Periodization - Iyini? Umhlaba periodization

Periodization kungenziwa ngokuthi mhlawumbe ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu isifundo esikhuluma ngako umlando hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi impucuko - izinto, eqinisweni, sixhumene. Ngaphandle ulwazi imithetho ushintsho kwezinkathi cishe akunakwenzeka ukwakha isithombe okuphelele kwalelizwe lamanje.

okushiwo

Ngo ngomqondo truest periodization - a division of okuthile ku isikhathi izingxenye. Ngokuvamile, le nkulumo isetshenziswa ekuhloleni kolimi, umlando noma izifundo zamasiko. Kungenxa imvelo ulwazi lwesayensi kuba esiphuthumayo kakhulu futhi kudingekile.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ubunjalo elinengqondo ukubaluleka periodization kwegama elithi - uhlobo simiso izinhlelo. Ngaphakathi eyodwa ngokwahlukana angase aziphilele yesibili, nokunye, okuyinto enomthelela ngokuningiliziwe, ukuchaza kanye ngokucacile imihlola ehlukahlukene.

izinhlobo periodization

Njengoba kwemvelo yayo, isintu isidlulile enkulungwaneni, akumangalisi ukuthi ukhona zingahlukaniswa zibe ngezikhathi. Okokuqala, kuba lula kakhulu ukuqonda, kanti okwesibili - esifundweni. Periodization - uhlobo ukuxuba amaqiniso uhlelo oluthile. Kulokhu sikhuluma abalulekile izenzakalo, imicimbi.

Isibonelo olula periodization kungenziwa ngokuthi i ukwabelana kwesikhathi yokuphila komuntu iyisikhathi esingakanani kule nkathi futhi isikhathi ekade kungumbuzo kusukela kuye.

A option ezithile ngokuqondile nangokusuka enhliziyweni olunembile - eminyaka periodization. Kungaba amelwe ezahlukeneyo ezimbili: ekuhambisaneni isikhathi nokuhlukaniswa amakhulu eminyaka ngokuhambisana nesiko-imicimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili izincwadi kuyoba kakhulu sihluke ikhalenda.

periodization World ku ngezikhawu esikhathini ezweni noma ngisho izwekazi jikelele ezingaphezu kuka ukuhlukana. Empeleni, lolu hlobo systematization kungaba tetemibhalo, tebuciko, engokomlando, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ikhalenda.

Periodization yobuciko

Uma ukhetha Ok ngehalavu, periodization izincwadi, noma yimuphi omunye izenzo Art is a division izinkathi izici yokudala. Lona sici lokubalulekile okuwuphawu oluyinhloko.

Ngokuvamile, periodization izincwadi, futhi ezinye izinhlobo eziningi lokusungula kuhlanganisa Antiquity, Ephakathi, Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism, imfundo, romanticism, okwangempela futhi ezikhathini zanamuhla. Yiqiniso, lokhu kuqhekeka kungenziwa ngokuthi kabi amandla akhe, kusukela kungenzeka ukuthola Yiqiniso ezengeziwe zalezikhathi: sentimentalism, Rococo, naturalism, nabanye.

Esikhathini ubuciko (imidwebo, izakhiwo), lokhu kuqhekeka lilondolozwe main, kodwa abanye kwenkathi kungaba nje engekho. Ngokwesibonelo, akekho owayezobhekwa embuzweni ilungelo khona kwesikhathi Baroque emlandweni umculo, kodwa age ukhanyisele, njengoba kuphoqelekile izincwadi, elihle embusweni umsindo lalahleka - isikhathi kungokwalabo ngokuphelele ukuba classicism.

It kakhulu inquma izimpikiswano periodization - umehluko ekuthuthukiseni ezihlukahlukene art kanye kumiswa wekuba sive futhi efanele, izwe wokwenza emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yalesi sici ngokwahlukana ukuze zesikhathi esithile esibekiwe ngempela inkimbinkimbi.

Periodization ukuthuthukisa uhlobo oluthile umsebenzi womuntu, futhi esintwini ngokwaso, njengoba sekushiwo, kuxhomeke ezicini ezimbili: izenzakalo zomlando kanye nezici. Ukuletha isibonelo esikhethekile, indlela elula ukuba baphendukele endleleni ethulwa periodization ezincwadi umongo nobunye ubuciko.

ubude besikhathi

Ivula isiko emhlabeni ezikhathini zamandulo. Iningi abacwaningi bayavuma ukuthi lolu hlu isikhathi waqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngekhulu lesihlanu BC. Eqinisweni, isintu, le nkathi ngokuthi omunye wemizila ebaluleke kakhulu - ngesikhathi lasendulo izisekelo zomhlaba wefilosofi, sobuhle bayo kanye logic. Poetics-Aristotle namanje kubhekwa omunye imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto nalesi sikhathi, isintu ukweleta ukuqonda yobuciko njengoba kukhombisa ngokoqobo - art mimetic.

