Manu: izici jikelele (dlala), okuqukethwe oyinhloko

Manu iqoqo imithetho nokulungisa (dharma). Umsebenti wabo oyinhloko - ukucacisa ukuziphatha kwabantu Indian ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke.

ukuhlobana ucwaningo

Kungani vele kufanele ngitadishe Imithetho Manu? Umthombo sici sivumela ukwazi isiko kanye izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho umlando India. Lokhu impucuko ingenye endala kakhulu emhlabeni. Kuye ithuthukiswe Indus Valley, eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezine edlule. Centres lokhu impucuko babe Harappa futhi Mahendzho-imidlalo. Endaweni lapho kwakukhona le mizi, abavubukuli Kwakuseshwa. Abakutholile sezisungule yokuthi ezindaweni impucuko, le yezandla Indian asendulo athuthukiswe kahle, wezohwebo nezolimo. Kwakukhona kuyo, futhi babhekane nezinga elikhulu emphakathini. Mayelana nalesi sikhathi Indian umlando isayensi has olwazini olungaphelele.

Idatha yakhula kakhulu isiko kanye nobudlelwane kwezenhlalo nezomnotho abantu Indian kukhona ngaleso sikhathi, oqala engxenyeni yokuqala yeminyaka BC yesibili. e. futhi iphela ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD. Lokhu okuthiwa inkathi Magadha-maudiysky ngesikhathi lapho kukhona imfundo ngobukhulu zomphakathi hhayi kuphela e-India kodwa insimu yonke eMpumalanga yasendulo. Yibona Empire Mauryan.

izikhumbuzo Literary lesi sikhathi kukhona umuntu enze imicikilisho yokushiswa amaningi futhi wezenkolo osemthethweni sokuhlanganiswa Brahmanic - dharmashastr futhi dharmasutr. Phakathi kwazo kunabafundi kunazo owaziwa okwamanje. Lezi zihlanganisa Dharma, noma umthetho Manu.

incazelo jikelele

imfundo ephathelene nenkolo nokuziphatha eziqukethwe asesimweni senkondlo - yilokho kukhona umthetho Manu. Sici jikelele leli qoqo kunikela umqondo wokuthi ukuphila ngabanye kanye nomphakathi zabantwana eNdiya yasendulo. Kukholakala ukuthi izimfundiso ebhalwe kuloluGunyazo, ngale ikhodi banikwa egameni demigod ka Manu, ngukhokho edume sonke isintu.

Igama elithi "Dharma" lisuselwa-Sanskrit. Kusho "omunye esekela futhi enazo zonke izinto." Dharma - iyona okuphakade oda cosmic noma umthetho, okubandakanya amalungelo wesintfu kanye nezinkambiso elisungulwe isimo. Dharma bezilokhu kubhekwe njengento umthetho kokuphila komphakathi ngabanye. Landela konke kumelwe ukuba kwakushaqisa ukusebenzisa saziso.

ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwabantu Indian lasendulo babengene umthetho Manu. izici Jikelele imithombo, isakhiwo leli qoqo sesihlanganisiwe kabanzi kucwaningwe-mlando wemfundo ephakeme.

okuqukethwe

izahluko Nambili afaka isibalo samalungu alo umthetho Manu. izici Jikelele kanye nezici ezithile iqoqo imithetho yokuthi sonke isihloko sakhe (futhi kukhona 2685) ezibekwe ngendlela couplets (slokas). Lokhu supply ritmitizirovannaya esivamile imithetho eminingi benkolo bangaleso uthi lasendulo. Isibonelo seBhayibheli.

Yiziphi Imithetho Manu (izici jikelele)? Wafingqa iphuzu ezogxila kulo mbhalo kungaqondakala kusukela incazelo kwezahluko zayo. I amasethi kuqala imininingwane yonke futhi yaphezulu self-akukho (uMdali). Ithi ngemvelaphi castes (4 amakilasi main), kanye indima Brahmins ngubani aqaphe imicebo uMthetho jikelele, yalungiselelwa bonke abantu.

Esahlukweni sesibili ihlinzeka elandisayo yale bekhulisa wamaHindu, ukunamathela umthetho. Ngokusho ke, umuntu kumele kuqaliswe phakathi ulwazi Vedas. Kuphela kulesi simo kungaba kubhekwe ukulungele ukuba khona esisha esingokomoya. Isahluko sesibili liyakhuluma ngokuphela nendima eyadlalwa imicikilisho namasiko ngokuphila wamaHindu Orthodox. Ithi ngokuhlakanipha engcwele, okuyinto dharmashastr.

