Leonard Peltier: Biography nesithombe

Peltier Leonard - isibalo somphakathi ezaziwayo, ogama lakhe ehlangene umzabalazo wamaNdiya aseMelika amalungelo abo. Ngenxa yalokho, omunye ukungqubuzana kwezindlela zokuphila amandla izakhamuzi yomdabu ye Melika, le ndoda esejele, isekhona kuze kube yilolu suku ngoba cishe engamashumi amane. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi u ajeziswe. Leonard Peltier - mhlawumbe edume kakhulu, owaziwa futhi ehlonishwa yesimanjemanje Indian.

wakhula kanzima

Ikusasa isibalo somphakathi ozalwa Ngosuku lweshumi nambili ka-September, 1944 emndenini amaNdiya okuqondene nezizwana anishinabe Dakota. lapho kwazalelwa khona abantu ngegama Peltier Leonard - North Dakota (ukubhuka Turtle Mauntan).

Leonard ebuntwaneni kwakunzima. ubumpofu Yomkhaya nethi, njengoba ngokuvamile kwenzeka, ukusweleka njalo imali kwaholela emiphumeleni ebulalayo. Umama womfana, ukwenza isinkwa, ngakhonza yisifebe. Ubaba, owayengeyena bakwazi ukuthola imali eyanele ukuze yenze umndeni wakhe, kabaze baba lakho ukuma futhi waqala ukuphuza kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, abazali abahlukanisile, kanye Peltier abasha wathunyelwa isimo ezikoleni zendawo eziphethwe Indian "Vahpeton", lapho isiyalo olunzima wabusa.

Ngemva kwesikole, uLeonard Peltier wabuyela Turtle Mauntan futhi uhlala uyise. Konke okwenzekayo kulesi sabelo, okungukuthi esiqinile amaphoyisa umbuso futhi bazama ukuqhubeka bephila kwaboMdabu baseMelika edolobheni, ungathandi yokushisekela izwe insizwa ngomuzwa ojulile wobulungisa. Kwaphela isikhathi eside akakwazanga ukuhlala izandla.

imisebenzi yangaphandle

Ngo-1970, useneminyaka engamashumi amabili nesithupha Peltier Leonard ihlanganyela ukunyakaza of wamaNdiya aseMelika futhi kuthatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ngezenzo ezahlukahlukene umbhikisho.

Ngokwesibonelo, yena kanye namanye amalungu AIM (American Indian Movement), bafeza "bamba" ka ADI (Agency-Indian Affairs), bahlanganyela isenzo onesihloko esithi "Indlela kwesivumelwano abasenza", "thatha" Fort Lawton futhi t. D. nje elejwayelekile inhlangano uye wakwazi ukuba abe omunye evelele kunazo zonke amalungu ayo iminyaka eminingi. Ukungesabi, ukungafuni ukuyekethisa nonembeza wakhe nesitha, ukuzinikezela nokubekezela wenza Peltier abadumile. Kodwa akazange injabulo, ngoba ophucwa into eyigugu kakhulu umuntu angaba - inkululeko.

Lo mcimbi owashintsha ukuphila

Ngo-June 1975 kwaba khona umcimbi, hlukanisa empilweni Isishoshovu esisesincane Indian on the "phambi" futhi "ngemva." backstory yakhe: nangemva kwako aqothula Pine Ridge Ukubhukha ngo-1973, lo somabhizinisi ubekade akhawunti olukhethekile amaphoyisa. Ukuze ulawule amaNdiya asezindaweni ezingasogwini isizwe Oglala Dakota, FBI Guide ngisho abuzwa wona maphoyisa womabili, anomsebenzi ukulandela ngaso sonke izihlubuki engaba kanye nokubika "phezulu" ngakho konke okwenziwayo.

