Eyokuqala Umbhishobhi omkhulu eMoscow All Russia: version komlando isihloko amandla

Emlandweni weSonto Lobu-Orthodox XIV ekhulwini kwakushintsha. Ngemva abaseTurkey yanqoba kweConstantinople ngo-1453, ukuwa waseByzantium futhi eRussia, okuyinto azange abe inzalamizi ayo, kwakuyiyona kuphela ezimele ezweni Orthodox emhlabeni. Zonke amasonto Eastern ayengaphansi kokulawula iziphathimandla Turkish. Lesi simo nomthelela iqiniso lokuthi 1589 wafakwa kusevisi Umbhishobhi lokuqala eMoscow All Russia, uJobe njengenkondlo ebonisa alinganayo phakathi nezinye izinzalamizi ezine-Orthodox.

inceku Childhood John

Qamba Umbhishobhi lokuqala eMoscow All Russia, wathola Ubhapathizo oNgcwele - Johane. Ngokuphathelene ukuzalwa kwakhe walondoloza ukwaziswa ukuthi weza ezweni ku namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu XVI. Ngokusho kwemibiko, Umbhishobhi lokuqala eMoscow All Russia, wazalelwa emndenini zabantu abavamile, ababengabendlu okuthiwa ekilasini Posad. Umlando uye walondoloza kuphela igama likamama, ke bamukela ngemva ukwamukelwa of monasticism kithi - Pelagia.

Lapho esemncane umfana owanikezwa uJohane eduze kuyinto Isigodlo, lapho Kwakusazodlula nekubhala kanye nolwazi oluyisisekelo nge-okholweni. Lokhu kungaba ubufakazi we ukuzishaya abazali abakhetha ingane ukuyifundisa ingane yakho uthando ukholo njengobaba wethu, futhi othile kokuchichimileyo kwabo, kusukela kuleyo minyaka ngokuvamile isidingo kwenza izingane kusukela zisencane ziqala ukusebenza. Nokho, umsebenzi esigodlweni sezindela ongcwele Wakha le nsizwa esiyizwa zenkolo futhi isifiso sokuba yisithunywa indela. Ngaphambi inzalamizi esizayo lokuqala eMoscow All Russia waqhamuka endleleni ayikhethile, kwadingeka ukuba ezwe nobulukhuni izinhloso zabo.

amasiko esonto lisitshela ukuthi uyise bangabaza ikhono indodana yakhe ukuba athwale ubunzima bokuphila Izigodlo futhi abafuna ukuvula kuye ezinhlelweni zakhe ukumthola umakoti, akhothamela umshado. Akukaze nanini bebangaphikisani abazali babo, uJohane akazange alinge uphikisana futhi kulesi sikhathi, kodwa ngosuku lomshado wacela imvume ukuya sezindela futhi uvakashele cell umeluleki wakhe ngokomoya.

Siyeza, + siqombola endleleni monasticism

Akazange abuyele ekhaya lakhe. Ngemva ukukhuluma Archimandrite umfana German ngokuqinile wanquma ukuthi indawo yakhe ayikho zwe elimatasa, futhi izindonga Isigodlo ongcwele. Ngosuku olufanayo wabhekana isiko ukuphuca ukhakhayi futhi yaqanjwa ngokuthi uJobe, wathatha ngemva kwabo ngobuqotho ohlonishwayo ongcwele Ukuhlupheka kukaJobe.

Impilo Izigodlo akulula iyiphi indela novopostrizhennogo. izixhumanisi eziningi kakhulu-ke yangaphambili futhi izingqondo akwenzileyo ezisele emhlabeni jikelele, Esenze isenzo sakhe ebaluleke kunazo zonke ekuphileni. Kunzima kangakanani bakwemukele ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima sokuhlala esigodlweni sezindela, kodwa ngisho nzima ngiziphoqe bangawalaleli intando yakhe, kodwa kuphela imiyalo umeluleki, oye Kusolwa ukunakekelwa kumiswa esingokomoya sabantu abangazi lutho.