Yiziphi ezinye izitayela zihlanganisa Manu? izici Jikelele ikhodi uchaza izidingo namazinga kusebenza ekuphileni komkhaya. Bona ingatholakala Isahluko III. Embhalweni sigaba libhekisela ilungelo umshado (Anuloma) kanye nemiphumela okungafanele izibopho zomkhaya (pratilom). Nawa okhethwe nezimfuneko olwenziwa imicikilisho.

Izahluko IV ukuze VI inikeza ulwazi mayelana nenhlanzeko nsuku zonke, izindlela sacralization zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kanye isimiso lesifanele nsuku zonke. Babuye ukufakwa kuhlu wezenzo kungavunyelwe, uchaza amasiko uhlanzekile futhi yokuphila.

Yini ezinye izimiso aqukethe Manu? izici Jikelele isahluko lwesikhombisa angase anikeze umqondo wokuthi dharma, okuyinto kumele zithobele yinkosi. Ubeka kule ndaba mayelana nendima eyadlalwa isijeziso nobulungisa, nokugcinwa oda nokuvikelwa "zonke izidalwa." Zinikwa kweSahluko VII izeluleko intela, zokuphatha, ezempi, kanye nezinye izimo.

Imithetho ezithakazelisayo Manu, isici izihloko kwale dokhumenti mayelana izizathu okufanele aye enkantolo. Sekukonke kukhona 18. Lezi kubekiwe kuSahluko VIII. Ngokusho umthetho Manu, isizathu kwesivivinyo kungaba icala lobugebengu noma ukwephula ukusebenzelana okuhilela izivumelwano, ubudlova noma ukweba, ukushaya noma ukunyundela, ukuphinga, Craps nokuningi. D. Lesi sahluko sichaza imithetho isinqumo isijeziso. Lapha sikhuluma ubumsulwa ka nalabo abaye baziphatha ukuze kuvikelwe abesifazane ebudloveni, ingane noma umpristi Brahmin.

Ukuziphatha emkhayeni wachazwa ngokuthi umsunguli Imithetho Manu. izici Jikelele isahluko lesishiyagalolunye isinikeza amazwibela impahla kanye namalungelo siqu njengendoda nomfazi, kanye nemisebenzi yabo kanye namalungelo okuthola ifa. Sethula lapha indima inkosi, ngokugcizelela kakhulu nezijeziso ukwephula imithetho kuchazwe.

ESahlukweni X we Imithetho Manu, ungathola imithetho Varna. Bahlanganisa 7 izindlela esisemthethweni lapho yokufuna impahla kungenzeka, kanye nezindlela 10, okuyokwenza sokuba khona labo sisosizini.

Isahluko XI ulawula yokuphila lombhalo untouchable, okubonakala ekuphetheni mezhvarnovyh elixutshwe, imishado okungajwayelekile eyenziwa ayephuli dharma.

Isahluko XII unikezwa lephatselene imicikilisho yokukhulekela, kanye nezibopho abawugijimayo. Iphinde iyalandisa mayelana umthwalo yabekwa abantu ukulawula imizimba yabo, imicabango namazwi.

Lawa Imithetho Manu. izici Jikelele (kafushane) zonke izahluko ikuvumela ukuba uthole umqondo mayelana le dokhumenti.

kumiswa inkampani

babhekane nezinga elikhulu Social wabantu Indian lasendulo waqala e-emathunjini we tribal gwamanda ekhona. Izici Manu kukuvumela uthole le nqubo ophelele kakhulu.

ubudlelwane Tribal kancane ukubola. Le nqubo kwaba ingxenye ekuthuthukiseni zomlando emphakathini. Okuningi ukulethwa abanethonya futhi enamandla ugxile Ukuvikelwa zayo zempi, ukulawula zobupristi ezandleni zabo. Waba yini umphumela walesi kwaba ukuthuthukiswa impahla kanye ekungalinganini emphakathini, ukuvela lobugqila. elite Tribal isibe Izicukuthwane zamaKhosi.

division Social eNdiya yasendulo senzeka uhlelo lombhalo. Yonke labantu lahlukaniswa laba amaqembu amane - Varna:

- brähmaëas (Abapristi);

- Shantou (abalimi);

- Kshatriyas (amaqhawe);

- Sudras (abakhishwa inyumbazane).

