Lapho futhi lapho kuba khona ulimi olubhalwayo okokuqala?

Namuhla, umuntu akunzima ukuthumela umlayezo izihlobo noma abangani izincwajana. Cishe ngamunye wethu kungaba ngenxa khona intelligence ukuthumela umbhalo noma e-mail. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi kunezikhathi lapho kwakungekho nhlobo umbhalo. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi abantu cishe njalo akwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Noma kunjalo, lena akuyona ngakho. Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka uphenyo ka umbuzo umsuka lokubhala, emibuzweni, ezifana lapho kwakukhona khona lulwimi lolubhalwako okokuqala, ngesikhathi evela, indlela abantu ayisungula? Izimpendulo Zisabangela eziningi impikiswano emphakathini yesayensi, Nokho, ososayensi baye basungula theory ethize kule ndaba. Ukubhala cwaningo kumele kuqale nge eMpumalanga Ephakathi. yamandulo olwalukhona endaweni, kukhona sombuso emhlabeni nesiko kokubili West naseMpumalanga. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ucabange kubhala indzaba, kudingeka siqonde indlela esibaluleke ngayo lesi eside asiphethe.

Okwakushiwo "ngokubhala"

Kusukela umbono wesayensi yezilimi, lulwimi lolubhalwako - indlela ekhethekile izimpawu, okuvumela ukuba semthethweni, yabelana uphinde wolwazi werekhodi ngenjongo ukusetshenziswa kwalo okunye futhi ukudluliswa. Ngamanye amazwi, lo mbhalo - idatha ukuthi atholwe ifomu ongokomfanekiso. Ukubhala akufanele umahluko kusuka solimi lwabantu, ngoba zenyathi lesi simanga. umbono okunjalo ubonakele ngenxa ekutadisheni psyche womuntu. Lapho sibhala - sicabanga, ngaleyondlela kulethe ukudluliselwa ufanekisela inkulumo yethu. Lesi sici kukwenza kungenzeki ukuthi kuphi futhi nini lapho eloba, kodwa izazi-mlando namanje wathola amaphethini ezinye, ngaleyo ndlela kwakhele theory ezithile umsuka walo mkhuba.

Ukubhala izizwe phakathi kweMilambo

Le ndawo phakathi iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa edlule kwakungekho impucuko enkulu nesi. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi leli yilapho ukubhala uqala ukuvela. Yikuphi elingokomlando okukuthinte ngayo ngokubukeka kwakhe ayaziwa, nakuba kukhona theory lalivamile. Lithi ulimi ebhalwe sekukhona eMesophothamiya yasendulo, kwaba umkhiqizo ukuvela indoda, ofuna adambise inqubo accounting yomsebenzi wabo. Ngalezo zinsuku, konke ukuvuna kufanele inikwe abapristi ukuze alondeke. Ukuze ngandlela-thile adambise inqubo ezimali kwezitshalo kuvuna, benyuka ne bakudala kakhulu imodeli incwadi - isithonjana. It uvezwa uhlobo izinti, iziphambano nemibuthano. Kamuva, izimpawu zaqala ziphenduke, izikhumbuzo eziningi kangaka yezimpucuko yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo, ungabona imidwebo eziyisisekelo imilenze, izindlebe, indoda, izinkanyezi, nokunye. N.

Ideogramnaya ubhala abantu phakathi kweMilambo

ukuqhubeka lokubhala ikhiqize i ideogram. Eqinisweni, babengabokuqala nezimpawu ezifanayo, ngakho incazelo yabo kuphela sahunyushelwa ehlukile kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, izimpawu eziphathelene imilenze, wakhetha isinyathelo esiqondile - "yokuhamba", "sithwale" noma 'bame'. Bekanye ideogramnoy phonogram iskripthi athuthukile. essence yayo wukuthi izimpawu Cishe ayisetshenziswa. Inshokutsi yemagama badabula imisindo kwakunzima kakhulu ukuveza usebenzisa bakudala kartinochnoy izimpawu. Ngakho kukhona, ngokubhala ekhethekile ongokomfanekiso, lapho kwakungekho nesithombe. Imininingwane waqala ukuba adlulisele esebenzisa izimpawu zamagama kanye syllabic. Ngakho, isifundo yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo kuphendula umbuzo kuphi futhi nini wayebhalela khona.

ngokubhala waseGibhithe

Omunye umthombo wolwazi emkhakheni umlando ulimi elilotshiwe eGibhithe lasendulo. Ulimi le impucuko ayishintshanga kangako wonke umlando walo. Inqubo yokuxhumana Omdala Kingdom abaseGibhithe kakhulu sihlukile nenzalo yabo esikhathini ukunwetshwa wamaRoma. Uhlobo izinhlamvu asetshenziswe ekubhaleni, ayikashintshi, kodwa incazelo yabo usebhekene ushintsho olukhulu.

Kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi, lapho kwakulotshwe eGibhithe, lesi impucuko athintana namanye amazwe eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokubhala yamaGibhithe asendulo zihluke kakhulu izithombe sezimiso yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo. AbaseGibhithe lasendulo wabhala eminyakeni 3500 edlule BC. Ukubhala kuyisikhali inhlanganisela ihluzo kanye ideography. Njengoba sekunama-inkathi entsha sishintshwe ukwengeza izinhlamvu ezintsha. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi zibale izinhlamvu 6000 we ulimi baseGibhithe lasendulo.

Isethi ocebile izinhlamvu liholele ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ngokubhala eladabuka sokuthuthwa kwempahla eGibhithe lasendulo. Bayachaza umbonwabo, yokuthi abakusho kwezwakala kunengqondo abaseGibithe lezo zithombe kancane, bekene uzama ukusho ekucabangayo. Imfundiso ngokuyinhloko ngokuphambene amaqiniso angokomlando ezaziwayo. Umbuzo uyasala ukuthi wenzeni yencwadi sekukhona ensimini yase-Aramu Naharayimi, ngoba wabonakala kuqala emuva impela. Nokho, lokhu kuyinto isihloko ehluke ngokuphelele.

