UmthethoState kanye nomthetho

MPP: into, umqondo, izimiso. umthetho Modern ngamazwe yangasese

Cishe 200 ezomthetho ezikhona emhlabeni ekuqaleni kumiswa umthetho wangasese ezingeni lomhlaba wonke jikelele. Ngamunye wabo lucwaningo imisebenzi yayo todvwa ngokusungula imithetho ethile ngokulawulwa, empeleni ubudlelwano okufanayo emphakathini. Nokho, ngokuvamile, laqala ukusetshenziswa kuphakama isidingo amalungelo ezengeziwe ukulawula ukuthi bekuyini imbangela enkulu yalokhu ngokudala uhlelo yeziqondiso ekhethekile acabangele ubunjalo ngamazwe buhlobo.

Imvelo kanye isihloko umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe yangasese

MPP uyinto eyinkimbinkimbi, okuletha ndawonye uhlaka olufanele wezomthetho namazinga isimo, kanye inkontileka namasiko uhlamvu ngamazwe, elawula ubudlelwane kwempahla noma uhlelo siqu isimo yezinkinga zabo nezinye isici okungenani oyedwa komthetho wezwe.

Okubalulekile, MPP (kuncike futhi indlela-ke) usesikhundleni esikhethekile lwetemtsetfo jikelele, kusukela amafomu ngokuphelele legatsha esizimele umthetho. Ubuhlobo kulawulwa kwezinkambiso umthetho international, akunalo endaweni ethile ka esimweni esithile, okuyinto efakazela ulimi lwawo luhluke ngokuphelele.

MPP ichaza into elikhonza ukulawulwa ubudlelwane somthetho phakathi izakhamuzi isimo ukwelekelela lobudlelwane "izihambi" ukunambitheka. Ngakho, isakhiwo emelelwa umthetho wangasese ivumela control egcwele ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana nezikhungo ngokomlando esenzelwa kukhona izakhiwo ezithile izandiso ngabanye yangasese (civil, ukubeletha noma umndeni).

Scientific ulwazi MPP

Izinto zesimanje eziyinkimbinkimbi imibono yesayensi nolwazi ngomqondo ga tetenhlalo letibalulekile nge "izihambi" kuyinto efanele tint umkhuba wesayensi, okungase oluthathwa zibe izingxenye jikelele futhi ekhethekile, kanye the Civil Code ihlanganisa uhlamvu ngamazwe.

Ngakho, okuvame ingxenye yakhiwa Ukutadisha MPP imithombo evame ukusetshenziswa by ongoti elihambisana isiqondiso, imigomo, izimiso ezisebenzayo ukuthi zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi nokunye. Ngaphezu engxenyeni jikelele isayensi okukhulunywa kuzomele sifake ukujwayelaniswa enesimo zomthetho yezihloko civil umthetho nokubambisana, kuyinkimbinkimbi tinge angaphandle, futhi-ke, isimo, okuyinto isihloko ekhethekile imisebenzi enjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isayensi uyazicabangela abantu bezinye izizwe kokubili zomthetho kanye ngokomzimba, ukuxazulula izinkinga yomthetho wezizwe yangasese.

I ekhethekile inezimemezelo e oyiyo izingxenye eziningana:

  • ubunikazi;
  • ukuthuthwa uhlamvu ngamazwe;
  • ukuxhumana ukuze kuqalise ukusebenza imisebenzi yezamakhompyutha;
  • ubudlelwano kanye nohlelo umndeni siqu;
  • empahla;
  • wokuqeda ukungavumelani mayelana ifa;
  • ubudlelwano bokusebenza kanye nenqubo yomphakathi orientation ngamazwe.

izimiso Jikelele SPE

I element ezivamile isakhiwo amalungelo kukhona izimiso ezithile. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi lesi Axiom Kuyathokozisa iphathelene lwetemtsetfo kokubili ezweni noma emhlabeni jikelele ezingeni. Eqondisayo amafilosofi, agcwele okuqukethwe kwe-SPE (isihloko kanye nomqondo eside, bheka ngenhla), isimo kanye nenhloso yayo, yakha izinketho ngokuthuthukisa umthetho, ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka imikhakha emibili: imigomo ejwayelekile futhi ekhethekile.

Iqembu lokuqala inalokhu zici ezilandelayo:

  • Isimiso yomthetho kazwelonke owenziwa ngasese we ubuhlobo elementi wamanye amazwe.
  • Isimiso ukungqubuzana wesi yalezi ubudlelwane.
  • Isimiso yokusetshenziswa yibhange wamanye amazwe ngokuhambisana nemithetho ukungqubuzana umthetho.
  • optionality isimiso (ukuzimela ngayinye amaqembu).
  • Isimiso, uzitshela ukusetshenziswa ukushayisana eyodwa imithetho.
  • Umgomo igunya eliphelele ngamazwe sivumelwano kwezinkambiso phambi kuyinsakavukela iphuzu komthetho kazwelonke.

