kungcono izinto eziphilayo ukuthi akazange sisinde kuze kube sesikhathini sethu. Ososayensi baye bachaza ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 250. Izinsalela, ngalinye elikwazi itholakala kuphela eyodwa noma ngaphezulu izingqimba eduze. Ukwahlulela kusukela idatha etholwe kwezazi, yilowo nalowo kubo kwakukhona abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-2-3 iminyaka, kodwa ezinye eside kakhulu noma ingasaphathwa.

Inani wezinsalela izizukulwane echazwe ososayensi, imayelana 60 eziyinkulungwane, futhi imindeni - 7000. Yonke imikhaya futhi yonke imindeni, esikhundleni salokho, kunyatheliswa kahle ichazwe. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ikhaya lokuzalwa inqwaba izigidi zeminyaka. Njengoba imindeni, isikhathi khona kwabo amashumi kulinganiselwa noma ngisho namakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka.

Ukuhlaziya idatha kwezazi ebonisa ukuthi esikhathini esidlule kwezigidi ezingu-550 minyaka, isikhathi bokuba khona imikhaya futhi izizukulwane liye landa kancane kancane. Lokhu kungase kuchaze lesi kahle imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo: kancane kancane buthelela ku uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kakhulu "eziqinile" iqembu esitebeleni eziphilayo. Mancane amathuba okuba ukuya yokuqothulwa njengoba livikela kakhulu nokushintsha kwendawo ezungezile.

Kunobunye ubufakazi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo (paleontology). Ukulandelela ukusatshalaliswa eziphilayo, ososayensi babe idatha ezithakazelisayo kakhulu.

ukusatshalaliswa eziphilayo

Ukusatshalaliswa namaqembu eziphilayo kanye konke kubo ehlanganiswe, futhi kuqinisekisa ukuvela. ithiyori kuphela kaDarwin bangachazela ikamu labo emhlabeni. Ngokwesibonelo, cishe kunoma iyiphi iqembu izinsalela ezitholwa "evlolyutsionnye kwababusi." Ngakho ngokuthi izinguquko ekhuphukayo ebonwe isakhiwo eziphilayo, okuyinto kancane kancane esikhundleni nomunye. Lezi zinguquko ngokuvamile babonakala okuhloswe, kwezinye izimo sikwazi ukukhuluma iyehla iyenyuka ucishe okungahleliwe.

Ukuba khona amafomu Lesisemkhatsini

Ziningi ubufakazi kwezazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zihlanganisa ukuba khona Lesisemkhatsini (ushintsho) izinhlobo eziphilayo. eziphilayo ezinjalo sihlanganise izici zinhlobo ezahlukene noma izizukulwane, imikhaya nokunye. D. Ukukhuluma amafomu zesikhashana, njengoba umthetho, ukubandakanya wezinsalela zamandulo. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi lezi zinhlobo Lesisemkhatsini kumelwe kuphele. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo esekelwe ukwakhiwa isihlahla phylogenetic ubikezela ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zesikhashana owawukhona ngempela (ngakhoke kungatholakala), futhi yini - akukho.

Okwamanje, eziningi zalezi izibikezelo eziye zagcwaliseka. Ngokwesibonelo, uma wazi ukuthi isakhiwo izinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, abacwaningi kungacacisa ukuthi izici ifomu Intermediate phakathi kwazo. Kungenzeka ukuthola izinsalela izilwane, efana ezihuquzelayo, kodwa amaphiko kokuba; noma like inyoni, kodwa ngemisila eside noma amazinyo. Ngakho kungenzeka ukubikezela ukuthi amafomu zesikhashana phakathi ezincelisayo nezinyoni ngeke ukutholwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ayikaze ibe khona ezincelisayo kwadingeka izimpaphe; noma izinyoni efana eziphilayo ngamathambo maphakathi nendlebe (lena isici ezincelisayo).