"The Odyssey", "i-Iliad", okuyinto wabeka isisekelo Epos emhlabeni, sebevele eminyakeni eminingi edlule.

Emkhakheni wesayensi kwamasiko kwamukeleka ukuqamba lesi sikhathi lo enkathini yobumnyama. Okokuqala, ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona inqubo ukucindezelwa ephelele yokukhulekela umzimba kanye yobuciko beyibo. Izwe lonke aguqulwa enkolweni, Nkulunkulu, umphefumulo. Izikhathi iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki oNgcwele, ukuzingelwa kwabathakathi kanye khona imibhalo kuphela ephathelene nesonto. Njengoba periodization - lokhu mqondo ngempela ezihambayo, kukhona okunye division zibe ekuseni futhi ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Ungumuntu odume kunabo kwesikhathi ibhekwa njengeBhayibheli Dante Alighieri ngokuthi imbongi lokugcina Ephakathi imbongi lokuqala Yempucuko.

isikhathi esisha

Iqala inkathi entsha c ka nanhlanu ekhulwini BC, luqhubeke kuze kube sekupheleni nesithupha. Humanity ibuyisela izimiso zasendulo anthropocentrism, Zishiya theocentrism odlule inani. Renaissance wanika emhlabeni uShakespeare, Petrarch, uLeonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo.

Baroque - ingenye nezikhathi okucebile zesiko emhlabeni, ekuqaleni semnadtsatyy- kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Izwe kule nkathi ngokoqobo ebeligciniwe, isintu uyaqaphela singenamandla yayo endaweni yonke, i-transience wokuphila, ezibuza ngalokho okushiwo ukuba khona. Ngalesi sikhathi wayesebenza Beethoven futhi Bach, Rastrelli futhi Caravaggio, uMilton Luis De Góngora.

Classicism emazweni amaningi, wawukhona kusukela nesikhombisa ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Lena isikhathi esiphezulu omlandelayo onobuhle zasendulo nezobuciko. Okwamanje ukuhlela kombuso imigqa ecacile ukuthungwa iyunifomu. Esikhathini izincwadi zikhona nhlobo zibe izinhlobo phakeme, futhi ongaphakeme. Ukuba zakudala yobuciko ukweleta kakhulu iSivumelwano Nikolya Bualo. Racine, Corneille, Lomonosov, Lafontaine - lapha yizona ezimelela edume kunayo ezincwadini zobuciko. Umculo kubuye uHaydn futhi Mozart.

Ukuze classicism walandela Ukukhanyiselwa, eyathatha kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Lena ukunqoba wangempela rationalism abalwela ukuze akuqondisise aphinde ukuqonda, ukunqoba yingqondo yomuntu. Defoe, Swift, Fielding wema ngaleso sikhathi phezulu ukubonakaliswa yobuhle umcabango.

art Zungezisa

Romanticism, esikhundleni Ukukhanyiselwa e ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, ngokushesha wangena ingxoxo mayelana yizona zimiso eziqondisayo. Lokhu umkhuba art Unakekela, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukubaleka rationality, ukuze spiritualize ukuphila komuntu, ukuba ngimemezele nemiqondo yokuhle yenkululeko. Byron, Hoffmann, abazalwane Grimm, Genrih Geyne is best kubonakala kwenkathi ethile.

Namaqiniso, ziqala ancintisane romanticism, etshumayela kwenqatshwa ephelele kumnandi, engaqondakali, umuntu oqanjiwe. "Ukuphila kuyini lokho?" - okusho postulate eziyisisekelo isiqondiso. Gyustav Flober, uHonoré de Balzac, Stendhal nabanye abaningi.

Ngalolu futhi eminye

Esikhathini esizayo, izincwadi nezobuciko ziye zashintsha, izitayela ezintsha ukuvela: yesimanjemanje, post-yesimanjemanje, avant-garde. Periodization ukuthuthukisa ukucabanga ingahlala phakade. Kungase kube nokuningi entsha amagatsha ezingokoqobo izingxenye. Ngaso sonke isikhathi liqhubekela phambili, kuya izinkanyezi ekujuleni oluyimfihlakalo kunalo lonke. Sivisiso nokuvulwa yaphakade.