Ngasohlangothini lwalo, hhayi ingasebenzi, futhi amalungu AIM. Wakanisa eduze nedolobhana ukuze bavikele ukubhuka ekucindezelweni isimo. Singasho ukuthi ngesikhathi Pine Ridge kwaba siphephelo izishoshovu, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona Leonard Peltier.

Phakathi kwamaphoyisa izakhamuzi sigodi futhi ngaleso sikhathi kwakunabazalwane abangu izibhelu. Ukungqubuzana okwenzeka omabini anamithandathu ka-June 1975, yaphela ngokudabukisayo kakhulu kwabaningi wabahlanganyeli ...

Ngalolu suku, izinhloli ezimbili FBI bagqekeza pulazi Jumping Bull ukuba abophe Indian esolwa Abashisekeli. abahlanganyeli Isaziso Dai wangenela. Kwakhala, okwaphumela FBI, izimvu abulawa. Lesi sigameko futhi abulala oyedwa amaNdiya abasha kusukela ukubhuka. Ukubulawa amanxusa osolwa Peltier futhi abangane bakhe abathathu. Ngokushesha, nge icala yokugcina uyekiswe, futhi Leonard belunguza ebaleka.

ukusebenza ingajezisa

Ngemva zezenzakalo ezenzeka usuku omabini anamithandathu ka-June, FBI umkhankaso operation ngesihluku ingajezisa ngokumelene amaNdiya Pine Ridge. Izenzo zabo e amehlo abasebenzi bemisebenzi kahulumeni eyashukumisela izitatimende ezingamanga ngalokho nabo ayehlushwe, kodwa ukubulala uqobo kwaba okunesihluku ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe. Ifuna umzimba ejenti abangu ngokoqobo sigcwele izimbobo zezinhlamvu (nakuba eqinisweni ngamunye wathola amanxeba amathathu).

Izakhamuzi ukubhuka ukwesatshiswa esinamandla, njalo ngaphansi kuphangwa wagqunywa esimweni unqabile ungafakazi amanga ngesihluku ngokomzimba futhi ingcindezi engqondo.

Kungenzeka ukuthi ubufakazi abasha American aboMdabu Myrtle ngokumelene Leonard Peltier nazo etholwe ngale ndlela. Wathi ukuthi waba umngane oseduze nezamanje isishoshovu ngesikhathi kubulawa ejenti yabo.

uphenyo

Ngakho, ngesisekelo ungafakazi amanga umakoti zamanga Peltier Leonard - wamalungelo American Indian Movement, lapho ebekwa icala lokubulala FBI Jack Koulera futhi uRonald Williams ejenti. Ngaleso sikhathi, ihlongandlebe kwaba kakade kude ekhaya - e-Canada, futhi amandla akhe ngokujulile bafuna States. Kufika ukuboshwa igama lomndeni isishoshovu ku uhlu eziyishumi izigebengu ayeyifuna kakhulu wase-United States of America.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uphenyo kwakwenzekani. Ngokusho imiphumela kwakubonakala sengathi FBI yaqale kwalimala bese adubule iphuzu ububanzi nalutho. Wazenza shot sokugcina, ngokuvumelana abaphenyi, kuyinto Leonard Peltier, isithombe okuyinto uhlanganyele nhlobo izingongolo.

Yokubopha, Isivivinyo nokuqiniseka

Lapho omunye abamangalelwa ababili kuleli cala ukhululiwe - amaNdiya Butler futhi Robidoux, - ukuzingelwa nombaleki yabo nabo yazuza unya ekhethekile. Futhi ukuphela Peltier uLeonard, ogama biography waqala e North Dakota, watholakala futhi abopha engaba izinkulungwane ezimbili ukusuka ekhaya - edolobheni Hinton (Canada). Waboshwa futhi ibekwe lapho ngizoba ngedwa khona evalelwe ejele Canadian, futhi kamuva uyiswa ezweni lenkaba yawo.

