Malleability wethusi. Izimpawu zethusi

Malleability ngokuthi ezifweni of izinsimbi kanye Alloys for ekwakheni kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokwelashwa ingcindezi. Lokhu kungaba umdwebo, nginyathela, edonsa noma ngokucindezela. ithusi malleability It libhekene hhayi kuphela ukumelana ukusonteka, kodwa futhi moldability. Kuyini plasticity? Leli khono we metal ukushintsha wabuka yayo ngaphansi kwengcindezi ngaphandle kokuphula. izinsimbi oluthambile zihlanganisa zethusi nensimbi, duralumin nezinye zethusi ezithile, i-magnesium, nickel, i ingxubevange aluminium. Lokho banayo ezingeni lelisetulu plasticity is kuhlangene ukumelana ongaphakeme ukuze ukusonteka.

ithusi

Ngokuthakazelisayo, kubonakala sengathi isici yethusi? Kuyaziwa ukuthi liyisici of iqembu 11 4 izinkathi izakhi zamakhemikhali D. I. Mendeleeva ezaziwayo. athomu Its has amakamelo 29 futhi luchazwa ngegama uphawu Cu. Eqinisweni, lena zesikhashana Plastic metal pink brown yegolide. By endleleni, it has a color pink, uma ifilimu oxide engekho. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, lesi sici isetshenziswa abantu.

indaba

Omunye izinsimbi kuqala lapho abantu baqala khona ngentshiseko ukusebenzisa umnotho walo, liyithusi. Ngempela, futhi iyatholakala irisidi netshe futhi ongaphakeme ukuma. Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu abawaziyo Seven izinsimbi, okuyinto sihlanganisa zethusi. Emvelweni, lesi sici kuvamile ngaphezu kwesiliva, igolide noma yensimbi. izinto sidilizwa zethusi slag, Uyi ibufakazi sokuncibilikisa yayo imikhando. Batholwe lapho bemba komnikazi Çatalhöyük. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Ubudala yethusi babe kabanzi izinto zethusi. ulandela itshe emlandweni wezwe.

S. A. Semonov nabasebenzi izifundo zokuhlola oluthole ukuthi amathuluzi ithusi ukuqhathanisa ngetshe izinzuzo ezinkulu abantu bakaJehova. Banezinhliziyo ephakeme isivinini planing, imishini, ukusika futhi sawing izinkuni. Indlela yokwelapha esebenza ithambo zethusi ummese ihlala kakhulu, namatshe. Kodwa zethusi kubhekwa metal ezithambile.

Isikhathi esining impela, endulo lalisetshenziswa esikhundleni zethusi ingxubevange nge tin - zethusi. Kwakudingekile womshini izikhali kanye nezinye izinto. Ngakho, ukuze esikhundleni Ubudala yethusi kwafika ngethusi. Bronze okokuqala wathola eMpumalanga Ephakathi iminyaka 3000 BC. e:. abantu abafana amandla futhi ductility esihle wethusi. Kusukela zethusi okuholela waya amathuluzi omkhulu nokuzingela, izitsha, imihlobiso. Zonke lezi zinto zitholakala abavubukuli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Bronze Age wakhala yensimbi.

Kanjani ukuze uthole ithusi ayengakwenza endulo? Ekuqaleni, it is hhayi ezikhishwe sulfide ne kusuka ore Malachite. Ngempela, kulesi simo, ukuhlanganyela labadubuli kwangaphambilini kwakudingekile. Ngenxa yalesi ore namalahle ingxube yafakwa esitsheni sebumba. Lo mkhumbi eyayibekwe emgodini angajulile futhi ingxube ephakamayo. Elandelayo iqala ukukhiqiza i-carbon monoxide, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo ukubuyiselwa Malachite zethusi khulula.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi eyaziwa eKhupro cishe enkulungwaneni yesithathu BC ezakhiwa ezimayini zethusi, ngawo eyenziwa yokuncibilikisa ithusi.

