Magnetic isikhashana - isakhiwo esiyisisekelo izinhlayiya aphansi

Okwamanje kazibuthe kuyi-athomu ye - eziyisisekelo ezingokwenyama Vector ubuningi, ngazo izakhiwo magnetic iyiphi into. Umthombo uzibuthe, ngokuvumelana classical theory kagesi, microcurrents kuthiwa ezisuka kusukela electron ezinyakazayo esemkhathini. Okwamanje kazibuthe - kuba isici ledzingekako wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, izinhlayiya aphansi, nuclei, amagobolondo enuzi kanye electron zishintshe.

Magnetism, okuyinto evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke izinhlayiya aphansi, ngokuvumelana quantum Mechanics, ngenxa yokuba khona isikhashana mechanical babiza spin (umfutho siqu quantum imvelo mechanical). I izakhiwo kazibuthe i-athomu nucleus spin pulses aqukethe core izingxenye - ka-proton kanye neutrons. bezinhlamvu Electronic (naphakathi-orbit) futhi unesikhathi kazibuthe, okuyinto isamba zikhathi magnetic electron elikule mali.

Ngamanye amazwi, izikhathi kazibuthe izinhlayiya aphansi orbitals-athomu ngenxa umphumela naphakathi-quantum-mechanical, eyaziwa ngokuthi spin umfutho. Lo mphumela fanekiso kuya umfutho emincane ujikeleza uzungeze siqu axis awo emaphakathi. Spin umfutho ulinganiswa njalo Planck sika - njalo eziyisisekelo theory quantum.

Zonke neutrons, ama-electron nama-proton, zazo, eqinisweni, siqukethe athomu, ngokuvumelana Planck ifa spin elilingana ½. Isakhiwo athomu electron ezungeza i-nuclei ngaphandle spin umfutho more and esemkhathini umfutho emincane. Core, nakuba usesikhundleni static, Ubuye umfutho emincane, okuyinto kwakha umthelela spin zenuzi.

Amandla kazibuthe lapho edonsa-athomu okwamanje la mandla kazibuthe kunqunywa elithile ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene umfutho emincane. Umnikelo ephawuleka kakhulu kuya kazibuthe kwenza kube spin umphumela. Ngokusho the Pauli inyumbazane isimiso, owawuthi electron ezimbili ezifanayo ayikwazi lihlale ngesikhathi esifanayo esimweni esifanayo quantum, ama-electron eboshiwe uhlangane ne spin yabo amaza babe projection luphambene. Kulokhu, okwamanje la mandla kazibuthe electron kuyehla, esehlisa izakhiwo kazibuthe omhlaba wonke isakhiwo. Kwezinye amaseli nokuba ngisho inani electron, leli phuzu kuyehla kube zero, kanye ketshezi besakwazi izakhiwo kazibuthe. Ngakho, okwamanje la mandla kazibuthe we ehlukile izinhlayiya aphansi nethonya ngqo kwi izinga kazibuthe kuzo zonke uhlelo yenuzi-atomic clock.

izakhi Ferromagnetic ngenombolo obungavamile electron Kuyohlale uzibuthe nonzero ngenxa electron ayibhangqiwe. Ngo izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi eduze ukugqagqana esemkhathini, futhi zonke izikhathi spin of electron ayibhangqiwe thatha ukuma okufanayo emkhathini, okuholela ukuzuzwa isimo aphansi amandla. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukuxhumana exchange.

Nale ukuqondanisa izikhathi kazibuthe zama-athomu ferromagnetic kazibuthe. A izakhi paramagnetic ehlanganisa ama-athomu nge neliphithene zikhathi kazibuthe akudingeki siqu ensimini yabo kazibuthe. Kodwa uma usebenza kubo ngaphandle umthombo uzibuthe, izikhathi kazibuthe ukuzulazula kwama-athomu qondanisa, futhi lezi zinto futhi ukuthola izindawo kazibuthe.