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Amagama bazalwane abangcwele, owadala zamagama Slavic. Umlando zamagama Slavic

Emlandweni usuku eziningi ekhazimulayo wezwe lethu. Abaningi babo abavaleleke izenzakalo basendulo. Omunye izenzakalo ezinjalo ongasoze walibaleka, okuyinto yaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi, bekulokhu ukuvela lwesiSlavic Wezincwadi. Ingabe uyazi ukuthi amagama bazalwane abangcwele, owadala Slavic zamagama? Uma kungenjalo, khona-ke lesi sihloko sabhalwa nje ngawe!

Ngubani?

Uma okungenani ngalokwanele wezwa uthisha izifundo yomlando we surely ikwazi ukukhumbula ngokwakho. Yebo, amagama bazalwane abangcwele, owadala zamagama Slavic - Kirill mina Mefody. Lokhu abashumayeli Slavic, indima kabani emlandweni wezwe ukuthi baye abagcotshwa, hhayi kuphela Orthodox, kodwa ngisho iSonto LamaKatolika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nokuphathwa kwegama labo ukuphila kwabo nomsebenzi atholakala emibhalweni izishoshovu Muslim.

Kukholakala ukuthi uCyril (iminyaka yokuphila - mayelana 827-969) lethiwa ku Rome Orthodox ezinsukwini 50 nje ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe ayaziwa abantu bangesikhathi sakhe ngokuthi i-UConstantine sefilosofi. NoMethodius (iminyaka 820-885 zokuphila), wabhapathizwa ngegama elisha ekupheleni ukuphila. Njengoba igama lakhe kwakunguJohane eqinisweni, izazi-mlando, izazi zemfundiso yenkolo awazi, kodwa zisikisela ukuthi umshumayeli yokuqala okuthiwa uMichael.

Kirill mina Mefody (izithombe zazo kabusha isithombe esihlokweni) izelamani. Ngaphezu nabo umndeni kwadingeka abafana eziyisishiyagalombili. isiphetho sabo okwengeziwe alwaziwa. Ukukhanya kokuvela Thessaloniki (Salonika). Njengoba leli dolobha ingxenye eMakedoniya.

Ebuntwaneni futhi intsha

NoMethodius, nakuba kuyaqabukela ezincwadini zomlando, kwaba enkonzweni yezempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi neminyaka engu-10 yena waba umphathi we endaweni ethile (cishe Slavic), bese kwesokunxele kwababusi amasosha waya esigodlweni sezindela Olympus, owayeneminyaka e-Asia Minor. Babalelwa ku-860, lapho azishiye igunya ka, baba wesigodlo ka wezindela Polychrono, etholakala ogwini eSea of Marmara.

Ngokungafani noMethodius, uCyril ayikaze impilo yomzimba, kodwa usemncane izibonakaliso kwengqondo abukhali ngendlela engavamile. Michael-noMethodius ngokuvamile kwakudingeka bavikele futhi banakekele ngomfowabo omncane ayemthanda, ababengeke bakwazi kahle ukumelela ngokwabo. Bafowethu kanye kuzohlala ndawonye konke ukuphila kwabo.

UCyril nje engu-14 edlule abasha ngokuba kakade vulamehlo ushwabadelwe Grigoriya Bogoslova. Umfana wadonsela ukunakekela uMbusi, uMichael III, okwathi ngemva kwalokho sathathwa phambi kwenkantolo njengobufakazi wokuhlola cwaningo ngenxa yendodana yayo. Ngaphansi kobuholi UPhotius, Umbhishobhi abadumile kamuva, kanye nezinye abeluleki kakhulu abanolwazi, abafana bafunda izimfihlo lolimi kanye mpendulo, dialectic, ukufunda izinkanyezi nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi.

"Ukuphila" UCyril ufakazela ukuthi isazi semfundiso yenkolo babazi ngesikhukhula kweshumi izilimi ezivamile ke. Wawuyeka gqamile khundla nombusi esigodlweni, kodwa akavumanga emshadweni kunenzuzo, wakhetha ukuba abe yezincwadi e Hagia Sophia. Ngemva kwesikhashana, lapho ngasese iya sezindela, futhi sengibuyile lifundisa sophistry emayunivesithi. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho efika isidlaliso sefilosofi, okuyinto uzohlala naye zonke izinsuku zokuphila kwakhe.

Yini bezizinda yabo kwaziwa?