Izimpawu Manu kunikeza umbono ocacile walokho nenqubo esiyinhloko sokuhlukanisa labantu ngemacembu. Ngokwesibonelo, Brahmans kwakumelwe ngifunde Vedas kakade aneminyaka ebunane. Ayebhe- abadala kusukela ngineminyaka engu-nesithupha. Kshatriya kwakudingekile ukufunda Vedas ukuba iminyaka eyishumi nanye. iningi labo litholakala ngeminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili. Nge eyishumi nambili wokutadisha Vedas Vashj. Ziyakwazi ngokuhambisana Imithetho Manu baba abadala iminyaka engamashumi amabili nane kuphela.

Omunye umbandela evumela ukukhomba umuntu lenye Varna ethile kwaba iqiniso lokuzalwa kwakhe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inani labantu abashadayo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ngakho. Kule ndaba, kukhona lalibonisa division of okuqondene nomphakathi wabantu olawula acabangele umsuka abazali bakhe.

Hlukanisa Varna kuyinto untouchable (shudras). Abakwazanga axazulule kwendawo kwamanye amakilasi, futhi indlela abagqoke ngokuvumelana Imithetho Manu, babesanda zidwedwe. Ngokusho ngesimo esingokomthetho laba bantu, akhiwa izinja.

Ngesisekelo komphakathi wombuso Indian wasendulo emphakathini. Kwaba iqembu labalimi mahhala, noma, ngaphezulu nje, emzaneni. Umphakathi eNdiya sidilizwa - lotimele ozibuse. Uma sikhuluma Imithetho Manu, isici yobuciko. 219 kuwubufakazi obuphathekayo yokuthi iqembu lakwazi ukukhulula abalimi ukulondoloza ngokwayo kwezomnotho, ngisho nokwenza amadili nabantu.

Ukwakhiwa lombhalo (Jati)

Nge ekukhuleni komphakathi kanye division ushona yenqubo emsebenzi kuyaqhubeka le nqubo yokuzihlukanisa. A ukuqonda ngokucacile lokhu kunikeza Manu (izici jikelele). Ukuhlukanisa ngo lombhalo futhi Jati (lombhalo) ikhona India namuhla.

In the state medieval yayikhona sabaphathi ezilandelayo:

- the castes ephakeme, emelelwe isigaba medium nabahlonishwa esikhulu amakhosi asendulo;

- lombhalo ephansi, ezazihlanganisa abadayisi zababolekisa ngemali, feudalists amancane nabanikazi-mhlaba.

Jati ngokungafani varn emelelwa Corporation eyinqaba. Ngaphakathi kwamiswa castes ohulumeni, kwakukhona ethize imikhuba, amasiko nemikhuba. Le nkampani isekela ngokuzeleko amalungu ayo wema evikela izithakazelo zabo.

Kokunqophileko eziningi India ongamtshela Manu (izici jikelele). Ukuhlukanisa ngo lombhalo futhi Jati yayikhona kuphela ukuthi State. Kulesi lombhalo has a esiqinile phezulu ohlelweni. Manu bavunyelwe ukuba bashade phakathi kwamalungu Jati kuphela, wagomela ubulungu ngofuzo, nokunye. D.

ubunikazi

Ngemva kokutadisha Imithetho Manu, incazelo jikelele wemithombo izikhungo of Public Relations we State kuba sobala. Bonke zihlelwe zaba amagatsha ahlukene komthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkomba ezimbalwa eziyinhloko. Lo mthetho lobugebengu kanye namalungelo impahla, kanye ilungelo lokuthola ifa kanye wokweshumi. Bonke bukaJehova kubonakala umthetho Manu.

Ikakhulukazi ithuthukiswe kahle eNdiya yasendulo ayenelungelo lokuqhubeka impahla. ingxenye yayo esemqoka kubhekwa olwabo (bhukti), ukuze (Swami) bese usebenzisa (Bhagya).

