Le ndawo yase-USSR. Republic, labantu edolobheni

Zwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni - i-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics hlala eziyisithupha emhlabeni. Area eSoviet Union - amaphesenti amane Eurasia. ESoviet Union kwaba izikhathi 2.3 ebanzi US nase impela kancane esingaphansi ezwekazini i-Nyakatfo Melika. Area eSoviet Union - iyingxenye enkulu enyakatho-Asia nasempumalanga Europe. Cishe ikota yebahlali insimu yawela engxenyeni European zezwe, ezinye ngamakota amathathu sibekwe e-Asia. Le ndawo eyinhloko iSoviet Union Russia, ngamakota amathathu yezwe.

I amachibi ngobukhulu

ESoviet Union, futhi manje eRussia echibini ejulile futhi elicwengekileyo emhlabeni - iChibi iBaikal. Kuyinto kwesigubhu elikhulu amanzi ahlanzekile, adalwe imvelo, izimbali eliyingqayizivele nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Sekuyisikhathi eside Yingakho nje abantu ngokuthi leli chibi kolwandle. Itholakala e-Asia emaphakathi lapho emdeni Republic Buryatia kanye esifundeni sase-Irkutsk, luqhubeke ngezinyawo amakhilomitha ayisithupha namashumi amabili we ucwezana giant. Phansi echibini ngezansi kolwandle 1167 metres, futhi isibuko yayo kuze 456 amamitha. Ukujula - 1642 amamitha.

Okunye Lake Russia - Ladoga - iyona enkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu. Lihlobene aseBaltic umcengezi (olwandle) kanye ne-Atlantic (Ocean), esenyakatho kanye ogwini olusempumalanga e-Republic of Karelia, nasentshonalanga, eningizimu futhi eningizimu-mpumalanga - e-Leningrad esifundeni. Le ndawo Echibi Ladoga eYurophu, kanye endaweni Soviet emhlabeni, akekho noyedwa olingana - 18 300 amakhilomitha square.

Imifula ngobukhulu

Nomfula omude kunayo yonke eYurophu - iVolga. Kuyinto eside ukuze abantu ababehlala ngasogwini lwalo, wawunika igama elihlukile. Ngulona logeleta eYurophu eyayiyingxenye yezwe. Lena ngenye yama-misele ngobukhulu emhlabeni. ERussia, ingxenye enkulu insimu eseduze nale ndlela, ebizwa ngokuthi iVolga esifundeni. ubude balo 3690 amakhilomitha, kanye abakule ndawo okuthathwe kuyo - abayizigidi ezingu 1.36 amakhilomitha square. On the iVolga welulela imizi emine elinabantu abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi - Volgograd, Samara (USSR - Kuibyshev), Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod (eSoviet Union - Umunyu).

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka kusuka 30s kuya 80s kwekhulu lamashumi amabili phezu elikhulu iziteshi amandla kagesi iVolga eziyisishiyagalombili eyakhelwe - ingxenye iVolga-Kama wendlale. Umfula, yiwo ogelezela e Western eSiberia - the OB ngaphezulu esilazayo ngokugcwele, nakuba kancane emifushane. Kusukela ngawo-Altai kusukela nokuhlanganiswa Biya futhi Katun, uyagijima ezweni lonke ku Kara Sea 3650 amakhilomitha, futhi catchment yayo endaweni 2.990.000 amakhilomitha square. Engxenyeni eseningizimu ye emfuleni uyindoda ezenziwe ob Sea, imiswe phakathi ukwakhiwa kwalesi Novosibirsk amandla kagesi esiteshini, indawo enhle ngokumangalisayo.

Insimu yase-USSR

Ingxenye ezisentshonalanga zeSoviet Union wathatha ngaphezu kwesigamu yonke iYurophu. Kodwa uma siyiqaphele yonke indawo yase-USSR ukuze nokwahlukana yezwe, engxenyeni esentshonalanga yendawo nsimu ngokulambisa ingxenye yesine ka lonke leli zwe. nokho Izinsiza kwaba siphezulu: ku enkulu empumalanga indawo selilos amaphesenti amabili nesishiyagalombili kuphela omphakathi.

Entshonalanga, ephakathi kwemifula Ural futhi Dnepr, uMbuso Russian wazalwa kulapha lapho kukhona zonke izimfanelo ukuvela nokuchuma eSoviet Union. Le ndawo zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kuze wokugoqa yezwe lashintsha ngokuphindaphindiwe: wajoyina kwezinye izindawo, isibonelo, eNtshonalanga ye-Ukraine nase-Western Belarus, emazweni aseBaltic. Kancane kancane, amabhizinisi ngobukhulu kutekulima nasetimbonini ihlelwe esempumalanga, ngenxa yokuba khona lapho ahlukene futhi ecebile namaminerali.