izimiso Special yangasese umthetho

Ngo zixazulule ezinye izinkinga esifundeni kubhekwe abantu zemvelo emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba yangasese zivame yizimiso emhloleni ukungqubuzana eyisisekelo imithetho nezimiso, okuyinto ngokugcwele obonwa imfundiso ka MPP futhi livikeleke umthetho njengomthetho ojwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, avame ukusetshenziswa practice, ngisho uma kwenzeka ukuthi zithinta ngqo emthethweni ngalolu daba sishoda. Ngakho, enye izimiso emaphakathi ukungqubuzana zihlanganisa:

  • flag isimiso (ubudlelwane ngokuphathelene ukuthutha international).
  • isimiso indawo into ethize (impahla yomuntu othile (licembu lebantfu)).
  • Indawo isimiso ukulinyazwa.
  • Umgomo we indawo umsebenzi othile (ukulawulwa zabasebenzi nge-elementi ngabafokazi nesimo).
  • indawo emaphakathi isimiso umculi mayelana ukuthenga esithile.
  • Umgomo we ngaphandle ukuphathwa komthetho angaphandle ubudlelwane-copyright (ephathelene nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo kombhali).
  • Isimiso lokungamhileli isicelo oshayiwe zenqubo abadabuka kwamanye amazwe.

Izici normative ubukhulu MPP

Umqondo pil kanye nokusentshenziswa kwe izimiso zalo eziyisisekelo embonweni khona i ukuphathwa zomthetho ezifanele. Ngakho, eyimfanelo normative we MPP ukuxabana, neziqinile kanye nemithetho yenqubo ekulo. Iqembu lokuqala Kuyizenzo zomusa ehola njengoba yenjongo zemithetho IPL iyona isixazululo kanye nokuqedwa izingxabano phakathi oda zezomthetho izakhiwo ezimbili. imithetho Ingxabano ukunquma isimo, isicelo yomthetho efanele esimweni esithile, ngokolwazi imithombo elandelayo: Umthetho ezingeni likazwelonke kanye izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, isakhiwo lapho kukhona izingxabano eziningi amazinga enobunye.

Ingxenye yesibili ye-MPP (izinto, imiqondo yamagama kanye izimiso okuxoxwa ngazo ngenhla) zihlanganisa imiphumela ngqo yeziqondiso ukuthi zilawule ubuhlobo civil ngamazwe. Ngakho, imithetho omkhulu kokubili ezweni noma emhlabeni jikelele kabanzi ukulawulwa ubudlelwano ayimfihlo element of umthetho wezwe langaphandle.

imithombo pil

Namuhla, ezincwadini zanamuhla inikeza ngeengaba eziningi ezahlukene phezu izinhlobo ukuboniswa intando isimo, okuyinto ihlobene ukuqashelwa ngokuphelele bokuba khona isigaba ezifana ilungelo, kanye indalo yayo noma izinguquko ezihlelekile (izithasiselo noma ukukhishwa ukuhlobana isici esithile). Ngokusho ngezigaba ezivamile zingxenye ezilandelayo imithombo umthetho:

  • isivumelwano samazwe onke ukuthi kungenziwa yokutholwa ngesimo Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows, inhlanganiso noma sivumelwano.
  • imithetho kazwelonke nemvelo (noma umthetho oqondile, kwakhiwa ezingeni elifanele).
  • wesiko ezithile (umthetho engabhaliwe, lapho othile ukuphindaphinda imvamisa ngawo emphakathini bavame ubhekene). Kukhona isiko ukuhweba noma ukuzulazula kwezohwebo, kazwelonke noma amasiko endawo.
  • sandulela Judicial (kuyinto uhlobo esizimele MPP futhi uchazwa ngokuthi igunya imithombo zokwahlulela, ukufunda ayimpoqo mayelana nezinye izitsha nezimo walolu hlobo).

imisebenzi IPL

Izinto zesimanje umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe yangasese ukhona ukuletha ubuhlobo ngale nendawo ethile ye-State ukuze ngokuphelele. Enhlosweni ibangelwa ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezithile okuvame ubilise phansi imisebenzi elandelayo:

  • Ukuhlela umsebenzi ingumfanekiso okucacile olwamukelwa ngezindinganiso isimo ukuziphatha ngokusebenzisa imithetho MPP.
  • umsebenzi Wokulawula ikuvumela ukwakha isimiso imithetho yokuziphatha ezihlukahlukene ubudlelwane imikhakha ngamunye sesifunda ngamunye.
  • Ezokuphepha imisebenzi ukhonza njengomdala ithuluzi nogqozi yazo zonke States ngokuhamba ikhono siphile uholwe kwesibopho samazwe omhlaba ngoba kwamukelwa ngokusemthethweni imithetho efanele MPP.
  • Wabathengi umsebenzi inikeza okuqinisekisiwe Ukuvikelwa isimo amalungelo izithakazelo esisemthethweni izikhonzi ubudlelwane umthetho wangasese.

ukulawula indlela e MPP

Umqondo, imininingwane kanye isihloko umthetho wangasese ngamazwe, yebo, ezingeni global banemibono yabo. indlela Noma kunjalo, it is eyakheke kahle evumela ukuba kuzuzwe imiphumela emihle umthelela IPL ku isinqumo sokugcina sale noma ukuthi isimo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izikhundla ezahlukene kakhulu ochwepheshe ngokuya imithombo futhi ukunquma izindinganiso impikiswano IPL mayelana ukubukwa nendlela kumiswa. Ososayensi phikisana ukuthi kukhona ukuthi kungenzeka tinhlobo letinyenti tetindlela tekuhlola. Nokho, ochwepheshe abaningi ukwamukela kuphela indlela jikelele ngoba MCHP - ukuba banqobe izingxabano. Inketho yokugcina usekelwa izibalo ezifana VP Zvekov futhi GK Dmitrieva.