On amazwe eRussia kanye zithi angomakhelwane ezimayini zethusi kwavela phezu ezinkulungwaneni ezimbili BC. e. incithakalo yakhona kukhona esifundeni esise-Ural, nase-Ukraine, ne eCaucasus, kanye e-Altai, nasesikhathini eSiberia ezikude.

ukuncibilika Industrial sethusi ukusetshenziselwa ekhulwini weshumi nantathu. Futhi nanhlanu Cannon Yard yasungulwa ngo eMoscow. Kwakulapho lethusi yabalingisi izibhamu ka calibers ezahlukene. Kusaphazwa sethusi esichithwa yokukhiqiza of izinsimbi. Ngo 1586, nethusi waphonswa Tsar Cannon, ngo-1735 - i-Tsar Bell, emuva ngeNkathi Yethusi wehhashi e 1782 yadalwa. Ngo 752, inkosi ekhiqizwa omangalisayo Big Buddha esifanekisweni ethempelini Todai-ji Temple. Ngokuvamile, uhlu imisebenzi yobuciko Foundry alupheli.

Ekhulwini nesishiyagalombili abantu wathola ugesi. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho izindodla zethusi Wamkhohlwa womshini wire nemikhiqizo efana nayo. Ngo zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, izintambo baye bafunda ukwenza aluminium, kodwa ithusi Ihluzo Elingafaki Ukuqoka kwakusadingeka asemqoka kakhulu.

Umsuka kwegama

Futhi niyazi ukuthi Cuprum - yigama Latin zethusi, lisuselwa egameni esiqhingini saseKhupro? By the way, nangethusi uStrabo halkosom bokuzisholo - emzini Halkida ku Euboea enecala umsuka igama. Iningi amagama ngesiGreki ithusi kanye nethusi eliningi elingenakulinganiswa izinto eziye zenzeka ngayo zivela leli gama. Basuke kabanzi Blacksmithing, phakathi ekwakheni ekhipha imikhiqizo. Ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi zethusi aes, okusho Okunengi nofana okwami.

I Slavic elithi "ithusi" akuyona liphinyiselwe etymology. Mhlawumbe isindala. Kodwa ngokuvamile kakhulu ezitholakala ezindaweni ezisithekileyo eminingi yasendulo etemibhalo yeRussia. V. I. Abaev bazitshela ukuthi leli gama livela egameni ezweni Abezindaba. Alchemy yethusi ngokuthi "Venus". Ezikhathini zangaphambili wabizwa ngokuthi "Mars".

Likuphi ithusi emvelweni?

I uqweqwe kunesithembiso (4,7-5,5) x 10 ^-3% yethusi (ngesisindo). Amanzi amanzi emfuleni nasolwandle kungcono kakhulu ukubuyeka: 10 ^-7% no-3 x 10 ^-7% (ngesisindo) ngokulandelana.

Emvelweni, ngokuvamile kakhulu compounds zethusi. Imboni isebenzisa CuFeS ₂ chalcopyrite, pyrite ngokuthi zethusi. Bornite Cu ₅ Fes _4, Cu ₂ S. chalcocite Kanyekanye abantu ukuthi bakuthole namanye amaminerali zethusi cuprite Cu ₂ O, Cu azurite ₃ (CO _{3) 2} (OH) _2, Cu Malachite ₂ CO ₃ (OH) ₂ futhi CUS covellite. Isikhathi esining impela, isisindo ngazinye amaqoqo zethusi ezingamathani angaba ngu-400. sulfides yethusi akhiwa ikakhulu e medium-lokushisa ezingaphansi kolwandle emithanjeni. Ngokuvamile kwamadwala sedimentary ungathola ezifakwa zethusi - oluthambile nethusi sandstones. Imali eyaziwa kakhulu basesimweni Trans-iBaikal Territory Udokan Zhezkazgan eKazakhstan, Mansfeld eJalimane nebhande nectariferous Central Africa. Okunye idiphozi zethusi ocebile elise-Chile (Kolyausi futhi Escondida) ne-USA (Morensi).

Iningi ore yethusi misela by indlela ivulekile. Iqukethe kusuka 0.3 kuya 1.0% yethusi.

izakhiwo

Abafundi abaningi banesithakazelo incazelo sethusi. Lokhu pink plastic nensimbi segolide. On ubuso bayo emoyeni kweso embozwe oxide ifilimu, okuyinto ulunika uhlobo luhlaza okukhulu obomvu noma ephuzi. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ifilimu ezondile nethusi umbala oluhlaza.

Osmium, cesium, ithusi negolide umbala ube nombala ofanayo, sihlukile metal grey noma isiliva. Lokhu ithoni umbala kubonisa khona electron ukuhwebelana phakathi wesine uhhafu ezingenalutho futhi ligcwele orbitals lesithathu le-athomu. Phakathi kwabo kukhona amandla athile umehluko elihambisana nombono we orange umbala. Uhlelo olufanayo unesibopho umbala ezithile igolide.