Ukutholakala lwatholakala kuyi-archaeopteryx

Ngu ubufakazi kwezazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zibandakanya inombolo okwatholwa ezithakazelisayo. Ilunga lokuqala lwatholakala kuyi-archaeopteryx skeleton of the izinhlobo kwatholakala kusukela kwasekuqaleni emva kokushicilelwa umsebenzi uCharles Darwin sika "The Origin of Species." Lo msebenzi unikeza ubufakazi ezincwadini kwemvelo zezilwane nezitshalo. Lwatholakala kuyi-archaeopteryx kuyindlela Lesisemkhatsini phakathi kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo nezilwane izinyoni. Izimpaphe yasungulwa, okuyinto ejwayelekile izinyoni. Nokho, isakhiwo skeleton sesilwane cishe nsé izibankwakazi. Lwatholakala kuyi-archaeopteryx waba umsila omude bony, amazinyo, ku imilenze yalo Phambi kwazo kwakumiswe izimpiko. Njengoba for izici izici skeleton yezinyoni, akazange abe nabo kakhulu (wishbone, egama - ameva ungumlutha). Kamuva, ososayensi bathole nezinye izinhlobo, Lesisemkhatsini phakathi kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo nezilwane izinyoni.

Ithola lwamathambo wokuqala ongabantu

Ngu ubufakazi kwezazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zihlanganisa ukuthola futhi 1856 lwamathambo wokuqala ongabantu. Lo mcimbi senzeka kungakapheli iminyaka 3 ngaphambi ukushicilelwa "The Origin of Species." Ososayensi abazange bazi incwadi kwamanye ezimbiwa phansi okukhipha iphuzu, okungase uqinisekise ukuthi chimpanzee abantu bavela kukhokho oyedwa. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwezazi baye bathola inqwaba amathambo eziphilayo kukhona izinhlobo zesikhashana phakathi chimpanzee abantu. Kuyinto ubufakazi ezibalulekile kwezazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Izibonelo ezinye zazo izokwethulwa ngezansi.

amafomu Transitional phakathi chimpanzee abantu

UCharles Darwin (isithombe sakhe kunikezwa ngenhla), ngeshwa, akazange ukwazi imivubukulo eminingi wathola ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Mhlawumbe, kuyoba ezithakazelisayo ukuthola ukuthi ubufakazi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo organic uqinisekise bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe. Ngokusho kwakhe, njengoba sazi sonke owehla evela ezimfeneni. Njengoba ukhokho ezivamile chimpanzee abantu bahamba enezinyawo ezine, futhi ubukhulu bawo ubuchopho ayeqi ubukhulu bobuchopho yenkawu, ngokuhamba kwemvelo, ngokuvumelana theory, kwaba ekugcineni ukuthuthukisa bipedalism. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthamo ebuchosheni kwaba ukuba lenyuke. Ngakho, asikho isidingo sokuthi kube yimiphi ezahlukeneyo ezintathu ifomu zesikhashana:

• ubuchopho ezinkulu, bipedalism ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele;
• bipedalism athuthukile, ubungako bobuchopho njengoba chimpanzee;
• ekuthuthukiseni bipedalism, ubuchopho ivolumu yikhasi eliphakathi nendawo.

Izinsalela Australopithecus

E-Afrika, ngo-1920. izinsalela umzimba eziye zatholakala, eye okuthiwa Australopithecus. Leli gama yanikwa Raymond Dart. Lena enye bokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Biology uye zanqwabelana ulwazi eziningi okutholakele efanayo. Kamuva, ososayensi baye bathola izinsalela nezinye izidalwa, kuhlanganise izimfudu AL 444-2 kanye Lucy abadumile (ngenhla).

Australopithecus wahlala enyakatho nasempumalanga Afrika, bethabathela kominyaka imashumi kwesigidi esingu-4-2 ezedlule. Kwakungumsebenzi kancane emikhulu ubuchopho ivolumu kunalabo chimpanzee. Isakhiwo amathambo abo okhalo wawusondelene womuntu. Skull ku isici isakhiwo izilwane bipedal. Lokhu kungenziwa kunqunywa imbobo ezikhona e ithambo occipital exhumanisa siya emseleni umgogodla ingaphakathi cranial. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngiphelile umlotha wentaba-mlilo e Tanzania atholakele amathrekhi 'ongumuntu "aseleyo iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-3.6 edlule. ngaleyo ndlela Australopithecines kukhona ifomu lesibili Lesisemkhatsini izinhlobo ngenhla. Brain cishe kuyafana yenkawu, isungule bipedalism.

