Principate eRoma sidilizwa - yini lokho?

Principate eRoma sidilizwa - lena isikhathi esikhethekile emlandweni ekuseni Empire wakhe, owathatha kusukela 1st ekhulwini BC. e. kuya 3rd ekhulwini BC. e. umbusi waleli amandla enkathini inikezwe ihlanganisa izici yokubusa kwamakhosi kanye republic. INhloko State wabizwa ngokuthi princeps, t. E. kuqala phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo. Ngakho, wagcizelela imvelo yeningi ngokokusebenza kwamandla akhe. Naye wanikelwa uthathwa njengoba induna enkulu abantu, ngaleyo ndlela yokuxhuma ubuso imisebenzi yakho eziningana futhi amandla.

Qala ukubhalisa

Principate eRoma sidilizwa - kuwuhlobo ekhethekile kahulumeni, ogama izisekelo esabekwa Yuliy Tsezar. Nokho, ukusungulwa yokugcina kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo sihlehlela emuva wokubusa isikhathi umlandeli wakhe -Octavian Awugustu. Ngisho ku 1st ekhulwini BC. e. izikhungo republic ayekile ukuhlangabezana nezidingo amandla kakhulu lenyuka. Nakuba kwaba khona idolobha-Polis, iziphathimandla intando yeningi ukuqapha ngempumelelo nokulawula, Nokho, lapho eqala ukwakha umbuso, lezi zinhlangano ziye ukubhekana imisebenzi yabo. Principate eRoma sidilizwa - lena isikhathi zesikhashana phakathi republic futhi amakhosi ohlanga autocratic. Iqiniso lokuthi kuKhesari akazange alinge ngokushesha ukuqeda izikhungo ubudala republic futhi wadala esikhundleni ngesimo uhlelo lokulawula agcina izici ubudala abaphathi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaqinisa amandla umbusi yedwa.

izici republic

Lapho izici ezintsha uhlelo ziye zalondolozwa umbuso ubudala. Ngokwesibonelo, namanje obize imihlangano yomphakathi. Ngaphansi wathandeka kakhulu lo mqondo isayensi wabonisa ukubuthana zonke izakhamuzi omdala ukubhekana nezindaba zezombusazwe ezibaluleke kakhulu. Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi weRiphabhulikhi ubudala e uya izinhlobo eziningana imihlangano: propertied, ahlukile futhi jikelele, ngaphandle kwemingcele. Principate eRoma sidilizwa - lena esiteji ukuthi uye walondoloza kulesi sikhungo ezibalulekile, kodwa walilahla ukubaluleka kwazo ngalesi sikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayegubha, inkohlakalo, ukufumbathisa ngisho udlame olubhekiswe amakhansela.

isimo iSigele

Lokhu Izilawuli ezibalulekile ezigcinwe kahle, kodwa amandla alo manje kungagcini. Umsebenzi wamalungu ayo lancipha kuphela yokuthi vumela imithetho owavela inhloko yezwe. Ngakho, ke waqala zibukeka ngendlela ehlukile eRoma sidilizwa. ubukhulu isikhathi washintsha cishe ngokuphelele ibala zalo zezombusazwe, naphezu ukulondolozwa okusobala oludala. Manje iSigele kwaba kuphela umhlangano nabamele kwamaqembu patrician lasendulo iphethwe Umbusi ngokwakhe, owabiza ephambili phakathi kwabo. Ngaphansi uDiocletian, indikimba ebusayo liphenduke umkhandlu wedolobha, futhi ngaphansi uConstantine adalwe umphakathi nezigele enhloko-dolobha entsha, esanikwa isikhulu amalungelo alinganayo nendala. Ngakho, olunye lwezimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu the Old Republic ekugcineni saphuthelwa yiwo ukubaluleka ubuholi balo.