Ikusasa Umbhishobhi omkhulu wokuqala eMoscow All Russia, uJobe yayingomunye wabantu Izisebenzi abenza ngokuthobeka alinganayo iyiphi wabeka phezu kwabo ukulalela. Ngaphambi sikhuphuka iziqongo Izikhulu zesonto, waya kuzo zonke izigaba yesevisi Izigodlo - kusukela imfundamakhwela esilula wesigodlo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-1569, ngesikhathi ehambele lezindela Ivanom Groznym, wenza umbono omuhle inkosi futhi emva kwesikhashana e umyalo wakhe baba Archimandrite.

Izigaba ngendlela enkonzweni

Ekupheleni 1570 wathuthela eMoscow futhi waba li we Simonov Monastery. Isihloko iminyaka emihlanu, omunye zezindela ngobukhulu kuleli zwe, St kaJobe ngenkuthalo bazibandakanye hhayi kuphela inkolo kodwa futhi ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe yezwe.

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka elandelayo wahola izindlu eziningana, kulandele ukugcotshwa kwakhe umbhishobhi wokuqala Kolomna, bese uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Rostov Elikhulu. Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu igunya kwesikhathi kuze kufinyelele St Ujobe 1587, ekubeni Metropolitan of eMoscow. Nokho, phambi kwakhe elinde entsha, isihloko ephakeme - Umbhishobhi lokuqala eMoscow All Russia.

Ukusungulwa sabefundisi eRussia

Ikhono babe inzalamizi zabo kuleli zwe kwakubangelwa izici eziningi, eziphambili kuzo okungamasonto ukukhulisa indima Orthodox waseRussia phakathi kwamanye amazwe, ngaleso sikhathi ngaphansi kwejoka Turkish. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, inqaba yangaphambili Eastern Church - eByzantium - wawa ngo-1453 ngaphansi kwengcindezi abahlaseli.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi abaseTurkey wawungakwenqabeli imisebenzi ibandla lika Krestu ezindaweni ehlasela bona, kodwa isinyathelo ngokumelene nabameleli bayo unceremoniously kakhulu, ngokusho mnandi kakhulu bayawuqhwaga iyiphi impahla yakhe. expropriations okunjalo olwenziwa njalo olungapheli, ukuthatha uhlamvu njengoba abantu bephanga izinto undisguised futhi ekugcineni zaholela izinhlangano isonto kumi ezifundeni ezinabantu, kuya phansi ngokuphelele.

Ngenxa yokuntula izimali kabusha amasonto libhujisiwe futhi okuqukethwe abefundisi, hlobo lwezinkawu yeSonto WaseByzantium waphoqeleka ukuba banxuse Russian Tsar Fodoru Ioannovichu usizo ngokwezimali. nkosi Russian bakusebenzisa lokhu ithuba elihle, ngoba, ngokusho Charter yesonto, ukubeka umbhishobhi omkhulu omusha lwalungaba kuphela esebenza Primate, futhi Umbhishobhi lokuqala eMoscow All Russia uye ube yinkosi nabantu abalungile kwakudingeka isibusiso sakhe.

Umcimbi omkhulu kunayo yonke empilweni yebandla

Inhloko yebandla WaseByzantium yafika komdala e 1588, kanti futhi ngokusho besikhathi, washayiswa esiphehla esigodlweni, kuphele ukuzidla yokukhulekela labetibambile emathempelini inhlokodolobha sika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba evela emithonjeni efanayo eyaziwa kwakungenza i ongenakucimeka wokulingwa umbono ukubonakaliswa ehlonipha abantu Russian wafakaza iba unomphela.

Nsuku zonke, nomaphi lapho inzalamizi wabonakala, wayezungezwe izixuku aminyene abantu ezidinga isibusiso. Bengazizwa khulula ukuziba inkulumo enjalo efudumele yokucwaswa zenkolo, waphoqwa ukuba uhlale amahora emgwaqweni, izungezwe indandatho zamakholwa.

