Imfundo:Umlando

AmaMelika aseMelika nomlando wabo

Igama elithi "American" lihlotshaniswa kunabaningi bezakhamuzi zeplanethi yethu nendoda yokubukeka kwaseYurophu. Eqinisweni, abanye bangacabanga ngomuntu omnyama. Nokho, amaMelika aseMelika abheka kancane kancane. Futhi baziwa kakhulu ngaphansi kwegama elithi "amaNdiya". Uvela kuphi lo mqondo?

AmaNdiya namaNdiya: kungani la magama efana?

Ngakho-ke, namuhla abantu baseMelika baseMelika bavame ukubizwa ngokuthi amaNdiya. Igama lifana negama lesinye isizwe: amaNdiya. Ingabe lokhu kufana nokungahleliwe? Mhlawumbe amaNdiya namaNdiya anezimpande zomlando ezivamile?

Eqinisweni, amaMelika aseMelika athola leli gama ngephutha: abahamba ngezinyawo baseSpain, abaholwa nguChristopher Columbus, babefuna isinqamuleli kusuka eNdala Yezwe ukuya eNdiya. Babengazi ngokukhona kwezwekazi laseMelika. Ngakho-ke, lapho behlangana nezakhamuzi zokuqala zezwe elisha, bacabanga ukuthi babehlala eNdiya. Ngokwezibalo zama-ethnologists, amaNdiya okuqala awawona abantu abano-autochthonous. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 edlule beza lapha bevela e-Asia ngaseBering Isthmus.

Igama elithi "redskins" livelaphi?

AbaseMelika baseMelika bavame ukuvela ngaphansi kwegama elithi "redskins". Asinalo uhlamvu olubi oluhlanganiswe negama elithi "abamnyama" ngokuphathelene nabantu base-Afrika baseMelika e-United States.

Ngokuvamile amaNdiya ngokwawo ayebiza ama-redskins, ehlukana namakholoni amhlophe. Ngokuphambene nalokho, igama elithi "mhlophe" emehlweni abo linombala omubi. Leli gama livele ngenxa yesizwe se-beotuki. Itholakala esiqhingini saseCanada saseNewfoundland. Kukholelwa ukuthi yi-beotuki owaqala ukuxhumana nabaseYurophu kuphela abafika, kodwa ngisho namaVikings, okuthiwa, ngokusho kwemibiko ethile, uvele ngaphambi kukaColumbus.

I-Beetics yayingenawo umthunzi wesikhumba, kodwa futhi isebenzise imibala ebomvu emhlophe ebusweni bayo, iphikisana namakholoni amhlophe. Kukholelwa ukuthi kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi wonke amaNdiya athola isidlaliso esinjalo. Isizwe se-beotuki saphela ukuba sibe khona engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19.

I-Colonization

AbaseMelika baseMelika (amaNdiya) bebengayikushiya izindawo zabo kalula. Kusukela ngesikhathi sikaColumbus kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 ikolonikazi yayiqhubeka. Ngenxa yobulungiswa, ake sithi - zombili izinhlangothi zalahlekelwa yizinto ezilahlekile ngaphambi kokuba abaseYurophu bahlale behlala lapha.

Kuyaphawuleka, kodwa abahlali bokuqala baseYurophu bangakwazi ukuhambisana namaNdiya. Isimo sashintsha lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwala mazwe kwaba umgomo wezepolitiki. AmaFulentshi athululela eMelika, isiNgisi, iSpanishi, isiPutukezi namaRussia. Ngandlela-thile, izimpi nokubuyiswa kwemhlaba kwakungeyona nje kuphela phakathi kwamaYurophu namaNdiya.

Abantu baseMelika bangabantu abanobudlova. Ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo, izimpi phakathi kwezizwe ziyinto evame kakhulu kuleli zwekazi. Kuyaphawuleka, kepha abahlali bokuqala base-Old World bavele bahlanganyela ezingxabano phakathi kwezizwe.

Kungase kuqashelwe ukuthi ezinye izizwe zamaNdiya zahlanganyela empini ehlangothini lamaYurophu. Isizathu siwukuthi ukuhlukumeza igazi kwakungekho amashumi eminyaka, kodwa ngamakhulu eminyaka. Ngakho-ke, ukusekela abantu bezinye izizwe emzabalazweni wokulwa nezitha zegazi kwezinye izizwe kwakubhekwa njengento engcwele, "isivumelwano sebaba nobaba".

AmaYurophu ayengeyona ingxenye yenyunyana eyodwa. Kube nokuphikisana phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukene zokuhlala kolwandle, ngisho nezimpi eziphakathi kwamazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlupho ezenziwa phakathi kweNgilandi neFrance ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 zenzeka ngokuqondile emazweni aseMelika.