Ukholo uConstantine (Cyril) sasisikhulu kangangokuba ezimpikiswaneni yesayensi, uye njalo lamnqoba yezihlubuki iconoclasts. Nokho, uMbusi uConstantine wayevame ukuthumela sefilosofi obuhlakani abanolwazi ngisho kuya Saracens (Muslims) lapho wabonisa usezakhele igama njengomqambi lokuxoxa abanamakhono, ngubani siphikisana zenkolo kalula ukunqoba isitha nge isikhali sakhe.

Sethemba ukuthi ukukhumbula amagama bazalwane abangcwele, owadala zamagama Slavic.

Qala abasebenza zamagama

Babalelwa ku 858, abazalwane bathunyelwa Khazars. I Korsun izindela sevangeli wayeka ukuze sijulise lapho kutadishwa isiHeberu. Bafica izinsalela ongcwele kaPapa Clement. Ezinye zalezi abafowethu babefika nabo ukuze ngiqhubeke nohambo. Maye, kodwa impumelelo ezithile ezibalulekile phakathi Khazars, ababethi UbuJuda abantu ngothi lwabo, lezi zithunywa zevangeli ayizange iphumelele. Nokho, aziyi mayelana 200 ababhapathizwa Khazars, wamophula ekuthunjweni, amaGreki amaningi. NoMethodius waya Polychronios, ekubeni wesigodlo esigodlweni sezindela, uCyril wabuyela eConstantinople.

Kungenxa ekuthuleni amaseli athile bese sibonelo wokuqala Slavic ulimi obumbene ebhaliwe sidalwe: uCyril wathatha njengoba isisekelo yayo zamagama ubudala ngesiGreki, a lula ambalwa bese ukhulisa khona. By endleleni ekhuluma, zamagama YesiGreki lathathwa abaseFenike, ezahlela kusenesikhathi ekhulwini lesikhombisa BC. Ngakho, indalo we Slavic zamagama kuhlobene ne ukuguqulwa isiGreki.

Kwakuzokwenziwa uCyril?

Cishe ukuba u-Cyril wawobaba ngokuhamba okuye kwabhalwa ngesisekelo 'uSathane kanye nezimboni. " Ulwazi olunembile is engafakwanga, kodwa ngenxa mlando kufanele ulandele noma yisho owodwa emisebenzini ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe, ngubani Ziningi Imininingwane abangenakukwazi ukukunikeza. Nokho, le nkinga kuyadida kakhulu: namanje phakathi Philologists kanye nezazi-mlando ezingenamandla agumenti evuthayo, njengoba lasendulo ulimi lwesiSlavic ebhaliwe - indaba elukhuni, lapho "amabala amhlophe" phakathi nezinkulungwane izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-amaqiniso ucishe okuthembekile.

Cishe, Kirill - umdali Slavic zamagama njengoba injalo manje.

Cyrillic kanye Glagolitic

Uma siqala ukuxoxa inkinga ka ukuvela Slavic Izincwadi ifomu okungukuthi ajwayelekile kithi namuhla, akunakwenzeka ingasaphathwa mpikiswano abukhali futhi eshubile. Kwenzeka phakathi mlando, izazi zolimi futhi libhalwe abavubukuli, kuze kube nini nanini manje ukuthi eyishumi. Kuyafaneleka ukuxoxa ngale ndaba hhayi kuphela ekudalweni zamagama Slavic njengoba enjalo, kodwa ingxoxo yayo izinketho ezazisemizini ukusetshenziswa bakuyo yonke.

Okukhathazayo ukuthi kulo lonke ERussia yasendulo ngesikhathi esisodwa wawusakazwa ezimbili nje izindlela zokubhala: i-Cyrillic ajwayelekile futhi Glagolitic, ukuba khona lapho ambalwa ukwazi namuhla. Ingabe-ke ngaleso sikhathi ezinye, Slavic lasendulo zamagama? Noma kungenzeka ... Ubunzima ekunqumeni ukuthi iziphi sazo sasingamashumi original - sokungabi nhlobo ebufakazini obunokwethenjelwa bemivubukulo.

Olunye ucwaningo Kwakuseshwa ososayensi abaningi Russian (ikakhulukazi ekhulwini le-19), kodwa ngenxa yothuthuva kakhulu zezwe lethu imiphumela wawulahleke. It is kuphela eyaziwa ukuthi ososayensi Tsarist Russia Namanje usakholelwa ukuthi Onjiniyela zamagama zesiCyrillic eqinisweni abafowethu Kirill mina Mefody. Kafushane echazwe iziphakamiso namanje atholakala zomlando.