Izazi-mlando uqaphele ukuthi uhlelo lwakhe lwasekuqaleni kwaba kuphela ukuthola usizo lwezimali esivela enkosini, futhi akukho okunye kwakungeyona. Nokho, njengoba azi ukuthi ukwenqaba ukuhambisana ngesicelo autocrat we zilethwe Russian Church uMbhishobhi Omkhulu, uyonishiya ngilambatha, uJeremiya waphoqeleka ukuba uvumelane, futhi umphumela uba Februwari 5, 1589 ngesikhathi esanda kwakheka isihlalo sobunzalamizi enyukela Umbhishobhi lokuqala eMoscow All Russia. Ukhetho Yilesisizathu umsebenzi omkhulu-ke Metropolitan uJobe yayingomunye ngomyalo wabaholi Tsar Fodora Ioannovicha, besekela kuye yithela ukumbonisa umusa wasebukhosini.

Lemisebenti yenzalamizi entsha

Elisanda kuqokwa Umbhishobhi lokuqala eMoscow All Russia, kabani esidluliselwa kubo bonke izici zokuphila zenkolo, ngokushesha wabe kwenziwe izinguquko ezithile esontweni yangaphakathi. Ukuqamba abathintekayo kokubili ukudalwa ezengeziwe isiyalo wedolobha futhi sithuthukise phakathi kwabefundisi bama. Ikhaya inkinga yakho ayekubona ekuqiniseni uhlelo orthodox emandla akamoya isimo. mlando Isonto ukusho ukuthi emva Umbhishobhi lokuqala eMoscow All Russia kwaba Metropolitan uJobe, Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia uvusiwe lube sesimweni lungafinyeleleki ngaphambili.

Lemisebenti yenzalamizi kule nkathi yeziyaluyalu

Ngo 1598, izwe waphonswa iziyaluyalu, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Time ka-Nezinkinga. UMphathi lokuqala eMoscow All Russia, okuyinto ubophekile ukuba abe isihloko ekhanda abantu, empeleni kwaholela lokumelana bathele indawo Russian abahlaseli Lithuanian kanye Polish. Wathumela izincwadi kubo bonke izingxenye zezwe, lapho wabiza dudula bezinye izizwe.

Lapho basondela ukuze eMoscow izindimbane, eholwa Dmitry Amanga, Umbhishobhi lokuqala eMoscow All Russia, uJobe wayephakathi kwalabo abashonelwa enqabe khona ukuqaphela imposter. Ngokwe-abacwaningi, esikhathini esithile Gregory Otrepyev engunobhala kuJobe, ngakho, njenge ubani omunye, baqonde izinto ezazenzeka inkohliso. Wathuka esidlangalaleni Falsdmitry futhi bonke abalandeli bakhe.

Lapho ngo-Ephreli 1605 edolobheni yanikwa umkhohlisi, lo saint, uJobe wenqaba afunge allegiance kuye futhi wagudluzwa. Ngo-August walowo nyaka, Abasekeli wahlulwa Amanga Dmitry wezinzalamizi emakamelweni, futhi hlobo lwezinkawu ngemva kokushaywa eziningi futhi ukuhlazeka njengoba indela elula wathunyelwa Staritsa Isigodlo, lapho afike achitha khona iminyaka emibili emthandazweni njalo mayelana isiphetho wobaba.

Ukuphela nokuphila inzalamizi

Impilo engeyinhle akamvumelanga ukuba avuke uyibona primatial. Washona ngo-1607 futhi wangcwatshwa esigodlweni sezindela kweNyuka, umuntu lapho usuqaliwe inkonzo Izigodlo. Ngo 1652 izinsalela oshonile ziphuthunyiswe inhlokodolobha wabekwa kweNyuka Cathedral. Kakade namuhla, ngo-Okthoba 2012, i-hierarch lokuqala, Umbhishobhi omkhulu eMoscow All Russia, uJobe wakhazinyuliswa kwabangcwele. Kwakuyisikhathi isenzo okunengqondo, esichaza ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe njengenhloko yesonto.

ushintsho womhleli isihloko wezinzalamizi

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isihloko wezinzalamizi amakhulu eminyaka usebhekene izinguquko eziningi isihloko kanye isetshenziswa namuhla ngokumelene isihloko St uJobe - Umbhishobhi lokuqala eMoscow All Russia - akamuhle lesifanele. Iqiniso lokuthi esikhathini esingaphambili wokubusa ka uMphathi weSonto Nikon (kufika ku 1652), izwe kuvezwa isihloko ngokuthi "Rusia", futhi kamuva kuphela bamukela indlela "Russian". Ezikhathini zangaphambi Petrine isihloko oluqukethwe amagama "futhi yonke Nordic Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto."