Icala wamalungelo, is ecaleni lokubulawa double senzeke edolobheni Fargo North Dakota. Ngosuku lokuqala ehlobo ngo-1977, Peltier uLeonard (American Indian Movement isishoshovu) utholakale enecala lobugebengu wagwetshwa odilikajele ababili (yinye ejenti ngamunye) ejele. E-US zomthetho ngokuvamile kunezimo lapho abantu wagwetshwa odilikajele okunzima noma ukunikeza isikhathi "ongaziwa". Ngokwesibonelo, ikhulu noma amabili eyikhulu. Lolu hlobo imisho kusho ukuthi ngemva kokufa komzimba umuntu olahlwe yicala sika alinikwa izihlobo isidumbu sakhe ungashiya etilongweni kuphela ngemva "Ukuhamba" isikhathi sakho esigcwele. Melika yilona lizwe kakhulu yeningi emhlabeni, yini akusho usukhathele ukukhumbuza emhlabeni osopolitiki yayo. Kodwa okumangalisayo kulelizwe kusekhona umkhuba onjalo ngesihluku esingenakubalwa okuthiwa yi-human.

Isitatimende uLeonard Peltier

Ngisho ukuhlala ejele laseCanada, Peltier wadlulisela icala enkantolo enkulu yaleli zwe futhi umphakathi wezwe lonke ngesitatimende elikhulu. Wabiza esasimangalelwe bhila futhi kunjalo - zezombusazwe. Izishoshovu usola uhulumeni wase-US ehlelekile ushushiso "amakhaladi" izizwe amakhulu eminyaka owakhiwe emazweni Melika, futhi ngaleso sikhathi axoshwa abangabazi mhlophe Ukubhukha. Kodwa ngisho kuleyo nsimu, ayeshiywe kuze amaNdiya, ngokuvumelana Peltier, iphele. abelungu ngokumelene lalolo hlanga impi yangempela, ukuzama ukuthatha izwe labo, inkululeko futhi ukuphila. Umfula, zazo amaNdiya baphuze, uthele mercury imfucuza, izindawo ukubhuka ayisesemikhulu, futhi abantu abazama ukuvikela amalungelo abantu bakhe, waphakamisela ngizoqothulwa noma ekhishwe inyumbazane emphakathini.

Ekupheleni isitatimende sakhe, uLeonard Peltier zacela uhulumeni waseCanada ukungakhathazeki ababehamba izenzo lobugebengu uhulumeni wase-US kanye ingamupha ukukhoseliswa ezombusazwe. Kodwa-ke ngeshwa, isicelo sakhe singamukelwa.

Imibuthano ekusekeleni Peltier

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile ngemva kokuba isivivinyo futhi isinqumo esithathiwe kwaba sobala ukuthi i-FBI olusithekile abaphenyi ulwazi kubaluleke kakhulu. iziphetho Okungukuthi ochwepheshe ballistic ', okuyinto wawuthi amachashazi ekhishwe Izidumbu ejenti efile badedelwa kusukela sokuzingela Leonarda Peltiera. kamuva Ngisho abasebenzi bavuma ukuthi awazi owabulala ozakwabo.

ngokungabaza kwakhe ukuthi unecala Peltier wenza inhlangano yomphakathi "I-Amnesty International", okungadingi ukumkhulula amacala iqhaza kulokhu kubulalana, okwenzeka ngosuku omabini anamithandathu ka-Juni, kodwa umbulali isishoshovu lingazange libale.

Salandelana evikela umuntu olahlwe yicala baqala ukukhuluma izinhlangano emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise eSoviet Union, okuyinto ngokuphindiwe kwenziwe izenzo ekusekeleni walilwela amalungelo amaNdiya. Nsuku zonke kwakuzwakala kakhulu kunamazwi mayelana icala bhila nesizinda zaso zezombangazwe. Ngisho UN omela ukuba kukhululwe uLeonard, kodwa American Themis inakwe.