Yini zamagama wadala uCyril?

Ososayensi namanje abazange afinyelele kusivumelwano ngalokho ingabe ukuthi uCyril wazisungula: Glagolitic futhi Cyrillic? Qaphela ukuthi emakhulwini eminyaka 10-11 e izinhlamvu zesi-Cyrillic, kwakunoFakazi 43: 25 wabo - kuthiwa lathathwa zamagama ngesiGreki ubudala. Kungashiwo ukuthi esisele babevela endaweni efanayo, kodwa kakhulu ukushintshwa, ngosizo lwabo kwakunokwenzeka ukuba adlulisele umsindo ngaphezulu ejwayelekile yokukhuluma Slavic. Futhi libhekene ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane Slavic zamagama naphezu umsuka yokufakelwa izinhlamvu eziningi, kusekelwe ngolimi wasendulo, okwadingeka ukuzungeza yasakazwa ezweni lasendulo.

Amarekhodi bokuqala ebhaliwe

On emanxiweni yebandla Pereslavl uSimeyoni (Bulgaria) zikhona izimpawu ekupheleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalolunye. Ukusuka kuchungechunge efanayo - ukuqopha kusuka Dobrogea, esukela 943 ngonyaka. Ngesiduli zangekhulu leshumi, imbiza "goruhsha" Kulo mbhalo oqoshiwe etholakele. Kukhona Novgorod birch namagxolo izinhlamvu ngekhulu le-11. Omunye Akekho owaziyo ukuthi izitifiketi eziningi ezinjalo, ezalotshwa ngaphambili, ukumane wabhubhisa isikhathi. Ekugcineni, eyaziwa kahle "Ostrom Gospel", alotshwa phakathi konyaka ka 1056-1057 (kusuka Novgorod).

Lapho saya zamagama zesiCyrillic?

Naphezu izifundo eziningi, ososayensi baye bakwazi ukuthola ukuthi lapho lokhu okulotshwe lapho ngaso sonke. Abaningi babo bakholelwa ukuthi isuke namanje wadala uCyril, njengoba ubufakazi ucishe abahlukene yomsuka lasendulo lapho. Nokho, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi Kirill lwenzelwe kuphela Glagolitic futhi Cyrillic zamagama Slavic umsuka endaweni ethile e-Bulgaria lasendulo.

Nokucabanga yokugcina alicabangeli. Iqiniso liwukuthi e 864-865, the baseBulgaria bamukela ubuKristu, futhi kukhona ngokushesha wathumela Kliment Ohridski, owayengomunye abafundi evelele kunazo zonke futhi abanamakhono abaqeqeshwe Saints Kirill mina Mefody. Wabuye waba Slav lokuqala ezathatha isikhundla eliphezulu umbhishobhi.

okuthile Kwalo abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa unjiniyela Cyrillic zamagama. Nokho iningi lezazi-mlando, izazi zemfundiso yenkolo futhi abaholi besonto kubhekwe umdali kwaba UConstantine sefilosofi, okungukuthi, St. uCyril. Lo mbono kuyinto olunzulu kakhulu, njengoba abaningi amagama, izinhlamvu amafonethiki ngolimi lwethu kubolekwe amaGreki. Akukho lutho isimanga kuleyo, uma wazalwa eMakedoniya nase eqinisweni ephethwe nokumisa wokwazi imixhantela Slavic, bese okusekelwe lolu lwazi ukuze afeze ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane Slavic zamagama, owawungumnyaka ngempela esimthandayo.

Imibono mayelana umsuka Glagolitic

Glagolitic ososayensi abaningi ithathwa njengendlela uhlobo kwama-alfabhethi esiLatini, njengoba kuyafana amafonethiki yayo futhi ukubaluleka izinhlamvu. Umehluko Kuthi ifomu more xaka lakamuva. Mhlawumbe yile ndlela ukope zazivela ulimi ongumSamariya. Emakhulwini eminyaka 10-11, ke ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa baseMoravia, eDalmathiya, futhi Bulgaria ngokwayo Glagolitic esetshenziswa ngenkuthalo. Yini sikhuluma Croatia, okuyinto lokhu zamagama asetshenziswa ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-18! Njengoba for amarekhodi endala elotshwe, ke olotshiwe, ukuthi efika engqondweni Zograph ivangeli elisungulwe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu 10th.