Kuyini isici okumangalisayo ngaphezulu yethusi? Lokhu metal esingadala ngehele ubuso igxile cubic, iqembu isikhala Fm3m, a = 0,36150 NM, Z = 4.

A zethusi abadumile ngaphezulu okusezingeni eliphezulu conductivity kagesi futhi ezishisayo. Ngokwe eliyifa zamanje liphakathi izinsimbi endaweni yesibili. Phela, ithusi giant Coefficient lokushisa ukumelana kanye ububanzi lokushisa ububanzi cishe esizimele izinkomba. Ithusi libizwa diamagnetic.

Alloys yethusi zihlukene. Abantu bafunda okuhlangana ngayo zinc kanye nethusi, nickel isiliva nickel kanye Babbitt phambili, zethusi ithini nezinye izinto ezimbiwa phansi.

isotopes zethusi

Ithusi has isotopes ezimbili esitebeleni - ⁶³ Cu futhi ⁶⁵ Cu, ezithinta kokuziphatha 69,1 futhi 30,9 amaphesenti athomu ngokulandelana. Ngokuvamile, kukhona isotopes engaphezu kwemibili kweshumi abangenalo ukuzinza. I IKhompyuthaYami waqopha wahlala kuyinto ⁶⁷ Cu ngokuphila kwesigamu amahora 62.

Kanjani ukuze uthole yethusi?

Ukukhiqizwa zethusi kuyinqubo ethakazelisa kakhulu. Lokhu metal ibhalwe kusuka imikhando zethusi namaminerali. Izindlela eziyisisekelo ukulungiselela kukhona zethusi hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, futhi electrolysis.

Cabanga indlela pyrometallurgical. Ngokusho indlela, ithusi imikhando sulfidic, ezifana chalcopyrite, CuFeS _2. I feedstock chalcopyrite kuyinto 0,5-2,0% Cu. Okokuqala, i-ore sokuqala flotation. Khona-ke, i-oxidizing yokuwugazinga ke ezingeni lokushisa 1400 degrees. Ngaphezu kwalokho CONCENTRATE ezishile engena sokuncibilikisa ukuze matte. Ukuze ngibopha oxide yensimbi e ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga yengezwe Silica.

I silicate okuholela ngokuthi slag sintanta futhi ahlukaniswe. Ezansi uhlala matte - sulphides ingxubevange CU ₂ S futhi Fes. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it is elicibilikile-indlela uHenry Bessemer. Kuze kube yimanje, Converter kuthululwe matte esibunjiweyo. Khona-ke isitsha ukuthi kwemijondolo nomoya-mpilo. A yensimbi sulfide, okwakubekelwa oxidized ukuba oxide usebenzisa Silica asuswe inqubo njengoba silicate. sulfide lethusi oxidized ukuba zethusi oxide akuyona ngokuphelele, kodwa ke sehliselwe zethusi metallic.

Ithusi ibhamuza etholwe equkethwe 90,95% we metal. Ngokulandelayo, it is ngaphansi yokuhlanza electrolytic. Ngokuthakazelisayo, electrolyte kuyinto isixazululo azibukhali ethusi sulfate.

Kumiswa It is on the cathode zethusi electrolytic elinendawo imvamisa eliphezulu mayelana 99.99%. Izinto ezazenziwe ngethusi ekhiqizwa ezahlukene kakhulu: izintambo, imishini kagesi, Alloys.

indlela Hydrometallurgical Kuthi ezahlukene. Kube namaminerali zethusi badivosa ziyoncibilika sulfuric acid noma isixazululo ammoniacal. Kusukela uketshezi ukulungele azixoshe yensimbi yethusi metal.

izakhiwo Chemical zethusi

Ngo compounds zethusi libonisa ezimbili namachibi uthi +1 futhi +2. Eyokuqala yalezi ivame ukuba ongalingani futhi uzinzile kuphela compounds zingaxazululeki noma izakhiwo. Phela, ithusi kwakwakhe kungekho nto enemibala emihle.