Labo abahlola Imithetho Manu, isici izahluko amaphuzu idokhumenti izidingo eziningi okuhloswe ngazo ukuvikela amalungelo endawo nempahla izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba nezimpahla ezithathekayo, imfuyo, imishini yasendlini, okusanhlamvu nezigqila. Umuntu angaphetha basonta futhi izwe. Nokho, kwaba impahla isikhathi eside kobunikazi ke (iminyaka 30-60), inqobo ngokwethembeka okuhle ukwelashwa kwakhe. Noma ubani waphonsa ezweni lakhe ngesikhathi ayihlwanyelayo noma sokuvuna, ngokuvumelana Imithetho Manu bekumele bazohlawuliswa. Isijeziso efanayo kulindile nalabo abephula imithetho ukudayiswa.

On ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuphila social eNdiya yasendulo sikhombise Imithetho Manu. Izici Zabantu izikhungo abayinhloko bomthetho ukunika i siqonde isimo esimweni izigqila engenamandla. Babekwazi yimfuyo umphakathi noma umuntu yangasese. Ezinye izinceku wasebenza ngqo ukuze sisetshenziswe umbuso.

A saziso kwesokudla

Ngokusho umthetho Manu, yimiphi izinkontileka kubhekwe njengendlela isivumelwano yokuzithandela. izibopho nqumela ngakolunye uhlangothi, labo ababebanga ukuba umonakalo noma babe nesandla lufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu.

Imikhuba of Ancient India imithetho ukuchaza kungenzeka izinhlobo izinkontileka, nazo kanye namalungiselelo zabo eziyisisekelo futhi ezisuka kusukela lobu buhlobo. Kukholakala ukuthi idokhumenti sasizwakala kuphela endabeni kwemvume yokuzithandela amaqembu. Incwadi yesivumelwano waphetha umuntu odakiwe noma udidekile ngokomqondo, futhi ingane noma isigqila amandla kwadingeka. Iphinde waveza umthetho Manu. izici Jikelele nokuqukethwe eyinhloko izahluko ngoMthetho Institute, kusikisela ukuthi iningi evuthiwe yesivumelwano loan. Umthetho kule ndaba kubonakala imikhuba ukuthi kwamiswa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Ngakho, eNdiya yasendulo kwaba usury okwandile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo esigunyazwe lalilikhulu zenzalo ngaphansi kwezinkontileka ezinjalo. Okweletayo ukubuswa umthetho kwaba umbolekisi bathembele ngokuphelele. Ivunyelwe ukuthola izikweletu ukuphoqwa nobuqili, amandla nokunye .. Ngo Ukuvikelwa Manu kusuka izenzo ezinjalo ngeke ukhule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakwabangenangqondo ababebe nesibindi ukufaka isikhalazo yomuntu obolekisayo, yena waba sesimeni esihle. Ngikhululekile emisebenzini yakhe ngisho nokufa. Nezikweletu is ngokuzenzakalela kwi izihlobo. High abolekise rates futhi ngosizi labantu babe imbangela ukusabalala wonke yesikweletu sikhungo lobugqila.

Emkhakheni wezingalo umthetho eNdiya yasendulo endaweni ekhethekile wanikwa sivumelwano umsebenzi. Izihloko Imithetho Manu amathuba izinceku futhi abasebenzi livamile ukukhuluma ndawonye. Amalungelo labo abasebenza ngaphansi ikontraga kwabasebenzi, ngokuvamile ayenza. Isisebenzi ngazo zonke izikhathi, uhlawuliswe isamba esingu ngenxa kwalokho cishe never inkokhelo ngenxa kuye. Lokhu inkinga ebhekene nabantu ophoqwa ukuba aphe up ukukhululeka okuqukethwe okuvamile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Manu Kunconywa castes engenhla amaholo kugwenywe.

Umkhaya nomshado

Lokhu legatsha komthetho ibonisa isahluko lwesishiyagalolunye Imithetho Manu. Isihloko sokuqala ngqá imfuno kwindawo ongaphansi labesimame umndeni, okumele unquestioningly alalele uyise kanye nomyeni nendodana yakhe. Esikhathini engekho leyo nkosi kumele umnakekeli kunikezelwe.

Imithetho ye-Manu uthi, nokuthi uyise angenalungelo lokukuthola ukuthatha indodakazi yakhe ukuze athole umvuzo. Nokho, eNdiya yasendulo, umshado awuyona ukudayiswa esikhoselweni. Ngokuvamile, lo mbhangqwana kwadingeka enkulu ngobudala. Eziyimbangela yalokhu kwaba ngenxa yobudala eliphansi umshado.