Uma kokuqagela mayelana umsuka Cyrillic zamagama sisekhona, zonke lezi zinkolelo-mbono ngemvelaphi zamagama Glagolitic kusekelwe kuphela olwazini nekucabangela njengoba abukho ubufakazi obubhalwe ukuthi bazokwazi bavuma noma baphika okungenani oyedwa theory. Cishe, umlando we Slavic zamagama umsuka esikhathini eside ngaphambi kwekhulu 10, kodwa uma nje lolu hlobo theory kwamehlisa.

Shiya iqembu elikhulu ososayensi, okubandakanya I.Teylor, I. V Yagich nabanye, alwa kwaze kwaba sekufeni: lokhu zamagama yayisekelwe zonke efanayo ngesisekelo Byzantine uCyril ifasitela lokuzula amasu! abacwaningi Domestic efanayo esikhathini sangaphambi wamavukelambuso (A. I. Sobolevsky, I. I. Sreznevsky, E. F. Karsky) bagqugquzela theory ukuthi Glagolitic avela X leminyaka eMoravia, lapho yena ngenkuthalo okusakazwa abafundi ukuyo yonke indawo Kirill. Leli qembu akafikanga ukuvumelana mayelana kumdlali, kodwa ukusabalala endaweni ngokuqinisekile ukuyichaza.

Isitatimende yokugcina kusekelwe yokuthi lendawo Catholic Church umkhankaso ngokushushiswa Glagolitic kwaba eMoravia, okungafanele Wabe esetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Ngabo lobo ukushushiswa waqala ngenxa yokuthi i-ABC entsha ngokumdlinzekela safana WaseByzantium, okuyinto ephonsa ukungabaza "umsuka lasendulo" sobuKatolika. Njengoba ubona, umlando zamagama Slavic luyindida kakhulu futhi kuyindida.

Ososayensi abathile zonke wakhuluma esivuna yokuthi zamagama Glagolitic - hhayi ukuthi abanye, njengohlobo oluthile ifomu "cryptographic" zamagama Cyrillic. Phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet kwaba inguqulo okwandile (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezizathu zezombangazwe) ukuthi zamagama Glagolitic - ulimi lwasendulo ebhaliwe Slavic, ngesisekelo okuyinto (nge touch of Greek) futhi zamagama zesiCyrillic yadalwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ososayensi Soviet bazitshela ukuthi Kirill mina Mefody (izithombe kwezithombe zabo ku-athikili yethu) bebeye siguqulwe okufushane yekubhala. Ucwaningo lwamuva lubonisa ukuthi lena yindlela engasebenzi kahle akunjalo.

ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi esisodwa amagama

Kuze kube wangekhulu le-12, i-izinhlelo ezimbili ngokubhala lisetshenziswa kuyo. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi izinhlamvu zamagama zesiCyrillic kwaba lula kakhulu ukumaka wabese esikhundleni "imbangi". Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa namuhla ngezilimi ezingaphezu kuka-70 emhlabeni wonke yakhiwe ngesisekelo okusungulile uCyril sika. Nokho, ezinye zazo (kuhlanganise ngesiRashiya) usengakwazi angabonwa iminonjana Glagolitic.

Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi yokugcina safa eyayenziwe. Bathi it uvinjelwe ngamabomu Abadali Slavic zamagama, wabhubhisa izincwadi ezibhalwe kuyo. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu akuyona. Vele sibheke imibhalo yasendulo abhalwe Cyrillic kanye Glagolitic. Esimweni sokuqala, cishe nanoma yiliphi ilungu abantu Slavic uzokwazi ukuqonda kalula okungenani amanye amagama, ngisho noma zamagama Church lwamaSlav (ngezindlela eziningi limelela efanayo isetshenzisiwe lapho ubhala isiGreki).

Endabeni a Glagolitic kuphephile ukusho ukuthi zonke izifundo ahluleke ukuqaphela incwadi eyodwa: isitayela uphawu up eziyinkimbinkimbi okungukuthi cishe ayiqondakali. Kalula nje, yingoba ngokuqinisekile wahlulwa nje ngenxa yokuba yinkimbinkimbi uphawu. Ngomqondo onabile, into efanayo, futhi uthi version esemthethweni.