Isimo namachibi of +2 uzinze ngokwengeziwe. Lokho-ke unikeza blue usawoti kanye ikhayeni. Kunezimo ezingavamile angase uzilungiselele compounds nge degree of namachibi of +3 futhi +5 ngisho. Mithandazo ngokuvamile atholakala nosawoti kupraboranovogo anion etholwe 1994.

ithusi Pure emoyeni aliguquki. Lokhu ejenti ababuthakathaka ekunciphiseni akasabeli nge alulaze hydrochloric acid amanzi. Oxidized nitric kanzulu acid sulfuric, halogens, umoya-mpilo, futhi "aqua regia", oxides non-izinsimbi, chalcogens. Lapho ukufuthelana, ke ihlangana hydrogen halides.

Uma umoya usemanzi, ithusi is oxidized, ukwakha eziyisisekelo carbonate yethusi (II). It ihlangana kahle ashisayo nabandayo ayegcwele sulfuric acid, anhydrous ashisayo sulfuric acid.

Nge alulaze hydrochloric acid zethusi basabela khona komoya-mpilo.

Analytical zethusi-chemistry

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi lokhu kwamakhemikhali. Yethusi e ikhambi kulula ukuthola. Ukuze wenze lokhu, a wire-platinum moisten isixazululo ukuhlolwa, bese uyifaka kwi-Bunsen sikaphalafini ilangabi. Uma zethusi elikhona isixazululo, ilangabi uzobe ezinemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kumele wazi ukuthi:

• Ngokuvamile, ukuthi lingakanani ithusi izixazululo wavuma esidi kukalwa esebenzisa hydrogen sulfide: kuba okuxubile ngalolu ketshezi. Ngokuvamile, sulfide zethusi kusheshisa.
• Kulezo izixazululo lapho kungekho ion kokuphazamisa, ithusi ukunquma complexometric, potentiometric noma potentiometrically.
• nengcosana ithusi isixazululo kukalwa izindlela Spectral futhi kinetic.

Ukusetshenziswa zethusi

Ngiyavuma cwaningo Ithusi uyinto bezijabulisa kakhulu. Ngakho, insimbi abaphuma njalo seliphindeke izikhathi resistivity ongaphakeme. Ngenxa yalokhu izinga ithusi elasetshenziswa ukwenziwa kwamandla kagesi nezinye izintambo, izintambo nezinye babashayeli. wire yethusi asetshenziswe Windings we transformers amandla kanye ngemoto kagesi. Ukwakha izihloko metal eziphawulwe ngenhla okunzima akhethiwe ihlanzekile kakhulu, kusukela ukungcola kweso ukunciphisa conductivity kagesi. Uma zethusi elikhona 0.02% of aluminium, conductivity yayo kagesi ngo-10%.

Esinye isici ewusizo iyona kakhulu conductivity ezishisayo wethusi. Ngenxa yalesi impahla isetshenziswa ezihlukahlukene edlulisela ukushisa, kanjalo ukushisa amapayipi, amadivayisi teplootvodnyh nekhompyutha Coolers.

Futhi nobulukhuni ithusi esetshenziswa kuphi? Kuyaziwa ukuthi Seamless zethusi tube of isiyingi cross kwesigaba babe kakhulu amandla lokukhanda. Ziyakwazi kahle ukumelana handling mechanical asetshenziselwa ukuthutha uketshezi kanye amagesi. Ngokuvamile, laba ingatholakala yangaphakathi igesi ukunikezela kanye namanzi izinhlelo, Ukushisa izinhlelo. Basuke kabanzi ifriji amayunithi kanye air conditioning system.

ubulukhuni Excellent zethusi is emazweni amaningi aziwa. Ngakho, e-France, e-UK e-Australia, amaphayiphi zethusi ezazisetshenziswa egesi supply izakhiwo eSweden - Ukushisa, e-US, e-UK kanye Hong Kong - indaba esiyinhloko amanzi.

ERussia, ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi nethusi igesi amashubhu benganhlanhlathi ejwayelekile GOST R 52318-2005 futhi Federal Ikhodi yokuSebenza SP 40-108-2004 ulawula ukusetshenziswa kwazo. Inqawe ezazenziwe ngethusi kanye Alloys yayo kabanzi wobunjiniyela kanye shipbuilding ngoba ezihambayo umusi kanye uketshezi.

Bewazi yini ukuthi Alloys zethusi asetshenziswa ehlukahlukene ubuchwepheshe? Kulawa, futhi elalidume kunawo wonke kucatshangwa zethusi ngethusi. Bobabili Alloys zihlanganisa umkhaya omkhulu izinto, okuyinto, ngaphandle zinc kanye ithini ingase ihlanganise bismuth nickel nezinye izinsimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, gunmetal wasebenzisa kuze yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye womshini wezikhali amagobolondo, eyakhiwa ithusi, ithini ne-zinc. ekwakhiweni kwalo nhlobonhlobo kuncike indawo kanye nesikhathi womshini izibhamu.

