Lesifunda ukuthuthukiswa amabhange. amabhange ukuthuthukiswa amazwe ngamazwe nawesifunda emikhankasweni

Kusukela zinhlekelele kwezomnotho mancane amathuba abathintekayo ezindaweni ngezinga eliphezulu ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokwabelana imithombo yezimali. Emakethe ngaphandle emingceleni yangaphakathi lapho khulula kwempahla imithombo, inhloko-dolobha, angisebenzi, kukhona evumayo utshalomali sezulu kanye izimo ezingcono kumiswa abakhiqizi enamandla. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, yandisa isidingo esinye isakhiwo zezimali - amabhange lesifunda.

phetho

ukuthuthukiswa amabhange Regional zidalwe iqhaza isimo. Sinenkosi izindawo ecacile umsebenzi umphelelisi ukuhlanganiswa kahulumeni phakathi sphere ezomnotho nezenhlalo, ukusekela ubudlelwane namanye amazwe, ukuhlinzeka ayeyiboleke amabhizinisi amancane kanye naphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, usizo olunikezwa European Investment Bank ngo-2010, Hungary, Iceland, Greece, Latvia, iye yasiza ekulinganiseni isimo somnotho kanye nokuphathwa kwezimali emazweni. ukuthuthukiswa amabhange Regional ligalelo lelikhulu ekukhuleni mutual lamazwe ilungu ukuze kunqotshwe imiphumela emibi zinhlekelele zezimali. Ezimweni ezinjalo, indima inter-state yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali. Sibheka ngokuningiliziwe izigaba yokubambisana kwawo.

Umlando yentuthuko

Iphuzu kokuqala kungenziwa ngokuthi inkathi zokululama komnotho ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Ngo-1949 eMoscow abaholi yaseHungary, Albania, eRomania, eBulgaria, Poland, eU.SSR neCzechoslovakia wanquma usethe kuMkhandlu Usizo Mutual Economic (CMEA). Umgomo - ukuhlinzeka ukubambisana zezimali, ezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, ukusiza ukuqaliswa imisebenzi ngokuhlanganyela. Eminyakeni eyalandela, waba Ujoyinwe German Democratic Republic, Mongolia, iYugoslavia futhi Cuba. Maphakathi nawo-70s CMEA lisaqhubeka nobudlelwano nezikhungo zamazwe omhlaba phezu amathathu.

impumelelo

Ngisho at the stage of kumiswa ubudlelwane inhlangano yayingakwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo umbimbi uphethiloli, izinto zokusetshenziswa futhi imishini ukusebenza ndawonye ukuze lelisu ukwakhiwa iphayiphi ngobukhulu uwoyela "Druzhba", elalisetshenziswa ukuthutha izinto zokusetshenziswa eHungary, yePoland neCzechoslovakia. Engxenyeni 60s yesibili zadalwa Intermetal Ipaki ezinqoleni. Ngokusebenzisa esihlelwe CMEA ukuhlanzwa kwezohwebo ophakathi kwala mazwe womabili, aphethwe ngibopha zokuphatha, ukusebenza indlela wokubambisana.

Hungary ayenamanzi oMfelandawonye amabhasi GDR - izingubo, Poland - izimonyo, kwemithi, eCzechoslovakia - kagesi, Cuba - ushukela, Romania - ifenisha. Lezi zimpahla umklomelo uwoyela ezishibhile, igesi, okusansimbi, imikhiqizo mechanical engineering, instrumentation kanye nomkhakha wezokuvikela izimboni. Ngemva kokuphela USSR, lesi sakhiwo futhi uye abasekho. Kodwa namuhla zisebenza nezinye izikhungo ezifanayo.

Regional-Asian Development Bank

ADB yasungulwa ngo 1966 by wezoMnotho kanye nezeNhlalakahle Commission for Asia Pacific. Inhlangano Izinhloso:

• ukuthuthukisa ezomnotho e-Asia naseMpumalanga Ekude;
• ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwezindaba abesifazane emphakathini;
• ukuhlinzeka umsebenzi Ilungu izinsiza States.

Regional Bank neKwakha kaBusha nekuTfutfukisa e-Asia inikeza:

• ukubolekisa for ukugcwaliseka amaphrojekthi tetemnotfo netenhlalo
• usizo lwezobuchwepheshe ekulungiseleleni izinhlelo;
• ukubolekisa kumabhizinisi zomphakathi kanye nezizimele ukuthuthukiswa;
• Lisiza ku nokudidiyela izinhlelo kanye nemigomo yakhe.