Izinsalela Ardipithecus

Kamuva, ososayensi bathola kutholakala izinto ezintsha kwezazi. Omunye wabo - izinsalela Ardipithecus, owaphila eminyakeni engaba ngu-4.5 million edlule. Ngemva kokuhlaziya skeleton yayo, bathola ukuthi Ardipithecus enyakazayo emhlabathini ngezinyawo ezimbili indluzelekazi, kanye ukukhuphuka izihlahla ngezinyawo ezine. Kwakungumsebenzi bipedalism kabi lutfutfukiswa ngekuhamba zinhlobo alandelayo hominids (Australopithecus futhi abantu). Ardipithecus ayikwazanga uhambo olude. Ziwuhlobo zesikhashana phakathi kukhokho oyedwa we-chimpanzee abantu futhi Australopithecus.

ubufakazi eziningi Kuye kwatholakala yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Saxoxa kuphela ukwazi ezinye zazo. Ngesisekelo ulwazi wathola, ososayensi umbono mayelana nendlela hominids zashintsha njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka.

Ukuvela hominids

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuze kube manje abaningi kungukuthi bakholelwe ubufakazi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. A ithebula ngolwazi mayelana umsuka indoda, okumelelwe kuzo zonke incwadi yesikole yezinto eziphilayo, is haunted by abantu, okubangela izingxabano eziningi. Kungenzeka yini ukuba lolu lwazi lwezifundo zesikole? Izingane kufanele abahlola ubufakazi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo? Ithebula uzalela uhlamvu ukujwayelaniswa ngayo, kukuthukuthelise labo abakholelwa ukuthi umuntu wadalwa uNkulunkulu. Noma kunjalo, sethula ulwazi mayelana ukuvela hominids. Unquma ngokwakho indlela yokuphatha kulo.

Ngokuhamba ukuvela hominids ku ukuhamba lokuqala uqotho kwamiswa, futhi umthamo zobuchopho ukuthi kakhulu anda kamuva kakhulu. Australopithecus, wahlala iminyaka eyizigidi 4-2 edlule, kwaba 400 cc, cishe like a yenkawu. Ngemva kwabo ngesimo iplanethi yethu owakhiwe -Homo habilis. Found amathambo lakhe umfazi ogama yobudala kulinganiselwa khona ukuthi iminyaka engu-2 kwezigidi ezingu ubudala, wathola okuningi ngamathuluzi lasendulo. Cishe 500-640 cc yayilingana engqondweni yakhe. Kamuva ngokuhamba kwemvelo kwakukhona umuntu ukusebenza. ubuchopho bakhe namanje emikhulu. ivolumu kwawo kwakunjengokwetshe 700-850 cc. Uhlobo esilandelayo, Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba, nakakhulu njengomuntu wesimanje. Umthamo ubuchopho Kulinganiselwa 850-1100 cc. Kwabe sekufika uhlobo Heidelberg indoda. usayizi wakhe ubuchopho ifinyelele 1100-1400 cc. Kwalandela AmaNeanderthal waba ivolumu ubuchopho 1200-1900 cm³. Homo sapiens umsuka 200 thous. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule. It libhekene ubungako bobuchopho 1000-1850 cc.

Ngakho, siye sethula ubufakazi eyinhloko kwemvelo emhlabeni organic. Kanjani ukuba sikuqonde lokhu kwaziswa, unquma. Lolu cwaningo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo uyaqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku. Mhlawumbe kutholakala izinto ezintsha ezithakazelisayo kuyokwambulwa esikhathini esizayo. Phela, manje isayensi ezifana paleontology ayenziwa. Ubufakazi kwemvelo wanikela ke ngenkuthalo okuxoxwe kokubili ososayensi futhi abantu neze nesayensi.