Wonke umuntu owazi processability kakhulu futhi ductility okusezingeni eliphezulu wethusi. Ngenxa lezi izakhiwo, inani Amazing zethusi eshiya ukwenziwa imikhono ukuze izingalo kanye wezikhali nezinhlamvu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izingxenye zenziwa zethusi-silicon Alloys, zinc, ithini aluminium kanye nezinye izinto. Alloys yethusi zinezikhathi amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye ukucutshungulwa ezishisayo ukugcina izakhiwo zabo lokukhanda. bafake nokumelana kwazo kunqunywa kuphela ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye umphumela wawo isakhiwo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lo mthetho awusebenzi zethusi beryllium kanti ezinye zethusi aluminium.

Alloys yethusi abe wemfihlo okunwebeka leliphasi kunaleyo ensimbi. inzuzo yabo eyinhloko kungaba ngokuthi i friction Coefficient encane, kuhlangene i Alloys kakhulu ductility okusezingeni eliphezulu, kakhulu conductivity kagesi futhi omuhle kakhulu ukugqwala ukumelana endaweni egqwalisayo. Njengomthetho, kuba lethusi, aluminium nethusi-nickel Alloys. Phela, bayitholile isicelo yabo namabhuzu beya.

Cishe bonke Alloys zethusi kufanele siqaphele ubukhulu efanayo Coefficient friction. Nokho, ukumelana ukuwohloka izakhiwo mechanical, ukuziphatha ezindaweni onakalisayo kuyinto encike ngqo kwi Ukwakheka ingxubevange. I ductility zethusi isetshenziswa owodwa esigabeni Alloys, futhi amandla - ngezigaba ezimbili. Melchior (coppernickel ingxubevange) isetshenziselwa minting uhlamvu lwemali. Copper-nickel Alloys, kuhlanganise "Admiralty", asetshenziswa shipbuilding. Benza amashubhu ngoba condensers, ukuhlanza ophephela qeda umusi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abaphehla ugesi kuthiwa opholile ovela emanzini asolwandle. Copper-nickel Alloys babe amazing ukugqwala ukumelana, ngakho iyakwazi ukusebenzisa ezindaweni ezihlobene ithonya nolaka lamanzi olwandle.

Eqinisweni, nethusi ingxenye ezinkulu solders okuqinile - Alloys kokuba iphuzu ukuncibilika 590 kuya 880 degrees Celsius. Kuyinto esivela kubo adhesion kakhulu izinsimbi kakhulu, ukuze isicelo uxhumano unomphela metal izingxenye ezahlukene. Zingase zibekwe ipayipi nokufakwa noma uketshezi jet izinjini, esenziwe nezingahlobene.

Manje uhlu Alloys lapho zethusi ductility kubalulekile. Duralumin noma Duralumin kuyinto aluminium ingxubevange nethusi. Lapha, nethusi 4.4%. Alloys zethusi igolide ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa ubucwebe. Ziyakwazi ezidingekayo ukuthuthukisa amandla komkhiqizo. Phela, ngegolide elihlanzekile - metal ezithambile kakhulu, okuyinto akukwazi amelana ukucindezeleka mechanical. Imikhiqizo ezenziwe ngegolide elihlanzekile zikhubazekile ngokushesha futhi abraded.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, i-ukudalwa i-nitrous ka oxides yttrium-barium yombala-copper, ithusi isetshenziswa. Usekhonza njengephayona isisekelo sokuthethelelwa ukukhiqizwa ephezulu lokushisa superconductors. Ithusi liyasetshenziswa ukwenziwa amabhethri nethusi-nitrous amaseli electrochemical.

Ezinye izindawo isicelo

Bewazi yini ukuthi ithusi ngokuvamile kakhulu esetshenziswa kulethe ngokuba polymerization of acetylene? Ngenxa yalesi impahla zethusi piping esetshenziselwa ngokudlulisela acetylene kuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa kuphela uma okuqukethwe zethusi ingeqi 64% wabo.