Kukhona umbono wokuthi ukusebenza kwalesi sigaba yolwazi kungenxa yokuphathwa asebenzayo izici ezimbili ngaphansi ukucatshangelwa: collisional zomthetho neziqinile. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ososayensi ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene Nokho yasungulwa eziningi izigaba efanayo, ambalwa ngazo bathole zamukelwa kabanzi umphakathi. izibonelo Obvious izindlela zinjalo ukuzimela intando ubunye umthetho.

Legislative isakhiwo MPP

Umqondo kuhilela MPP elihambisana ukulungisiswa normative. Ngakho, ngomqondo eziyinkimbinkimbi umthetho ofanayo yangasese ngamazwe kuhlanganisa ezihlukahlukene ivelaphi, imvelo kanye nesakhiwo imithetho. Ingxenye ekhethekile lokhu eziyinkimbinkimbi kukhona izinto ezikhethekile, okuhlanganisa umthetho ngomthetho wamazwe omhlaba yangasese. Wathola cishe kuwo wonke amazwe (Poland, Hungary, Belgium, Venezuela, Tunisia nokunye). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukwakheka idokhumenti, njengoba umthetho, kusekelwe eziningi izimiso ngokuya ukwakhiwa okuqukethwe:

  • Eyokuqala Lesigaba siphathelene ne umqondo jikelele (okushiwo, isihloko umthetho wangasese ngamazwe, imithombo yayo nezindlela).
  • Isigaba sesibili kuhilela isifundo isici normative ka MPP. Ngakho, kukhulunywa nezindinganiso ezithile kungase ichaze umthetho ofanelekayo amazinga kahulumeni ahlukahlukene nobudlelwano zomphakathi.
  • Ingxenye yokugcina liqukethe izinhlinzeko zesikhashana futhi sokugcina ukukhonza ngiphele ethize ngokucabangela idokhumenti.

izinkinga Wanamuhla MPP

Yiqiniso, zonke izinhlobo umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe yangasese kusikisela ukuba khona nobunzima ezithile ngokuhamba cwaningo kanye isicelo eminye kwalesi sigaba. Okuphawulekayo phakathi kwalezi umbuzo nokuqoshwa ka IPL. Kufanele kugcizelelwe, futhi inkinga ubunye yangasese umthetho ukulawulwa nokuxhumana nabanye ngoba umthetho womphakathi we international imvelo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kokulawulwa mthetho ubudlelwano yangasese siye ohlangothini olufanayo. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, zinyanga akhethwe emaphakathi ifomula ratio umthetho wezwe nowamazwe ngamazwe zomphakathi elibonakalayo indima yokuba "ekuqaleni ngokuphelele" yesibili.

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi namuhla kwembulunga yonke kuthinta zonke izici zokuphila, ngaphandle kokukhetha. Ngakho, kungokwemvelo ukuthi ukulawulwa normative kukhonjelwe anezele njalo kanye nezinguquko, okuvumela kancane kancane asondela kakhudlwana embhalweni isithombe ekahle. Kubalulekile wazi ukuthi is umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe angaphansi ingcindezi esiqine yalezi zinhlelo, okuyinto zingachazwa ngezinqubo umsebenzi elikhiqizayo ongoti ekubhekaneni nezinkinga langempela.

MPP namuhla

Amathrendi Modern ekuthuthukiseni yomthetho wezizwe yangasese akhiwa ngokuhambisana inqubo ukuhlangana komnotho wamazwe omhlaba kanye lo jikelele we ubudlelwano nomphakathi, ababiziweyo ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Ngakho, ngaphandle isiqondiso abanekhono ayikwazi waphonsa ngokuvumelana ngokuphelele izithakazelo imvelo kwezomnotho kanye siqu, akha simiso nenzuzo kakhulu ngokubambisana zombili izinhlangothi, kanye kakhulu ukwandisa ububanzi kazwelonke we amalungelo nenkululeko ezingeni ngabanye. Ngakho, umphakathi wanamuhla ivame ukuba ngokuya ngcono isici womuntu yomthetho wezizwe yangasese. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba ahlele MPP ukulondeka nesivikelo kwamalungelo wobuntu ngokuphelele emkhakheni yomkhaya, ukubeletha noma komthetho we-civil, okuyinto enomthelela ukuqonda kangcono phakathi izifundo zokuphila, ukwakheka ukuthula ubudlelwano obuhle. Yiqiniso, lena inzuzo oyinhloko hhayi kuphela ngokoMthetho isiqondiso kubhekwe, kodwa futhi zonke izici ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla.

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