kwekuhlela kabusha ngo-August

Political uhlelo ubukhulu eRoma lasendulo waqala ukushintsha ekuqa- 1st ekhulwini BC. e. - ekhulwini 1st BC. e. Ngakho waba umbusi isiGele umzimba zakonosoveschatelnogo emzimbeni zomthetho. Iqiniso lokuthi lo mbusi omusha wabonisa ngokunamandla ukuzibophezela kwabo umbuso ubudala ukuze silondoloze usithonye phakathi kwabantu, ngakubeka ukuthuthukisa isimo sabo. Ilungelo ngokusuka zomthetho uhlala bomantji. Umkhandlu Wezigele agcinwayo nemisebenti yebulungisa, nakuba eqinisweni bonke amandla main kule ndawo iyagcinwa umbusi. Ngakho, kancane kancane republic ku umbuso waphenduka eRoma sidilizwa. Early Empire (Principate kwaba isigaba saso sokuqala) Usabambelela ukubukeka oludala yeningi.

umzimba omusha

UMbusi empeleni ukulahla zonke izinhlaka zikahulumeni, nakuba ngamagama kugcizelelwe kakhulu ukubaluleka ekulondolozweni iSigele. Nokho, ukuthi lokhu indikimba ebusayo ilahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwalo, kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi ngaphansi Awugustu bakha umzimba omusha sokweluleka - uMkhandlu princeps. Umsebenzi wayo kwakuwukwenza amaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene, okuyinto kamuva ahanjiselwe ukucabangela iSigele nge uphawu ukuvunyelwa uhlelo yilo mbusi, okuyinto wawusho isidingo sokuthi wayebamukela. Lesi seluleko waya akhethwe amalunga, abameleli kanye nabamele izimantshi. Ngo '13 BC. e. isakhiwo umzimba uye washintsha abanye bebheke eqinisa yokubusa kwamakhosi, njengoba amanye amalungu kwalo isimo impilo yonke umbusi abeluleki kanye isinqumo wathola amandla umthetho.

ISigele Ukwakheka izinguquko

Uhlelo isimo eRoma lasendulo ngesikhathi ubukhulu uye washintsha abalulekile bebheke okwandisa amandla imithetho yombusi. Agasti wanquma ukunciphisa inani senators, inani okuyinto kuye kwanda kakhulu nge wokubusa ababengaphambi kwakhe. Ngo-29 CE. e. wamiswa ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi nokususiwe kulababantu mayelana 200 ukulawula ezinkulu. Yayingeke kodwa ukudelela isikhundla iSigele, le buthaka ngaphezulu ngemva amandla akhe abangu nemibandela. UMbusi ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile inciphise inani quaestors ukuze kuvinjelwe Ukuvuselela okwengeziwe iSigele.

ezinye izinguquko

Ngaphezu kwalezi zinyathelo, ngo-August lenyuka ziqu impahla isikhundla sokuba yilungu lephalamende. Wabuye ushintshe uhlelo ikhoramu. Kusukela usetha inani elithile lamalungu, futhi ngenxa yokuntuleka inhlawulo okusezingeni eliphezulu kwangena for uhlobo ngalunye ingxenye. Wazama nokuthintana ngcono ababekhona of umphakathi nezigele, kodwa akazange ukuphatha ukufinyelela umgomo wawo. Kodwa mhlawumbe ushintsho ebaluleke kakhulu kwakuwukuthi ngenxa ukuqedwa okuthunyelwe we censors waba isimo senators impilo yonke. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi ngezithako zawo ayisekho ishintshwe futhi olusha, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo ngokuwohloka kwezindinganiso usithonye e zomphakathi wamaRoma futhi basiza ekuqiniseni amandla imithetho yombusi. Kugcine wamenqabela ukwenza ukuba ziphume ziphele kuleli zwe, okuyinto senqabela nemisebenzi yabo. Ngakho, ngaphansi Awugustu ukuthonya iSigele inqubomgomo angaphandle, ukuphathwa kanye emkhakheni wezezimali buthaka kakhulu.