Borderland ubude

I kwemingcele yeSoviet Union, njengoba izwe lethu futhi manje, emva ukuzihlukanisa republic wakhe nane, enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, lide kakhulu - 62 710 amakhilomitha. Kusukela entshonalanga, iSoviet Union eqhubeka eya ngasempumalanga amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi - eziyishumi esishintshashintshayo isikhathi kusuka Kaliningrad esifundeni (the Curonian Amathe) Ratmanova kulesi siqhingi ngo iBering Strait.

Kusukela eningizimu kuya enyakatho zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa luhlangabezane amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyisihlanu - kusukela Kushka Cape Chelyuskin. Ngu umhlaba umngcele kwadingeka amazwe nambili - nesithupha kuwo ase-Asiya (Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, China ne-North Korea), ayisithupha e-Europe (Finland, iNorway, iPoland, eCzechoslovakia, eHungary, eRomania). imingcele Maritime zensimu USSR kwaba kuphela Japan nase-United States.

Borderlands ububanzi

Kusukela enyakatho kuya eningizimu zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ibanga 5000 km kusuka Cape Chelyuskin ku Taimyr Autonomous District of Krasnoyarsk Territory eCentral idolobha Asian Kushka Mary esifundeni Turkmen SSR. Land izungezwe eSoviet Union 12 amazwe: 6 e-Asia (Korea, China, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Iran kanye neTurkey) 6 eYurophu (Romania, Hungary, eCzechoslovakia, Poland, Norway futhi Finland).

Phezu kolwandle wase-USSR imingcele yamazwe amabili - i-United States naseJapane. Leli zwe wageza ezilwandle nambili ye-Arctic, yePacific Atlantic izilwandle. Nantathu Sea - iCaspian, nakuba ezicini zonke kuba echibini. Yingakho two-thirds imingcele ibekwe olwandle, ngoba indawo ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union kwadingeka ugu ende kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Republic of the USSR: inhlangano

Ngo-1922, ngesikhathi i-USSR, ifake republic amane - the SFSR isiRashiya, isi-Ukrainian SSR, le SSR isi-Byelorussian kanye Transcaucasian SFSR. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona disengagement futhi umthamo wemvula. Ngo-Asia Ephakathi, Turkmen futhi Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic kwamiswa (1924), i-republic angu-USSR yayingamakhulu ayisithupha. Ngo-1929, elise-republic ezizimele we RSFSR lalenziwa le Tajik SSR, zazo kwase eziyisikhombisa. Ngo-1936, Transcaucasia sahlukana ezintathu Federal Republic kwabelwe kusukela Federation: Azerbaijani, Isi-Armenia nesiGeorgia SSR.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo nezinye elise-Asia Ephakathi-republic ezimbili ezizimele ezisempumalanga beniyingxenye RSFSR, bahlukaniswa njengoba Kazakh futhi Kyrgyz SSR. Ubude republic kwaba nanye. Ngo-1940, iSoviet Union wathatha republic ambalwa, futhi kwaba amazwe ayishumi nesithupha ukuvuma okwakufunwa iMoldavian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR futhi isi-Estonia SSR. Ngo-1944 yena wajoyina zaseTuva, kodwa SSR zaseTuva Autonomous Region ayizange. Karelian-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) isimo sashintsha izikhathi eziningana, ngakho-republic nanhlanu kwaba ku 60s. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona imibhalo ebonisa ukuthi eminyakeni engu-60 e-Federal Republic ezinhlwini wancenga Bulgaria, kodwa sicela umngane Todor Zhivkov akazange aneliseke.

Republic USSR nokwahlukana

Kusukela 1989 kuya ku-1991 iSoviet Union senzeka okubizwa ngokuthi umbukiso we sovereignties. Abayisithupha republic nanhlanu ngenqaba ukujoyina inhlangano entsha - i-Union of Soviet EnguMbusi Republics futhi imemezele ukuzimela (Lithuanian SSR, Latvian, Estonia, Isi-Armenia nesiGeorgia), kanye iMoldavian SSR limenyezelwe kwathatha ukuzimela. Kucatshangwa ngakho konke lokhu eziningi republic ezizimele banquma ukuhlala e-Union. It Tatar, Bashkir, Chechen-ingush (zonke - Russia), South Ossetia futhi Abkhazia (Georgia), Transnistria futhi Gagauzia (Moldova), eCrimea (Ukraine).

nciphisa

Kodwa wokugoqa wase-USSR yokutholwa kumhambela emvelweni, futhi ngo-1991 wamemezela ukuzimela cishe yonke republic aseSoviet. Confederation nokwakha akuphumelelanga, nakuba Russia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan kanye Belarus wanquma isivumelwano esinjalo.

