Minerals Finland. Industry and Economics e Finland

Lesi sihloko sizodingida Finland amaminerali, isizinda sabo, ukucubungula indima emnothweni. Qala lesi sihloko kuyodingeka ukuba kude nendlu nenkathi eyiminyaka engu-abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu edlule, lapho kulezi zindawo bangcwatshwa ngaphansi yeqhwa omkhulu. Ikakhulu sibonga izenzakalo ngokuthi imivubukulo nesikhathi Finland uvele izinombolo ezinjalo.

ice age

Kwakuphakathi engu ngeqhwa omkhulu egwadle crystal panel lapho ungqimba omkhulu osindayo ice kokuya uqweqwe eMhlabeni ngokwezinga esakha Echibini ezimbili ezinkulu - Gulf of Bothnia futhi Baltic Sea, ababekade amachibi kuqala. It Glaciers kwakheka sendawo of Finland. I ukujiya ice amakhilomitha mkhulu kunezinhliziyo ezintathu bakwazi ukuwuphula nomhlaba ngokwawo. Bamthatha kude ebusweni amamitha angaphezu kwayisikhombisa edwaleni.

Lonke simiso namachibi Finnish kuvuleke omkhulu silethwe okuningi ongamtshela ukuthi Finland wokukhululeka waphenduka out manje esiyibonayo namuhla. Amaphesenti amathathu ezweni ngalinye - kuba egwadle ngokuphelele evulekile, ngisho amaphesenti nanye - okufanayo egwadle komhlaba endaweni imitha elilodwa ukujula. Ngenxa yezinto zasendulo ososayensi bemivubukulo Ice Age e Finland kukhona sebuningini non-ayoni futhi ezingavamile emhlabeni izinsimbi. Iqiniso ukuthi endulo lokhu kwaba ezweni yeqhwa, uzizwa ngokuphelele kulo lonke izwe.

Finland manje

Indawo lapho kuyinto Finland, - enyakatho yeYurophu. Ingxenye enkulu yezwe itholakala eNhlonhlweni zaseScandinavia. Ufana imingcele Norway, i-Russia, Sweden, phezu kolwandle - ne Estonia. Le ndawo ke incane - amakhilomitha square amathathu namashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-ezinhlanu futhi abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi nengxenye, ingxenye enkulu yayo okuyinto wahlala enhloko-dolobha - Helsinki - nakwamanye amadolobha amancane, futhi amaphesenti amathathu kuphela abantu - kwesinye izindawo. Ubuningi amachibi asezintabeni, amahlathi, emaxhaphozini - isici isici ukuthi ingxenye yezwe lapho kukhona Finland.

Ayikho imininingwane kancane ezithakazelisayo ezindawo kule ndawo yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Bears kanye nama-moose akukhona okungavamile ukuba likhithike, kodwa elingenamikhono izingalo Finland njalo kuvezwa kungukuthi abahlala kulezi zindawo ingonyama (nakuba kunenkolelo e 1580 lalibizwa inkosi yezilwane trot). Njengoba kucaca ukuthi iningi ukhona (iminyaka engaba ngu-imakhulu mahlanu ezelwe) Finland labetibambile njengoba isifundazwe yaseSweden, kwaba IsiSwidi yinkosi Gustav ngiyilungu lesi sithombe. Itshwayo izingalo Finland wabonakala ku-uDagoni esontweni Gothic kwedolobha Uppsala. Ngemva kwesikhashana, Finland kwaba yingxenye Russia, bese ingonyama (noma ama-lynx) bavezwa kwi isihlangu, ngoba esisogwini isifuba imperial ukhozi kabili ephethwe.

geography

Geography of Finland ngempela eyinqaba: ezingaphezu kuka ezimbili kwezintathu zezinkonzo zendawo insimu yalo amanga amamitha angamakhulu amabili ngezansi kogu lolwandle futhi has ukubukwa inamagquma moraine emathafeni ngokubukeka njalo yamadwala, agcwalise emachibini lamagquma amagquma - Salpausselkä, Suomenselkä, Manselkya.

Enyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe yabuswa ezintabeni zaseScandinavia (umkhawulo wawo empumalanga). Ukuphakama entabeni ifinyelela 1365 metres Finland - entabeni Haltiatunturi. Kancane esingaphansi amashumi amathandathu amawaka, emachibini, noma amaphesenti angu-eziyisishiyagalombili zonke izindawo yakha uhlelo enkulu amanzi. Ubude emfuleni akunjalo, kodwa agcwele Rapids namanzi okusezingeni eliphezulu.

nokwakheka

Geology of Finland kunqunywa indawo yayo aseBaltic Shield. Early Precambrian rocks metamorphic lapha, kanye egwadle, futhi konke lokhu kwakubonakala podornuty ufasimbe yeqhwa kanye imali glacial kwesikhathi eziNgekho ngaPhansi kukaHulumeni. Retreat we yeqhwa iyabonakala ngakho zonke izigaba zabo. Bothnia kweqa iphutha zone kudlulela kakhulu Ladoga echibini endaweni sokuhlukanisa Precambrian zokwakheka isikhathi ku zindawo ezimbili ayifani. ukusabalala Ngasempumalanga ka Archean Greenstone amabhande isikhathi, kakhulu agqagqene inhlabathi clastic futhi volcanics Jatulian (Early Proterozoic).