Mnxuse Ijaji Heaney

Nokho, abanye abameleli US lwebulungisa namanje uzama ukubuyisela ubulungiswa. Ngakho, ngo-1991, iJaji Heaney ukuthi iziphathimandla US wayenze ngephutha. Kunokuba usebenzise sokuqapha ekusebenzelaneni amaNdiya, babonisa isihluku nokucindezelwa, okubangela imibhikisho esisemthethweni. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvumelana nalowo mahluleli, uhulumeni wase-United States kufanele wabelane umthwalo yezinxushunxushu izibandakanye nezihlubuki. Futhi omunye wabo - Peltier Leonard kufanele bathethelelwe. Mr Heaney wayezama ukuqinisekisa umphakathi ukuthi ukukhululwa zakuqala we isishoshovu kwakuyoba yisinyathelo esibalulekile ekufezeni ukubuyisana izingxenye ayelwa base-America.

Isicelo sokuthola ushwele

Ngeshwa, futhi izwi izinhlangano abangaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu emhlabeni, noma-agumenti seJaji Heaney awazange ezikhishwayo. Kwakungenxa nje ngo-2009, baba nomhlangano ukuzwa Peltier likashwele Commission.

Ngokusho US umthetho, isiboshwa abase bekhonze iminyaka engamashumi amathathu ungazange abenze amacala sina Unelungelo ukucela ushwele. Leonard Peltier ubelokhu esejele ezingaphezu kuka kwamashumi amathathu, futhi wasebenzisa ilungelo lakhe.

Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka leli cala isishoshovu wenza inkulumo yemizuzu engu-ayisishiyagalolunye. Abaningi amandla sina ekuqinisekisa Peltier futhi wamthembisa ukwesekwa ngokuya izindlu kanye nomsebenzi, uma kukhishwa.

Inkantolo wahlala nandaba futhi, ethatha ohlangothini abashushisi FSB. A fighter amalungelo amaNdiya kube yilolu suku uyaqhubeka ukuba ejele. Futhi ithuba elilandelayo ukucela ushwele ezovela kuphela 2024. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lesi siboshwa uyokwenza ngokuvumelana nalesi sikhathi?

Imisebenzi ejele

Ngisho kokuba behlukene umphakathi, Peltier uyaqhubeka ukuqhuba imisebenzi yezenhlalakahle. Umoya wakhe ubizwa kuyelelwe bonyana akukafaneli kuphulwe, nezandla phansi. Iminyaka lokuthunjwa fighter amalungelo amaNdiya wazama ukuchitha ngempumelelo. Wabhala incwadi oluchaza "Ejele Emibhalweni: Ukuphila Kwami - Dance kwami Sun", esanyatheliswa ngo-1999, futhi wenze ezinye izenzo eziningi ezibalulekile.

Izikhathi eziyisithupha Peltier Leonard - US isishoshovu esaziwa - uqokelwe Nobel Peace Prize. Futhi ngo-2004, unyaka lo muntu esiyingqayizivele aze ashicilela umongameli wase-United States, ngokukhetha njengendlela yesikhulumi nezombusazwe "yangaphandle ekuthuleni inkululeko."

Ukubaluleka komuntu

UMongameli isishoshovu ayibanga, kodwa namuhla singaba kugcwale umlomo ukuthi Peltier Leonard - iqhawe American futhi omunye weziboshwa edume kunazo zezombusazwe zaleli zwe lamanje. Izakhamuzi zabomdabu USA ukubona Peltier umfel 'ukholo futhi umnakekeli yingelosi yakhe. Abantu abaningi abangenandaba maqondana amaNdiya, bawazisa ncwadi, eyalotshwa Peltier futhi imidwebo yakhe. Kodwa into ebaluleke kakhulu udumo nenhlonipho nhlobo - kungcono amandla yensimbi, umoya ziqotho nothando ngabantu bakhe, bajabule lapho Leonard Peltier lwempi, ngisho ngesikhathi esejele.