Mhlawumbe noMethodius - umdali Slavic zamagama walesi oyisibonelo? Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu akuyona. Umlando wabantu ababephila bathi ukwakha ngekuhlanganisa (ngisho noma kusekelwe esiGrekini) Kungenzeka Kirill kuphela. NoMethodius kwaba umhleli omkhulu, kodwa ngaphandle umfowabo wayeyoba akunakwenzeka ukuba bakwazi ukwenza into efana naleyo.

Ziphi yahunyushelwa olimini yekuhlanganisa?

Noma ubani wadala Cyrillic kanye Glagolitic, injongo yayo eyinhloko kumelwe ukuba kwakushaqisa ukusebenzisa imfundo ukwelashwa ukholo olulodwa Orthodox yazo zonke izizwe Slavic. Noma kunjalo, Saints Kirill mina Mefody elihunyushwe ke lokuqala Aprakos Gospel, umPhostoli-Aprakos, Psalter. Cishe, nazo idluliselwe zamagama zesiCyrillic futhi Paremiynik.

Njengoba kufakazelwa 'Ukuphila ", Kirill laqala ukuhumushela olimini YemiBhalo Engcwele njengoba Bulgarian Old. Ngokuvamile, bonke ilula: kunoma yimuphi umpristi owenza ukukhanyiselwa "phansi" wafuna ngokuyinhloko nokuhumushela olimini lokubhala kucacile futhi kufinyeleleke, okokuqala kunakho konke, zonke izincwadi ezingcwele, ukwenza ukholo kufinyeleleke kalula. Phela, iSonto lwamaSlav zamagama ezishiwo ngenhla ngokuqinisekile akanayo maqondana bazalwane, njengoba kuboniswa ngokucacile yilezi emasontweni Slavic.

Uguquko ukulotshwa Cyrillic futhi inkulumo

Abanye abantu "onamakhono" ngokuvamile bathi isiRashiya awuzange ushintshe amakhulu eminyaka, futhi manje eyayenziwe uhlanekezelwe baphanga. Yiqiniso, ukwanda okukhulu kwenani imigomo ngesiNgisi bahluke kakhulu lahlotshaniswa ngolimi lwethu, akuyona into enhle.

Kodwa nakhu umusho wathi cishe ngekhulu 10 (e umbhalo yesimanje, vele): "I-Russian Zelma kakade shelomyanem Wena." Uyakuqonda? Ingabe inhlanganisela "umhlaba Russian". Phakathi naleso sikhathi, le ndima ke uthi lokhu okulandelayo: "umhlaba Russian wanyamalala phezu hill", "umhlaba Russian seliphelile sengathi embozwe nezigqoko." Eqinisweni, okhokho bethu hhayi kangako kudala, ngaphambi nje kokuba uPetru, mina, ngakhuluma ngolimi siyaqonda namuhla kuphela nobunzima. Engeza kulokhu iqiniso lokuthi izincwadi eziningi ezindala zamagama Slavic akanawo umbhalo olimini wanamuhla!

Futhi konke lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isiRashiya Ushintshe kahle, is oguqukayo ngaphansi kwethonya yizici zemvelo, kodwa izinga futhi izindlela ezicacile yokuxhumana ngomlomo noma okubhalwe phansi. Nokho, kungaba mayelana efanayo wathi mayelana nanoma yimaphi amagama, okuyinto manje ixhumana abantu okungenani ezintathu abayizigidi ezine emhlabeni wonke.

okutholakele

Khumbula ukuthi ukungakwazi izincwadi nolimi ukuncela futhi sigxilise amagama amasha kanye imiqondo kufakazela ukuthi ukufa kwakhe. Latin namuhla uthi ngaphezu kwesigidi odokotela, izazi zezinto eziphilayo kanye abameli, kodwa ufile. Akaguquki, aliveli imithetho emisha.

Noma ubani Abadali we Slavic zamagama, credit wabo - brilliant ngokubhala uhlelo, incwadi ngayinye okuyinto ekuqaleni eyenziwa umuzwa amaningi, kokuba uhlaka elula futhi ecacile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo lokubhala lazibonakalisa eminyaka, manje ngokushintsha ngenkuthalo nokuqhubeka namuhla kuyithuluzi lokusakaza zokuxhumana ezigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke.

Efingqa, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi Kirill mina Mefody - hhayi kuphela amagama bazalwane abangcwele, owadala Slavic zamagama, kodwa amagama zezazi ezidumile zamakhulu abakwaziyo ngempela ukuhlanganisa abantu Slavic, ebanikeza ezivamile isimiso sokubhala.

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