Kuyinto nabo futhi ahlobene idiphozithi yanoma imikhando of amatshe ayigugu (nabanye - kulula): netshe igolide kuphela, kodwa futhi i-uranium, iron, ithusi, nickel, metal isizinda, vanadium futhi ayibe. Entshonalanga kukhona calcareous ane-alikhali amatshe, shales futhi greywacke engaphansi kwengu-eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili ubudala, okuyinto akhiwa wentaba-mlilo isiqhingi lwesikhathi nezilwandle onganakiwe. Ziyakwazi izindawo eziningi abafunda plutons intruded ngu granitoids, lapho indawo ekhethekile - Tsentralnofinlyandsky batholith. Kunezinto eziningi imali encane polymetallic, bethusi, bensimbi, nickel futhi ezingavamile emhlabeni nsimbi.

ucwaningo

Ngo-1947, i-yesayensi Geological Society, 1970 kabusha sokuqeqesha kwahlelwa Finland. Kuyilokhu kwamuva, futhi wahlanganyela nokwakheka nezimayini ezindabeni zezwe. Labahluleli kuyinto ikomiti ekhethekile, ilungu Academy isakhiwo lapho Amalungu ososayensi emkhakheni wesayensi yemvelo. Okuphambili nezindaba futhi usiza ukuxazulula ingxenye Academy IBhodi, ekubhekaneni ucwaningo zobuchwepheshe, futhi qiniseka ukuya yonke imibuzo eyodwa ngaphezulu iseluleko - ukufunda imvelo.

EFinland, amanyuvesi enikufundayo, bese yezimayini yokwakheka komhlaba, kodwa lezi eyala zinikwa yiminyango jikelele (natural sciences) ngaphandle kuphela. Lona uMuzi Helsinki University of Technology - State inyuvesi, eyasungulwa ngo-1908. Kukhona umnyango ahlukene yokusansimbi nezimayini. Nokho, ungabiza eziningi amanyuvesi Finnish ezifundisa ezihlukahlukene, okuyinto bangahlukani exhunywe ne izimayini kanye nokwakheka, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi minyango abasibo abahlukene kanye langempela, futhi abazinikele ngesayensi yemvelo.

Minerals Finland

-Chrome ore Finland unothile kakhulu. Futhi kukhona esitokisini esikhulu ne-zinc, cobalt, nickel, ithusi, apatite, vanadium, futhi Yebo Peat. Nsimbi limbiwa enyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe. Emkhakheni Pahtovara ahlelwe quartzites yezindlala, e Kaymaryavi - apatites futhi magnetites, futhi McCall, Hitura futhi Kotalahti ukunikeza yethusi ne-nickel. Imikhando of amatshe ayigugu athuthukile eningizimu Finland, Kemi nasenyakatho eLapland. Vammala idiphozi, Outokumpu, Vihanti aqukethe igolide, isiliva kanye izinsimbi-platinum iqembu (okokugcina uyisabelo azinakwa).

izinsimbi ezingavamile kuthiwa ekhishwe esishintshashintshayo eseningizimu nemaphakathi, lapho amasimu ezinkulu kukhona Kangasala Kemiyo futhi lapho okuqukethwe netshe ilmenite libhekene khona, phlogopite, magnetite, zircon, pyrochlore baddelita. apatites Ore, i-chromium, vanadium zibaluleke ngempela, e-Europe, endaweni yokuqala inani ayibe - yesibili. Futhi eziningi nsimbi, zinc, ithusi, ne-nickel. Peat kanye non-metallic namaminerali ekhishwe kabanzi eFinland. ezifakwa Peat baningi kakhulu futhi zitholakala cishe ezweni lonke, kodwa ubukhulu, yilowo nalowo kubo sincane. Kwezomnotho ukuthuthukisa ezifakwa okweqa amahektha amabili, okuyinto ezivuzayo ukuba amamitha angaphezu kwamabili. EFinland, njengoba hhayi yonke imali enjalo.

i-ore

Cishe yonke imali ye-uranium-ore basesimweni Karelian quartzite-oluthambile eziyinkimbinkimbi noma imingcele Archean egwadle gneiss eziyinkimbinkimbi. Eziphawulekayo inothi ezifakwa can Kolari Paltamo Paukayanvare futhi Noutiyarvi. Iron imikhando zitholakala ezingxenyeni enyakatho ntshonalanga ne-central yaseFinland. Ngokuvamile zihlotshaniswa le Karelian orogeny, ke ukwakheka leptitovoy.