Ukuqinisa amandla kombusi

Ukuze Inkathi principate eRoma Lasendulo, elinesimo oluqinisayo kancane kancane isikhundla umbusi ophakeme. Waqala igadle kwezwakala nasezimalini sakhe futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yokuba asisuse ngokukhululekile ngaphandle iqhaza iSigele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Senators elahlekile iqhaza zabo zangaphambili kwetinhlavu ibutho. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuqaleni 1st ekhulwini BC. e. ezifundazweni eyodwa kuphela ibutho yebutho njalo, kuyilapho u-Octavian ungase angenele ekumisweni izinduna kanjalo namasekela abo. Principate futhi Dominat eRoma yasendulo - kungcono izinyathelo ezimbili emlandweni we Empire State. Ngoba kokubili izigaba elinesimo oluqinisayo kancane kancane yokubusa kwamakhosi. Guqula zabhekana inqubo yokhetho ye izimantshi. Ekuqaleni, lo mbusi nje abamiswe ukuba lezi zikhundla nabasekeli babo, futhi yamsusa abantu engadingeki. Khona-ke waqala ukuphakamisa abantu, futhi abantu bayahambisana. Yaphela njengoba zonke iqiniso lokuthi kwakukhulekelwa umbusi kule misa uphazamisa uhulumeni nje. Nokho, lalondolozwa plebiscites - vota bill.

amandla ngo-August

Ekuqaleni, wazama ukugxila izikhundla ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi amandla ezandleni zabo. Ngakho, ecabanga amandla ophakeme kunabo bonke izifundazwe (isikhundla imibuso), kanye namandla ngokwanele ezibanzi enhloko-dolobha (isihloko Tribune). Agasti waba ngowokuqala ngubani zimunye umuntu wakhe izikhundla ezimbili, njengoba kulaba babusi abanamandla kakhulu phambi kwakhe wasebenzisa amandla kuphela wobushiqela. Amaphiriyodi Principate zibuswe eRoma yasendulo - lawa izigaba ezimbili ezibalulekile ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Ekuqaleni, lo mbusi waba ukuphela kombusi izifundazwe. Wabuye ophethe isikhundla ebalulekile ku inxusa State, ayakhethwa unyaka ngamunye. ISigele bekhululiwe yena umbusi Ukubuyekeza zokwahlulela. Agasti yajabulela yonke namandla induna enkulu abantu, okwayinika ilungelo lokwenza imithetho futhi Veto izinqumo ezithathwe ngaphambili. Enye emisha ebalulekile, okubonisa ekuqiniseni umbuso waseRoma wawunamandla - yilungiselelo ilungelo ukufuna ukuxolelwa yicala kuphela umbusi, hhayi Assembly Yabantu elaliphambi.

Inkinga ngokulandelana

Yini embi ngalo kombusi omusha kwaba isimo ukuqokwa owalandela. Njengoba umbusi isikhathi ubukhulu wayengeyena lwezikhali ematheni amandla ophakeme, akakwazanga amise owayezomlandela. Lo mbuzo sibi nakakhulu kakade isipele Octavian, ababengeke bakwazi unquma owalandela. Ekuqaleni, ikhandidethi main umshana wakhe nendodana-e Marcellus. Nokho, wafa, futhi ngemva kokufa kuka-August, iziphathimandla waya endodaneni yakhe yokutholwa, umbusi uTiberiyu.

Ukuya ubukhulu ngo Dominat

Kancane kancane amandla umbusi uye waqinisa kangangokuba waze ekugcineni salahlekelwa iSigele amandla asele. Principate esakhiwa ngaphansi uDiocletian. Henceforth le Umbusi ngokwakhe ukwenza imithetho, abeke ababonisi nezinye izikhulu. Nokho, ukubusa agcinwayo iminonjana: the izikhungo ubudala isikhashana zaqhubeka zikhona. Ikakhulukazi le osebenza ku izimantshi, Nokho, okuyinto, manje babe kuphela isihloko zokuhlonipha futhi ayisekho zinendima impilo zombusazwe zomphakathi wamaRoma. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe lapha ukuthi, naphezu kweqiniso ukusungulwa kwamandla cishe angenamkhawulo lo mbusi, ngokulandelana abukakasunguli kuze kube sekupheleni. Izinkinga ngokulandelana azishintshile. Ngakho Principate emlandweni wamaRoma - kuba yisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu ushintsho kusukela republic ubudala zombuso. Lolu shintsho senziwa sibonga kuqhathaniswa kobuhlungu ngengxenye inqubomgomo ngobuhlakani Octavian, lezo kuwo wonke wokubusa kwakhe, ukulondoloza isiko republic futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuze uqinise amandla akhe.