Ngezinye Union manje ine amazwe angamalunga 56. Uhlaka lwenhlangano siqukethe zontathu izigaba zikahulumeni:

• uMongameli;
• eBhodini Labaqondisi;
• abaholi.

izinsiza lwezezimali zihlanganisa share capital, ugodle imali, ukubolekisa ngemali ekhethekile esidalelwe abolekise concessional. Regional Development Bank iyasebenza kuyo yonke imikhakha yezomnotho. Kodwa kakhudlwana ikhokhelwa zokulima, izimakethe capital, amandla, ezokuthutha nezokuxhumana.

Inter-American Development Bank

Ukuze asize ekuthuthukiseni amazwe aseLatin America ngo-1959-ke wadalwa IDB. Direction lenhlangano:

• ukukhuthazwa utshalomali eLatin America;
• ayise lonke izinsiza ezikhona ukukhokhela izindleko zokwakha ezinkulu kwezomnotho;
• ukukhuthazwa utshalomali;
• ukusiza ukunwetshwa inqubomgomo namanye amazwe iqhaza;
• ukuhlinzekwa usizo lwezobuchwepheshe e ukuqala kokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo.

IDB unamalungu ezingaphezu kuka-48. Uhlaka lwenhlangano simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• abaholi weKomidi;
• eBhodini Labaqondisi;
• abaphathi;
• oMongameli;
• neminyango.

izinsiza lwezezimali zihlanganisa okubhaliselwe, esiqiwini dolobha, ithemba izimali abolekise concessional. Iningi amafa ephepheni ukhona ngesimo izimali, okuyinto ingafunwa, noma iziqinisekiso nokuxhumana emakethe. imisebenzi Bank yonkhe imikhakha yezomnotho, kodwa ukunaka kakhudlwana ikhokhelwa ezolimo kanye izindawo zokudoba, umkhakha, imisebenzi yomphakathi, ukuhlela, izinguquko kanye nokutshalwa.

Ngaphezu IDB eLatin America ukusebenza njengehhovisi Inter-American Investment Corporation, CDB, Central American Economic Integration abolekise isikhungo.

The ezifuywayo emakethe

Central Bank zithi phakathi "impilo" futhi ubukhulu imbiza Alukho uxhumano ngqo. Lesifunda ukuthuthukiswa amabhange futhi ukudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni emnothweni wesifundazwe. Ziyakwazi iyashelela futhi wazi kangcono imininingwane amabhizinisi amancane kanye naphakathi. Umsebenzi wokugcina kuncike ukutholakala credit emkhakheni. Ngokwezibalo, izinkampani ezisebenza esifundeni nge uhlelo lwezimali evuthiwe, ukwandisa isivinini ngu 67% ngokushesha kunokuba izinkampani kulo lonke lelo zwe.

ERussia, lezi zinhlangano akuzona bemthanda amakhasimende. Osomabhizinisi esifundeni esise-Ural, iSiberia neMpumalanga Ekude ngokuvamile abakwazi ukuthola inhlokodolobha waboleka. Sinenkosi zisebenze ezinkulu zokuthenga ngesikweletu. ukuthuthukiswa amabhange Regional kufanele kube abalingani for osomabhizinisi ezinjalo. Elikhulu zokuthenga ngesikweletu amakhasimende ezinjalo azibona ethakazelisa kakhulu. I sembuso ekuthathweni inqubo empikiswaneni izimali ezibolekwe zingase zephuze ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Kungcono uxhumane Regional Regional Development Bank. izikhungo Guide zona zijwayele imininingwane yalolu ibhizinisi. Ehlile amathuba okushona sinqumo esihle ngenhla.

Yegatsha - hhayi ebhange

Ngo izikhungo ezinkulu credit Yiqiniso, zikhona ngamagatsha ezindaweni eziqhele kakhulu zezwe. Kodwa ngokuvamile bantula nokuzethemba futhi enze kuphela umsebenzi lwezobuchwepheshe ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo. Isinqumo esenziwe ubuholi e Moscow, ekungafanele kube uyazi imininingwane esifundeni futhi ibhizinisi. amabhange ezinkulu uvikela amakhasimende nzima. Yebo, cishe zonke amabhizinisi amancane zidinga indlela ngamunye. amaphuzu Regional ngomumo lokumba izici ibhizinisi kungaba enye emkhakheni services yasebhange amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi naphakathi.