Phakathi imikhando babe quartzites ferruginous (Pahtovara), apatite futhi magnetidy (Kaymayarvi nabanye), magnetite skarns (Oriyarvi futhi Tervola), ilmenite-magnetite (e Otanmyaki nakwezinye izindawo). Skarn ezifakwa eyenziwa futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi magmatic. Vanadium futhi titanium emkhandweni wensimbi zitholakala ekupheleni esisempumalanga Baltic Shield. Letakhi abahlangene isikhathi Lower futhi sredneproterozoyskim. Avezwa emasimini Mustavara Otanmyaki.

polymetals

I-Chromium ore bagxila ensimini eyodwa, feeds wonke umkhakha abafanele eFinland. Lokhu Kemi - Gulf of Bothnia, ogwini yayo enyakatho. Cobalt, nickel, ithusi efana izinsimbi non-ayoni zenzeka imikhando e Ladoga Bothnia ibhande, futhi Geological namasimu zezimboni wembula izinhlobo ezimbili. Lokhu sulfide zethusi-nickel e Kotalahtinskoy subband ibhande (McCall, Hitura, Kotalahti nabanye), lapho okuqukethwe isilinganiso ngethusi 0.3%, kanye ne-nickel - 1.2%.

Uhlobo lwesibili - kuyinto stratimorfnye pyrite ezifakwa okuyizinto ezihlobene graphite shales abamnyama (Hammaslakti, Vuonos, Outokumpu, nabanye), lapho okuqukethwe esiliva - 11 amagremu ton of ore ngayinye, igolide - elilodwa igremu zinc - 7%, ithusi - 3, 5%, futhi kukhona kancane ayibe kanye ne-nickel. Imikhando zitholakala emasimini uwoyela eningizimu phezu aseBaltic Shield, lapho, ngaphezu zinc phila igolide equkethwe, ithusi, isiliva nezinye izakhi eziningi.

umkhakha Finland

I izici jikelele imisebenzi yezomnotho GDP wezwe kakade 1986 zaba 357 bhiliyoni FIM. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le sibalo sanda futhi kancane kancane. Isici ezithakazelisayo wukuthi embonini yezimayini zaba kuphela okweshumi a GDP, futhi embonini - ezingaphezu kuka amaphesenti amabili.

Naphezu zigcine kahle esikhulu izidubedube, ngomnotho zemvelo eziyinhloko kubhekwa ngehlathi ihlanganisa ezingaphezu kwesigamu lonke izwe. Ngakho, wonke amagatsha eyinhloko emnothweni Finnish bekwi ukuthuthukiswa kwaleyo imithombo. Kunezinkinga eFinland amandla, nakuba iqala ukuthuthukiswa commercial imali izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa okuqinile futhi uketshezi.

Njengoba kwakunjalo

Mineral izinsiza isakhiwa eFinland kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ngisho legends IsiFinnish (Runes) zisitshele imikhando yensimbi. Nakuba kuze kube ngekhulu weshumi nantathu ngaphezu itshe nensimbi, ungasebenzisi lutho. Imayini umkhakha phakathi nokubusa Swedish eFinland awuzange athuthukile, ngoba ngisho ukuhlola ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukiswa kwadingeka ukuba unemvume i-King of Sweden.

Ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha waqala okwami nsimbi futhi ingulube yensimbi ncibilika isinqumo kuphela nesishiyagalombili, futhi kwakuthandeka ukukhiqizwa Artisanal. Ekhulwini nesishiyagalolunye, kakade Russia, iziphathimandla zaqala ukukhuthaza kanye ukuhlola isizinda of izinto zokusetshenziswa amaminerali.

Njengoba kwakunjalo

Ngo 1812, i-Empire Russian wadala zesifundazwe sakhe sokuqala IsiFinishi of Mines, ukuqondisa kwehlwaywe izidubedube kanye ukusetshenziswa kwazo. I imvume kuqala Kulonsuonmyaki ithole ami isizinda insimbi ne kwahlanganiswa ukuthuthukiswa nambili ngo-1829 ezifakwa ezinjalo. Ngenxa izinyathelo isisusa lokuveza mayelana ezintathu amathani insimbi ne ekukhuleni umkhakha uyaqhubeka. Ngaphezu enkulu kahulumeni, eziqhutshwa ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu elincane izimayini yangasese lapho izinga ore kakhulu kunabayeni ekujuleni kwenhliziyo.

IRussia yathatha okusansimbi nesibopho-free ithusi, ngakho ukukhula ukukhiqizwa kudlulwe amathani amane nesishiyagalombili ngo-1860. Ithusi Oriyarvi eseqala ukuveza e 1832, futhi ngo-1870, kakade zenzelwe ezifakwa polymetallic e Pitkyaranta. Ngo-1895, Finland ekhiqizwa 5.195 amathani ithusi, amathani 425 tin, cishe eziyisishiyagalombili ngamatalenta * ayikhulu esiliva, futhi lokulidolobha laseLapland impindiselo wageza igolide - kuze kufinyelele khilogremu amahlanu ngonyaka. egwadle kuqoshwa, syenite, ayesetshenziselwa hhayi kuphela e Finland: eziningi izakhiwo Petersburg ubhekene nalesi itshe Finnish. Namuhla, yonke imikhiqizo embonini yezimayini eFinland ubaluleke ngaphezu a-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane unyaka, ebangela cishe amahlanu amabhizinisi ekhona.