Khona-ke, e-Ukraine labetibambile inhlolovo wokuzimela kanye republic abathathu ekusungulweni Belovezhskie yasayina isivumelwano ku kuqedwa Confederation, wadala CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) ezingeni yenhlangano inter-state. RSFSR, Kazakhstan kanye Belarus ku inhlolovo ukuzimela kungukuthi ezishiwo hhayi lwenziwa. Nokho, Kazakhstan, wakwenza kamuva.

Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic

Yasungulwa ngonyaka ka-February 1921 ngaphansi igama Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. Kusukela ngo-1922 ingxenye Transcaucasian SFSR njengengxenye ye-USSR, futhi kuphela ngoDisemba 1936 futhi ngokushesha waba omunye ayengaphansi kweSoviet Union. Esikhathini Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic kuhlanganisa South Ossetic Autonomous Region, Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, Adjara Autonomous Republic. Ngo-70-yalolucwaningo eGeorgia anda ukunyakaza ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni ngaphansi kokulawula Zviad Gamsakhurdia futhi Miraba Kostavy. Yokwakha kabusha alethwe entsha abaholi iCommunist Party of Georgia, ukhetho bona alahlekile.

South Ossetia futhi Abkhazia imemezele ukuzimela, kodwa Georgia singaneliswa, waqala ayehlasela. IRussia yathatha ingxenye kulokhu kubulalana ohlangothini Abkhazia naseNingizimu Ossetia. Ngo-2000, phakathi Russia nase-Georgia sahoxiswa visa umbuso. Ngo-2008 (umthetho wesishiyagalombili Agasti) kwakukhona "wezinsuku ezinhlanu impi", ngenxa uMengameli Jacob Zuma enza Russian ngemvume izimiso ku ukuqashelwa weRiphabhulikhi Abkhazia naseNingizimu-Ossetia kunabamemezeli ozijameleko uthi ezimele.

Armenia

I-Armenian SSR kwamiswa ngo-November 1920, kuqala, kakhulu, kwaba Transcaucasian Federation, futhi ngo-1936 wahlukaniselwa futhi ngokushesha yaba ingxenye ye-USSR. Armenia itholakala eningizimu eCaucasus, izungezwe Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran naseTurkey. Armenia endaweni 29 800 square amakhilomitha, labantu 2.493.000 abantu (inani labantu be-USSR ngo-1970). Inhloko-dolobha ye-republic - Yerevan yiyona idolobha elikhulu kunawo phakathi amabili nantathu (uqhathanisa ne-1913, lapho umuzi Armenia ezintathu kuphela, omunye ungacabanga ivolumu ukwakhiwa kanye esikalini yentuthuko wezwe ku eseneminyaka WaseSoviet).

Amathathu emine izifunda ezakhiwa ngaphezu emadolobheni amabili nesishiyagalombili entsha ezisemadolobheni-uhlobo zokuhlala. Isimo sezwe ngenxa kakhulu ingxenye sezintaba, onokhahlo, ngakho cishe kwesigamu sabantu ayephila ngawo-Ararati esigodini, okuyinto cent zensimu Imininingwane eziyisithupha kuphela ngayinye. I kwabantu labantu kakhulu yonke indawo - abantu 83,7 square kilometre, kuyilapho esigodini Ararati - abangafika kwabangu-anamakhulu mane. Ngo-USSR usizi kakhulu kwaba kuphela eMoldova. Futhi izimo ezikahle zezulu ezindawo ukhangwa abantu esogwini lweChibi Sevan esigodini Shirak. Sixteen wamaphesenti labantu unomphela republic ngayinye engamboziwe nhlobo, ngoba endaweni engamamitha angaphezu kuka-2,500 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, akunakwenzeka ukuba baphile isikhathi eside. Ngemva kokuwa wezwe Armenia SSR kakade ezweni khulula useye waphathwa esinzima kakhulu eminyakeni ( "amnyama") of ukuqapha Azerbaijan naseTurkey, ukuphikiswa elinomlando omude.

Belarus

I isi-Byelorussian SSR yayisesigodini entshonalanga ingxenye European kweSoviet Union, imingcele Poland. Republic Square 207 600 amakhilomitha square, labantu abantu abayizigidi 9.371 ngo-January 1976. Ukwakheka National lokubalwa kwabantu 1970: 7.290.000 Belarusians, lonke ihlukaniswe isiRashiya, nabasePoland, Ukraine, amaJuda kanye nenombolo elincane labantu bezinye izizwe.