ukunciphisa

Ngo-June 1, 2014 eziqhutshwa 888 amabhange eRussia. Lena kakhulu esingaphansi eJalimane (1.8 THS.) Futhi US (ngaphezu kuka-5.8 eyinkulungwane.). Izinga amasevisi ngesikweletu eRussia - 0.6. Lokho, umuntu has esingaphansi credit iphuzu kuleli zwe. E-US, bangamaphesenti 2, futhi e-EU - 1.8. Enye inkinga noma, ngokunembile, isici isikhathi - zonke izinhlangano ezinkulu ejensi kahulumeni. Sberbank, VTB (24), futhi Gazprom Rosselhoz ukukhonza ezingaphezu kuka 53,8% labantu. Kule minyaka 5 iminyaka liye landa ngendlela emangalisayo inani lesikweletu amaphuzu e Moscow: kusukela 15.4% kuya 22%. Ngenxa yalokho, amabhizinisi zanelise izinhlangano wedolobha zisesimweni ukhululekile kuqhathaniswa izinhlangano eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude.

uxhaso

Ukuthuthukiswa inethiwekhi lesifunda ebhange kunomthelela ukukhula komnotho kwendawo. Lokhu kufakazelwa isimo eRussia. ESiberia, zikhona 258 amabhange nge amagatsha e-East, ngisho kancane - 118. Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kakhulu futhi ababange besaba khona esikhathini esidlule 10 edlule. Ayikho enye County kungaba ozibongayo lezo zibalo. Ekhona lesifunda ukuthuthukiswa amabhange ihlukaniswa njengoba encane. Abakwazi ukunikeza inhlangano nge izinsizakusebenza ezifanele. Ngenxa yalokho, izinga GDP kulamave incane izikhathi ezimbili kuka eMoscow. Futhi abantu anganikeza kuphela ibanga elincane amasevisi. Lokhu kufakazelwa ukubuyekezwa.

Regional Development Bank Kulinganiselwa njengoba isilinganiso capital nge isamba esiphezulu credit. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Russia kukhona izinhlangano 140 okunganikeza iklayenti loan in inani ruble 1 bhiliyoni. Zalamaqembu.I 37 zitholakala e Moscow, 6 - eSiberia (Tyumen, Novosibirsk) kanye 3 - eliseMpumalanga Ekude. Ngenxa yalokho, amabhizinisi bephoqeleka ukuba izifunda ezikude ukusebenzisa sokubolekwayo isakhiwo esikhulu imali yebhizinisi, noma we "Regional Development Bank".

isimo out

Regional zokuthenga ngesikweletu kufanele athuthukise. Lokhu kungaba kakhulu neqhaza ebhange central, osonhlamvukazi inhlangano encane. Ungakwazi futhi ukusungula uhlobo kokuqondisa ezokwenza ukuhlola isimo algorithm oluhlukile kulolo isetshenziselwa izakhiwo ezinkulu. Manje ekhethekile amabhange amancane zokweseka ayikho ezingeni federal noma Central Bank. Kodwa uma iziphathimandla zendawo sinake lolu daba, inani amabhange bancishwa amalayisense esifundeni ingasaphathwa. Kodwa ngisho noma enjalo futhi kukhona, kungukuthi ephelezelwa amahlazo elikhulu, nixoxa ngezinkinga kwabezindaba futhi bethukile okwalandela. Kwaba nesimo esifanayo ngo-2013, lapho ilayisensi ilahlekelwe ukuthuthukiswa amabhange lesifunda. Imali amakhasimende namanje ababuyelanga ke. Ngo nje kule minyaka emibili edlule, Central Bank Ubuyise amalayisense 62 credit izikhungo. izibalo okunjalo iyashaqisa. Uma isimo akashintshi ke emva kweminyaka 5 kwamabhange izohlala ngaphansi kokulawula izikhungo ezinkulu eziphethwe uhulumeni zezimali.

isiphetho

ukuthuthuka komnotho kanye nomphakathi yesifunda kuncike ikhono ukuheha osomabhizinisi nge izimali ebhange lendawo. Sekukonke kukhona 888 Russian zokuthenga ngesikweletu. Futhi ayahlakazeka eliveni engalingani. Ngenxa yalokho, osomabhizinisi eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude Awukwazi ukusebenzisa zonke izinhlobo kungenzeka of credit izikhungo amasevisi. Sibasiza ukuba babe ukuya amakhulu noma lesifunda ukuthuthukiswa amabhange. Isilinganiselwa eyenziwa ngo-2014 kwabonisa ukuthi isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke yezinhlaka ezikhethiwe ngokuya nokulingana (Russia, MDM, AK Libhala) tibheke Petersburg, Novosibirsk neKazan.