Abantu baye bafunda ukusebenzisa malleability ithusi izakhiwo. Mbumbulu nophahla wenza kusuka eshidini mncane kakhulu ithusi, kukhona elingenazinkinga iminyaka engu-150. Lesi senzakalo kalula wachaza: e amapuleti zethusi kwenzeka avtozatuhanie ukugqwala inqubo. ERussia, ishidi zethusi ababezithola phansi benze mbumbulu nophahla ngokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko Federal Ikhodi Regulations SP 31-116-2006.

Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze abantu uhlela ukusebenzisa ithusi njengoba evele microbicidal emitholampilo yokuvimbela ukunyakaza amagciwane ababhemayo. Zonke evele owathintayo esandleni somuntu, - umnyango izibambo, handrails, vodozapornaya zalapho, countertops, imibhede - Ochwepheshe uyoveza kuphela ukusuka kulo metal emangalisayo.

wokugubha zethusi

Yikuphi umkhiqizo zethusi isebenzisa abantu imikhiqizo ezidingekayo? Ziyakwazi eziningi: M00, M0, M1, M2, M3. Ngokuvamile, i-brand ezikhonjwe ubumsulwa zethusi kwayo okuqukethwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, amamaki zethusi M1r, M2P futhi M3R iqukethe 0.04% phosphorus kanye 0.01% oksijini, amamaki M1, M2 kanye M3 - 0.05-0.08% umoya-mpilo. Isitembu M0b-mpilo engekho, nokuqukethwe iphesenti kwaba 0.02% kule i-MO.

Ngakho, sicabanga kabanzi ithusi. Ithebula, baziqondise, kutawuniketa lwati esinembile:

ithusi Brand	M00	M0	M0b	M1	M1r	M2	M2P	M3	M3R	M4
amaphesenti okuqukethwe ithusi	99.99	99,95	99,97	99,90	99,70	99,70	99,50	99,50	99,50	99,00

27 amamaki zethusi

Sekukonke kukhona amabili nesikhombisa amamaki wethusi. Lapho ncamashi inani izinto zethusi usebenzisa umuntu? Cabangela lokhu ngokuningiliziwe ehilelekile:

• Cu-DPH impahla isetshenziswa womshini nokufakwa adingekayo uxhumano amapayipi.
• AMP kuyadingeka ngoba ukudalwa anodes ashisayo iphuma amakhaza iphuma.
• Amphoux osetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa anodes abandayo iphuma kanye hot-iphuma of.
• M0 kuyadingeka ukudala babashayeli ephezulu amanje nawesikhathi Alloys.
• M00 Material esetshenziswa womshini ephezulu ingxubevange futhi babashayeli zamanje.
• M001 isetshenziswa womshini wire, amasondo kanye neminye imikhiqizo kagesi.
• M001b ezidingekile ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo kagesi.
• M00b isetshenziswa ukudala babashayeli samanje Alloys okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi apparatuses kagesi cleaner umkhakha.
• M00k - feedstock ngoba ukudalwa amalunga sikhubazekile futhi yokusakaza.
• M0b isetshenziselwe ukudala Alloys nge imvamisa high.
• M0k esetshenziswa ukwenziwa cast workpieces sikhubazekile.
• M1 kwakudingeka womshini wire nokukhiqizwa imishini cryogenic.
• M16 isetshenziswa ukwenziwa amadivayisi cleaner kagesi umkhakha.
• M1E udzinga kwakhiwe ucwecwe abandayo iphuma futhi iteyipu.
• M1k Udinga ukwakha imikhiqizo Semi-siphelile.
• M1or esetshenziselwa yokukhiqiza izintambo kanye neminye imikhiqizo kagesi.
• M1r esetshenziselwa yokukhiqiza electrode esetshenziselwa Welding lensimbi nelethusi.
• M1rE kudingeka ukwenziwa strip abandayo iphuma kanye ucwecwe.
• M1u esetshenziswa anodes abandayo iphuma kanye hot iphuma ukudala.
• M1f Udinga ukwakha i-tape, ucwecwe, amashidi ashisayo iphuma amakhaza iphuma.
• M2 zisetshenziselwa akhiqize Alloys semi isiqediwe futhi eziqinile okusekelwe kuzo ithusi.
• M2K esetshenziselwa imikhiqizo Semi-siphelile.
• M2P adingekayo yokukhiqiza izinduku.
• M3 oludingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe Alloys iphuma.
• M3R zisebenzisa ukwenza waligingqa Alloys.
• MB-1 kubalulekile ukudalwa beryllium ngethusi.
• MSr1 esetshenziswa womshini imiklamo kagesi.