Ngakho-ke, kungaphetha ngokuthi ukoloni lwezwekazi alizange lenzeke ngendlela yokuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi baseYurophu ngokweqile, kodwa kwamelela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto eziphikisanayo ezingamakhulu eminyaka ezinomphela. E-Latin America, ama-colonialists aseSpain namaPutukezi ahlela ukuqothulwa kwamazwe omdabu wama-Incas, ama-Aztec, amaMeya. Isimo eNyakatho Melika sasihlukile.

Ukuhlanganiswa kusukela phakathi nekhulu le-19 leminyaka

Abantu baseYurophu babheka amaNdiya angabambalwa, ama-savages ngenxa yendlela yabo yokuphila ekhethekile kanye nesiko ngabanye. Ngokuvamile kwakhiphe imithetho ehlukahlukene eyayivimbela ulimi lwabantu baseMelika baseMelika, inkolo, amasiko, njll. Uhulumeni wafuna izindlela zokubambisana nabantu bomdabu.

Ukuphumelela kakhulu bezama ukuvikela amaNdiya kusukela ebantwini abaningi ezindaweni zokuhlala ezikude. Izindawo ezizimele ezizimele zikhona namuhla. Yiqiniso, kunezici eziningi kakade zokuphila kwanamuhla ezimpilweni zabantu: izingubo, izindlu, ezokuthutha. Kodwa-ke, basengamasiko amaningi namasiko okhokho babo: balondoloza ulimi lwabo, inkolo, amasiko, izimfihlakalo ze-shamanism, njll. Ngendlela, ulimi ngalunye lunalo ulimi lwaso.

Umzabalazo wamalungelo amaNdiya

Ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 yabonakala ngokuqala komzabalazo wamalungelo abantu bomdabu. Ngomnyaka we-1924, kwavela umThetho owanikezela ubuzwe boke amaNdiya. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, bebengakwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululekile ezweni lonke, babambe iqhaza kokhetho, ukutadisha ezikoleni jikelele, amanyuvesi. Ngonyaka ofanayo, yonke imithetho eyahlukunyezwa ngamalungelo awo yaqedwa.

Kwakukhona izishoshovu ezilwa nokubuya kwazo zonke izindawo ezikhethwe ngokungemthetho kumaNdiya, kanye nenxephezelo yomonakalo owabangelwa wona. Kwakukhona ngisho nekhomishini ekhethekile yezikhalazo zaseNdiya. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, owokuzalwa e-United States uye waba nenzuzo: kuphela eminyakeni engu-30 yokuqala yomsebenzi kaKhomishane uhulumeni wakhokhela imali engamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-820, okulingana namadola ayizinkulungwane eziningana ngezinga elikhona manje.

Indlu yamaNdiya

Ngaphambi kokuvela kwamakholoni aseYurophu eNyuvesi yamanje naseCanada, kwakukhona amaNdiya angama-75 million. Namuhla, lesi sibalo sinesizotha kakhulu: abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-5, okungaba ngu-1.6% wabantu bonke base-United States.

Abantu baseMelika baseMelika baphiphi? Kwakungekho isimo esisodwa. Izizwe zihlukile emasikweni abo, indlela yokuphila, izinga lokuthuthukiswa. Ngakho-ke, isizwe ngasinye sasihlala ezweni lawo. Ngokwesibonelo, amaNdiya asePueblo ahlala ensimini yezindawo zanamuhla zaseNew Mexico nase-Arizona. I-Navajo - indawo eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-US, eduze kwe-pueblo. Iroquois yahlala emazweni asesimanje asePennsylvania, e-Indiana, e-Ohio, e-Illinois. Okuncane enyakatho ye-Iroquois kwakuhlala amaHurons, abengokuqala ukudayisa nabaseYurophu. Isizwe samaMohicans sasihlala ensimini yezinsuku zanamuhla zaseNew York naseVermont, amaCherokees ahlala eNyakatho NaseNingizimu naseSouth Carolina, e-Alabama, eGeorgia, eVirginia.

"AmaMelika aseMelika" - izinhlamvu zemali zabathelisi

Intshisekelo emasikweni amaNdiya awazange aphele nanamuhla. Ikakhulukazi kubathelisi, izinhlamvu zemali zochungechunge oluthi "AmaMelika aseMelika" zakhishwe (isithombe ngezansi). Leli yindleko yethusi edoli elilodwa, elimbozwe nge-manganese ithusi. Ukuvota okunjalo kuphila isikhathi esifushane, nge ukwelashwa okujulile, ukubonakala kwangempela kususwe ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke kungatholakala kuphela ku-numismatists. Igama lokuqala lochungechunge lwezinhlamvu zemali "Amadola aseSakaway" ngokuhlonipha intombazane evela esizweni sakwaShoshone.

Wayazi izilimi eziningi nezilimi eziningi zaseNdiya, wasiza ukuhamba kuka Lewis noClark. Kwezinye zemali kukhona umfanekiso walo. Njengesibonelo seSakwayway, intombazane eneminyaka engu-22 ubudala yesizwe esifanayo yakhethwa - Randy Teton.

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