Sokuqonda nezincwadi zokufunda basendulo baseGibithe

abalobi abaningi basendulo futhi ososayensi bazama wokufunda ulimi ocebile yaseGibithe lasendulo. Ezinye kuphumelele, abanye zehlulekile. Kodwa zonke yezazi zasendulo bahlanganiswe into eyodwa - ukubaluleka oweqisayo wokuba nomthwalo izinhlamvu ufanekisela nabaseGibhithe lasendulo. Bona Akuve a imfanelo esezingeni le ukuphila okuvamile Umuntu ocabangelayo. Noma kunjalo, kukhona uhlamvu iqiniso ezincwadini zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, UPlutarch esikalini yonke imibhalo saseGibhithe njengendodana luyingxenye ongokomfanekiso. Futhi uHerodotus ikhomba eziningana izinhlobo izinhlamvu: esingcwele futhi abantu. Kliment Aleksandriysky washo nokungaphezu kwalokho kule ndaba. Wasikisela ukuthi kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu lokubhala waseGibhithe: yokubhala, isitayela hieratic (incwadi engcwele), epistolografiya (imeyili yakho kwansuku zonke). Umzamo edume kunazo senziwa ukuqhaqha kule isazi X leminyaka Arab kanye isihambi Ibn Wahshi. Somlando omdala waseGibhithe lasendulo Modern, ososayensi bathole izindlela eziyingqayizivele sokuqonda ukuthi impendulo usizo umbuzo kuphi futhi nini wayebhalela khona. Kuze kube manje, azikho izinkinga nge sokuqonda yokubhala yamaGibhithe.

Kanjani zamagama YesiGreki?

Ukuvela ngokubhala eGreece, imbeleko impucuko yaseNtshonalanga, ngenxa yokuthi ukubukeka zamagama ngesiGreki. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-alfabhethi ngesiGreki kubolekwe. It yadalwa ngesisekelo the waseFenike, lapho amaGreki yokutholwa BC IX leminyaka. Alfabhethi Yayinesikhwanyana kuphela ongwaqa, okuyinto ngempela engafanele ngolimi lwesiGreki. Ngakho amaGreki ngokoqobo ukuze 'hlambulula "onkamisa balo ambalwa. Kakade BC VII ekhulwini bafunda ukubhala, njengoba kufakazelwa imivubukulo. Umbhalo kakhulu yasendulo eyaziwa okwamanje - ke Dipylon yombhalo oqoshiwe. Kukhona le nkolelo-mbono ukuthi zamagama ngesiGreki umsuka mayelana BC XVII leminyaka, kodwa lokhu ubufakazi obungokomlando yangempela. Ngakho siyazi, ukuthi benza zamagama ngesiGreki, kanye nokubhala ulimi lwaseGibhithe kanye yaseMesophothamiya. Kodwa kukhona uyathola zomlando ehlukile ngokuphelele, incwadi isiko European.

Isizinda nezincwadi zokufunda Slavic

Endaweni ethile kule V leminyaka BC kukhona okukhulu isiphetho lwamaSlav. Ngenxa yalesi emikhulu kufuduka inqubo avela setha zonke izizwe. Nkathi ezihlonzwe ne isikhathi lapho kwakungekho lwezinhlamvu Slavic. izizwe Minor kancane kancane kwazivelela, kanti ekupheleni kwekhulu IX lwamaSlav empumalanga wadala isimo sabo siqu, okwathiwa Kievan Rus. Isimo esisha elikhula ngokushesha amandla ezempi, kanye ukuthuthukisa amasiko abo. Ngalesi sikhathi kukhona iskripthi, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi Slavic isiphetho yayikhona ulimi lwesiSlavic kuphela. Kuyisimanga, kodwa kwamiswa izinhlamvu ngemva kokusungulwa imithetho Slavic zamagama, njengoba nje lwalulapho eGreece.

Kirill mina Mefody - okhokho baso izinhlamvu lasendulo

Izincwadi zokuqala e nolimi lwamaSlav enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba baqonde indlela yasendulo okulotshwe lapho. Bazalwane Kirill mina Mefody wadala zamagama izincwadi kuqala nolimi lwamaSlav ngoba Moravian isikhulu egameni uMbusi, uMichael III. Kwathi ngonyaka 863. Ensimini ka lokubhala lasendulo Rus ke waluthola zamagama - Cyrillic kanye Glagolitic. Kodwa kukhona ukungahambisani okuncane. Lapho kwakukhona ebhaliwe eRussia, abantu ensimini ka ukuthi State kakade ulimi lwesiSlavic. Ngakho umbuzo: Ingabe lo mbhalo futhi zamagama kwakheka kwi insimu ka Kievan Rus kanye izimfanelo ebalulekile isiko zazivela ngaphandle? Lo mbuzo, ososayensi abakwazi ukunikeza impendulo kuze kube yilolu suku. Cishe, izizwe ehlakazekile wakhuluma siqu zezigodi zabo, luyingxenye wendawo. Njengoba sokuloba Slavic nolimi, bona kwamiswa injalo zakudala kakade phakathi ukhona Kievan Rus 'ngesisekelo zamagama uCyril noMethodius.

isiphetho

Ngakho, sihlaziya izinkathi ezahlukene zomlando, okuyinto enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba baqonde kuphi futhi nini wayebhalela khona. Umlando zalesi simo aqukethe eziningi eziyimfihlakalo ezisesesikhathini kudingekile ukuba asikhanyisele.