Ngokusho umthetho Manu, le nsizwa yayingenazo Ilungelo lokushada phambi umdala. Njengoba imithetho wamenqabela ukwenza umshado izihlobo igazi kuze kube isizukulwane wesikhombisa. nezihloko ezihlukahlukene enikelwe ukuvikelwa somkakhe "ukuhlanzeka kuzuze izizukulwane ezaziyolandela." Lezi amacala Manu walala nomyeni wakhe (inhloko yalawa IX, Art. 6, 7).

Ilungelo yefa

ENdiya asendulo ayenamagama isiko lalo. Ngokusho kwale mithetho, ngokuvumelana Imithetho Manu, uyise impahla kwakumelwe athole amadodana kuphela. I izindlu babengenalo imbeciles kwesokudla, izigebengu isimo, abantu baxoshwa lombhalo, nokunye. D. inkosikazi yayingenalo ilungelo ukusetshenziswa okukhethekile lendodana yakhe, uma cha fanele ntwana.

Imithetho ye-Manu yasungulwa oda ngokulandelana. Ifa akufanele zonke ezinikelwe elahlanganiswa. Sahamba impahla ezandleni zamadodana bomdabu. Uma babengesibo ke impahla yabo banikwa amadodana indodakazi yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlalifa babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli amadodana waphuma endlini, bese wabuyiselwa. In the ukungabikho impahla enjalo kwakungatholakala zonke ukuya guru. Umfundisi we ekhaya. Uma bekungelona kuye, noma amadodakazi, yonke impahla yabo bathunyelwa umcebo wasebukhosini.

Kususelwa ukuhlaziywa Imithetho Manu, singaphetha ngokuthi bayizithunywa Ngokwesibonelo endala yomthetho ngokulandelana. Wills ngesikhathi babengawulungele. Ilungelo ifa lidlule kuphela kule sethi imithetho.

Ukwahlulela isijeziso

Ngo-Manu kubonakala imiqondo emayelana umthetho lobugebengu njengendlela "lokubuya kwesifo", "izinhlobo wecala," "iyathinteka" futhi "umuzwa wecala osindayo" kuye lapho lowo okonile kungokwalabo Varna noma isisulu.

Iveza iqoqo imithetho kanye nemithetho eNdiya yasendulo nezinhlobo zobugebengu. Basuke ihlukaniswe:

- uhulumeni;

- ngokumelene impahla;

- ngokumelene umuntu;

- aphula ama-ubuhlobo obuhle namalungu omkhaya.

Manu imangalelwe kwezijeziso ezihlukahlukene. Phakathi kwabo:

- isigwebo sokufa;

- ukucwiya;

- uxoshwe;

- inhlawulo;

- ejele;

- ukushefa amakhanda (okwesikhathi Brahmin).

Izinqubo zombili izimo ebugebengu kanye babe ezifanayo futhi waba uhlobo yokuncintisana. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe yinkosi ne Brahmans. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziphathimandla zisendaweni zonke amayunithi zokuphatha. Isizathu salokhu siwukuthi yonke ezigodini eziyishumi iqondiswa ibhodi zokwahlulela. Zonke izinto kubhekwe, esekelwe isigaba sabefundisi castes.

Umthombo oyinhloko ubufakazi kuwubufakazi. Futhi inkantolo babenesifiso value ehlukile. Konke kwakuxhomeke izimpahla ukufakaza Varna ethile. Njengoba ubufakazi, isivivinyo lingasetshenziswa lapho kubhekiselwe ngomlilo, amanzi, izinsimbi, nokunye. D.

Inkosi njengoba ijaji obuphakeme Imithetho Manu, wayenelungelo lokuthola i amnesties yonyaka.

isiphetho

Ngokusobala, umthetho Manu abhalwa omunye abahlakaniphileyo izikole uBrahman Indian lasendulo. Baye futhi unikwe igama lalo iqoqo imithetho nokulungisa by igama sikakhokho wasenganekwaneni obuntu.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi Manu ngokuphindaphindiwe amazwana futhi kabusha. Leli qiniso libonisa ukubaluleka ukuthi enamathiselwe India leli qoqo.

Ngo-1794, umthetho-Manu yashicilelwa ngesiNgisi kuqala. umbhali Translation kwaba V. Johnson. Ngemva kwalokho, iqoqo imithetho neziqondiso zendlela abantu Indian lasendulo ngokuphindiwe zishicilelwe ngazo zonke izilimi zaseYurophu.