Ubuningi - abantu 45,1 square kilometre. Imizi ngobukhulu: inhlokodolobha - Minsk (abakhileyo 1,189,000), Gomel, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Grodno, Bobruisk, eBaranovichi, Brest, Borisov, Orsha. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, athola imizi emisha: Soligorsk, Zhodino, Novopolotsk, Svetlogorsk nabanye abaningi. Ubude kuleli zwe amadolobha ayengamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesithupha futhi yikhulu nesishiyagalolunye ezisemadolobheni-uhlobo zokuhlala.

Imvelo uhlobo ikakhulukazi flat, enyakatho-ntshonalanga elula moraine amagquma (yokhalo Belarusian), eningizimu ngaphansi emaxhaphozini we Belarusian Polesie. Imifula eminingi, i-main - Dnieper kuya Pripyat futhi Sozh, Neman, Western Dvina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuleli zwe abangaphezu kuka-nanye ayizinkulungwane amachibi. Kunehlathi yesithathu zensimu, kuba ikakhulukazi coniferous.

History of the SSR isi-Byelorussian

amandla Soviet yasungulwa ngo Belarus, cishe ngokushesha nje ngemva Okthoba Revolution, okuyinto kwalandelwa umsebenzi: lokuqala, isiJalimane (1918), kulandele Polish (1919-1920). Ngo-1922, i-BSSR yayisivele ingxenye yase-USSR, futhi ngo-1939 sihlanganisiwe futhi Western Belarus, Poland, edabukile kude ngokuqondene inkontileka. umphakathi Socialist weRiphabhulikhi ngo-1941 rose ngokugcwele emzabalazweni wokulwa abahlaseli undlovukayiphikiswa waseJalimane: amaqembu yabashokobezi indawo isenzo lonke (kwakukhona 1255, cishe izinkulungwane ezine nengxenye kuzo). Kusukela ngo-1945, Belarus kuyinto yeNhlangano yeZizwe.

ukwakhiwa Communist ngemva kwempi waphumelela kakhulu. BSSR waklonyeliswa oda ezimbili Lenin, Order Obungane Abantu kanye Okthoba Revolution. Kusukela ezweni nezokulima abampofu Belarus isibe echumayo zezimboni, ukusungula Ubuhlobo obuseduze nabanye republic aseSoviet. Ngo-1975 izinga zokukhiqiza yezimboni kudlulwe ezingeni lika-1940, ngezinye izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili nanye, futhi izinga le-th 1913 - a lamatshumi ayisithupha lesithupha. umkhakha esindayo athuthukisiwe, ifayela eliwumthombo. izitshalo amandla eyakhelwe: Berezovsky, Lukoml, Vasilevichi, Smolevichskaia. Peat fuel umkhakha (omdala embonini) selikhule umkhiqizo kawoyela nokucutshungulwa.

Umkhakha futhi izindinganiso zokuphila labantu BSSR

isiqoqi sama-softwe e ngeminyaka yoma IKHULU lamashumi amabili emelelwa umshini-ithuluzi, ugandaganda (ugandaganda owaziwa "Belarus"), ubunjiniyela yezimoto (giant "BelAZ", isibonelo), umsakazo electronics. Sikhanyisiwe futhi waqinisa umkhakha zamakhemikhali, okulungisa ukudla, ukukhanya. Lokube nawo ezingeni lekuphila rose kancane kancane, imali kazwelonke kule minyaka eyishumi kusukela ngo-1966, izwe liye landa izikhathi ezimbili nesigamu, lapho real kwemali lengenako sikhiqize inani eliphindwe kabili. Nokudayisa ukuhweba inzuzo isimo futhi nibe nomoya wokubambisana ukuhweba (nge iIgama) baba ephindwe izikhathi eziyishumi.

Ngo-1975, inani imali emabhange ukonga awafike a ruble yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane nengxenye emithathu (ngo-1940 kwaba nesikhombisa wezigidi). Republic phathelana bafundile, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka namuhla ayikashintshi ngenxa ke akazange antengantenge ejwayelekile Soviet. Umhlaba adunyiswe ukuzibophezela izimiso: amakolishi kanye amanyuvesi weRiphabhulikhi bakhangwa lenqwaba nabafundi ngamazwe. Kukhona ulimi ezimbili okulingana esetshenziswa: Belarusian futhi Russian.