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Homo habilis - izici kanye yokuphila wawobaba

Abantu abaningi basendulo ... Kwakuyizinto zini? E-Afrika eseningizimu, i-Eurasia wathola izinsalela hominids abameleli umndeni, okuyinto waphila eminyakeni ecishe 2 million edlule nangaphambili ezindaweni ezahlukene iplanethi yethu. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa umuntu Ukugunda, noma Australopithecus habilis. Okwatholwa izidalwa ezimbiwa phansi okuqondene hablilis zinhlobo Homo, kwaqala futhi nokuzwelana nabanye hominids sokucasuka impikiswano eshubile phakathi paleoanthropologists.

Utholakala Olduvai Gorge kanye nezinye izindawo e-Afrika

Konke lokhu kwaqala okwatholakala ekuqaliseni paleoanthropologists umndeni Leakey. izizukulwane eziningana kusukela 1930 kwaholela ucinge okhokho babantu e-Afrika. Ehlobo lika-1960 ngesikhathi Olduvai Gorge enyakatho ntshonalanga Tanzania, Dzhonatan Liki nabangane bakhe bathola izinsalela zamathambo okuqondene ingane zeminyaka 11-12. Amathambo walala ezweni iminyaka eyizigidi 1.75. Izici unyawo isakhiwo kufakazela ukuthi kwakukhona zamanje ngqo. hominid entsha okuthiwa Prezinjanthropus lokuqala, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka embalwa kuzophinde kube nelinye elithi ngokwesayensi - "indoda Ukugunda". Igama zinhlobo libhekisela ukusetshenziswa ngamathuluzi bakudala eyatholakala eduze amathambo ezingqimbeni efanayo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. EKenya ngo-1961, iqembu lososayensi othole izinsalela hominids owawuhlala Afrika eminyakeni million 1,6-2,33 edlule. zezinhlobo Okuningi ephelele etholakale 1972 eduze kweChibi Turkana. Ubudala Kwatholakala eminyakeni million 1.9 ubudala. imivubukulo okusha wayengazange elicwengwé wonke amaqiniso.

Abantu abaningi basendulo. Homo habilis

Esikhathini esithile ezimbiwa phansi amadlozi atholakala Olduvai Gorge, wasebenzisa amagama amabili - Australopithecus hablilis ne-Homo hablilis. Lokhu kwakubangelwa ukungabaza obabukhona phakathi paleoanthropologists mayelana nokuzwelana nabanye hominids. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa lolu hlobo ngukhokho bokuqala abantu yesimanje. Leakey bathole habilis Homo akwazi ukuhamba ngemilenze yangemuva, njengombana kwenza abantu yesimanje. Mhlawumbe wayechitha ubusuku bonke ezihlahleni, abaphumule amagatsha waphunyuka ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye izilwane. Kuye kwasikiselwa ukuthi H. hablilis kuyinto ukhokho Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba. Kwakukhona ochwepheshe owathi isidalwa watholakala kungokwalabo bohlobo Australopithecus, abamele okuyinto sezishabalele futhi engatholakali emhlabeni eminyakeni engaba ngu-1 million. Isizathu sokuba ukungezwani kuwubufakazi iphutha nokucabanga ososayensi ukuthi kwemvelo iqondile. Kwaphela isikhathi eside kwakucatshangwa ukuthi zenye wezinkawu isishiya omunye. Kamuva, umbono ocatshangelwayo mayelana kungenzeka co-khona e-Kunezinhlobo eziningi hominids efana Australopithecus futhi abantu esikhathini esidlule. Kube isithombe eziyinkimbinkimbi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kunokuba nalelo elalikhona ekuqaleni futhi phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule.

Homo habilis. ukubukeka

Ngokusho izici eziningi amalungu ayo ngaphandle kwezinhlobo H. hablilis okusikhumbuza Australopithecus. Babenenala ukubukeka nezinkawu, okusho esifubeni lamafisha, uhlanganyela ngezansi ngamadolo nemilenze engenhla, ubukhulu ufana imilenze. Kukhona iziphakamiso ukuthi A. afarensis, wahlala phezu 3 million eminyakeni edlule, u nguyise ngqo ka H. hablilis. Budebuduze lolu hlobo emgqeni main yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuqinisekiswa isakhiwo isici Yekhanda. Ukukhula besilisa kwaba mayelana 1.5-1.6 m, isisindo somzimba - mayelana 45 kg, nabesifazane ziphansi. Izici ukuthi ukuhlukanisa H. hablilis kusukela Australopithecus:

  • Ubuchopho elikhulu;
  • namazinyo elincane;
  • ekhaleni ovelele;
  • Gait nezimo;
  • abameleli skull umthamo we hablilis zinhlobo H. kwaba 630-700 cm3.

Indlela Yokuphila kanye nokudla Homo habilis

Habitat ushintsho angabangela ukubonakala kwezici ezihlukahlukene oluhambelana ekwakhekeni isiqu, izitho zomzimba, isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene. Found kanye izinsalela amathambo hominids isilwane, impova, amathuluzi bakudala abonisa ukuthi lezi zidalwa edla inyama kanye izithelo, izinambuzane kanye nezitshalo. Igama elithi "onekhono" egameni lokuqala umuntu ebonakala ethile ibhulashi isakhiwo ingashintshwa ukuze uthwebule amathuluzi.

Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke nenhlalakahle, waphula amathambo ukukhipha umnkantsha okunomsoco kusukela ingaphakathi, Ukuvikelwa kuhlanganiswe ezilwaneni eziyingozi nokuseshwa ukudla. Kunobufakazi bokuthi bubonisa ukuthi kwakunguPawulu ke phakathi kwabesifazane amadoda wasuka nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi.

phansi Namandla ekhishwe inyama, kuyilapho izinsikazi abangu kuvuna imikhiqizo isitshalo. Ngazuza izici zokuziphatha okunenzuzo ukuba sokusinda ngendlela izimo esiguquguqukayo.

Ukukhiqizwa futhi usebenzise amathuluzi

Amathuluzi we-Homo habilis babe itshe, okwenyanga cishe. Hominids esetshenziswa njengoba ngezimbazo scrapers amatshe cobbles, futhi izinsalela yasetshenziswa ukuze umbe izimpande emhlabathini. Amatshe, ukhuni Kungenzeka izinto eziyinhloko womshini amathuluzi kanye nokuvikelwa ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye izilwane.

Scrapers nge imiphetho ebukhali yasetshenziswa ukuze usike kwezidumbu, ukusika imisipha, izikhumba ahlanzekile. Ezinye izazi zisikisela ukuthi amathuluzi lokuqala okwakukhona kulo yi azifele. Amanzi, umoya, ukuguguleka iphathwa ngezinto zemvelo, kunokuba Homo habilis isandla. Ngenxa izifundo ezincane wembula imihuzuko kanye anemifantu ngakolunye amatshe - amathuluzi ngawo lapho enza amathuluzi.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye ukuvela hominids

Ngesikhathi ukubanda ezenzeka Nenkabazwe empumalanga iminyaka engaphezu kuka-3 million edlule, amahlathi emvula lasendulo kwathathelwa indawo eyihlanze. Kunobufakazi bokuthi ukuziphendukela-Afrika eseMpumalanga naseNingizimu izilwane kuye kwahlotshaniswa lezi zinguquko sezulu.

hlobo lwezinkawu sidilizwa kwakudingekile ukuba uthole imithombo eyengeziwe ukudla, akunika amandla aminingi ukudlula izithelo zasendle kanye izimpande. Elinye igatsha yokuziphendukela kwemvelo emenza Australopithecus umuntu oyingcweti baqhubeka kulo mugqa. Ukuvela nezinye hominids kwaba umphumela ukuthuthukiswa bebheke ukusetshenziswa isitshalo hhayi kuphela kodwa futhi ukudla isilwane. Isici esiyinhloko aphuma Australopithecus kubantu is akha amathuluzi zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo ukwanda umthamo cranial.

Nokuzwelana Homo habilis nabanye hominids ezimbiwa phansi

Bipedal bipedal hlobo lwezinkawu zinhlobo H. hablilis ku ukubukeka icishe lifane nsé A. afarensis, nabo ukwabelana imisuka. Engxenyeni asenkabeni yeChina atholakele amathuluzi namathambo hominids abaneminyaka engama abayizigidi ezingu 1.9. Okunye izinsalela H. zinhlobo hablilis atholakala zemivubukulo yaseTanzania, Kenya, Sterkfontein. Okutholakele ukufakazela zinhlobo kusandile e-Afrika nase-Asia.

Kungenzeka ukuthi phakathi eminyakeni million 0.5 emhlabeni ngesikhathi esifanayo co-yayikhona Australopithecus, Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba, habilis nasemsebenzini. Umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo incane kakhulu, bakwazi ahole indlela yokuphila ehlukile, bangazihluphi ezahlukene niches emvelweni. Ngo Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba umzimba ngezabelo wawusondelene nemingcele efanayo H. Sapiens, kodwa kwaba ekhaleni esicace kakhulu kunaleyo erectus ekugcineni zinhlobo H.. hominids ezingasekho:

  • Homo habilis;
  • Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba (Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba);
  • h Rudolf kwechibi (H. rudolfensis) .;
  • h Georgian (H. georgicus) .;
  • h. isisebenzi (H. egaster).

Beka umuntu nekhono ukuvela Homo sapiens

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi izingqondo paleoanthropologists kuba mbuzo amadlozi oqondile wabantu yesimanje. Umuntu onekhono ungowabo? Njengomvini australopithecines, kakhulu wabokuqala udle amantongomane, okusanhlamvu kanye izimpande. Kodwa bakwazi ukukhiqiza amathuluzi ukuzisebenzisa ukukhiqiza siqu ukudla kwabo isilwane. omele Yasendulo Homo uhlobo lwe - H. erectus ekugcineni - kwakungeyona Australopithecus. Kwakuwusuku ukhokho yokuqala okukhulunywa kuyo ngokuqondile yomuntu yesimanje, lapho emva impikiswano eshubile, ososayensi ehilelekile ohlotsheni lwabantu (Homo) umndeni ka hominids. izinsalela lwamathambo namathuluzi H. erectus ekugcineni ziye zatholakala hhayi kuphela e-Afrika kodwa futhi e-Asia naseYurophu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakukhona Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba, okuyinto antjintje indlela neliphelele ngokwengeziwe 'ukufuna ukukukhanda ngamatshe, okwenza amathuluzi. Le ndoda isebenza khona esidla inyama futhi lusetshenziselwa ukwelapha amatshe, izingodo, amathambo namathuluzi lasekuqaleni.

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