Njengoba isihloko, obani ababefaka St uJobe, e izincwadi zomlando kukhona abanye abahleli, lapho eMoscow lubalwa "emzini imperial" kanye neRussia yama ubizwa ngokuthi "umbuso omkhulu." Akwaziwa, nezinye ukuhluka, ukuvela kokuthi imibhalo esisayinwe Primate we Russian Church nezikhathi zomlando ezahlukene. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukungafani okunjalo kubangelwa ikakhulu ngenxa yokuswela ukufana kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule ekulungiseleleni asemthethweni - zenkolo nezezwe.

Amandla yenzalamizi

Ngaphansi isimiso samanje manje ROC, uMphathi amandla zihlanganisa imisebenzi ikakhulukazi zokuphatha, ukuhlinzeka ithuba ukulawula Church. It ayinika ke nejoka ukubiza Imikhandlu yeNdawo kanye Bishops ', kanye ukuqokwa esiGungwini izikhathi. Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto uqoka zonke izikhulu zesonto abaphezulu, kuhlanganise amakhanda izikole zenkolo kuwo wonke amazinga. amaphuzu engeziwe ye ayenegunya linendawo ekhethekile duty ukumela iBandla uhulumeni kanye nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe.

Vice-uMbhishobhi Omkhulu

Ukuze enze lowo msebenzi ewunikwe Umbhishobhi, bekungeke kube khona ngaphandle division elilingene ngokwezimboni yemfanelo phakathi yiphini lakhe - vicars. Ngamunye wabo unesibopho inhlangano zokuphila zeSonto endaweni County ububanzi olulodwa besifunda-bhishobhi eMoscow. I umbambeli lokuqala Umbhishobhi omkhulu eMoscow All Russia, okuyinto ophethe ingxenye APC Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhishobhi omkhulu ngqo kanye nesekela, futhi uma kwenzeka ukugula, ukufa noma umhlalaphansi wenza okwesikhashana imisebenzi yayo kuze kube ukhetho esikhundleni.

Inkulumo-ze yolwazi zenkolo

Njengoba Saint-Jobe, uMphathi lokuqala eMoscow All Russia, wanyukela primatial ukubona, umlando Sabefundisi SaseRussia, okuyinto kuphazamisekile ngesikhathi kubusa uPetru mina futhi wavuselela ngaphansi Stalin, has eyishumi nesithupha Primate we Russian Church. Ngenxa lwemishikashika indefatigable ukuphila kwabo Orthodox ezweni lethu ithole amafomu, okuyinto wakuvumela ukuba babe ngesisekelo uxhumano ezingokomoya izizukulwane zabantu baseRussia.

Kungabi kahle ukuze wazi ukuthi, kuze kufike umlando Russia, kuhlanganise isonto, ihlonipha namaqhawe alo, okuningi uzama ukumkhohlwa ngokuphelele kwimemori wozalo luka-amambuka njengezitha zezwe lokhokho. Isibonelo elidumile inzalamizi u-Ignatius, ufungiswe 1605 futhi waba nesandla Falsdmitry Polish abahlaseli. Igama lakhe kuze kube phakade angasulwa uhlu zinzalamizi wesula kwimemori kazwelonke.

Phakathi nenkathi yokushushiswa yizwe elingakholelwa kuNkulunkulu zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni konke ezazikhathaza imfundiso futhi isonto emlandweni lapho ukunyatheliswa kwalo ngaphandle ngesikhathi yezifundo zezikole. Lokhu kwabangela okubalulekile okusilelayo wokwazi lezi eyala izakhamuzi zaseRussia yesimanje. Ngisho umbuzo olula: "Yiziphi Umbhishobhi lokuqala eMoscow All Russia" ngabafaka abaningi endaweni ekupheleni efile. Kodwa, muva nje, amabandla amaningi ekhona uSonto-sikole iminyaka izingane kanye nabantu abadala, futhi kwenziwa umsebenzi omkhulu zemfundo okuhloswe ngaso Oqondisa isimo.