National Library of Russia (Petersburg): Umlando, izisekelo, ikheli

National Library (Petersburg) ngoMeyi nonyaka yayigubha iminyaka engu 220th. Kususelwa esinqumweni uCatherine II enyangeni edlule kwentwasahlobo 1795, umtapo wezincwadi, futhi manje enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni.

Ukuziqhenya Northern Capital - "Publichka" (igama olungekho emthethweni) - Russian isimemezelo kamongameli azikutholi ifa zomlando namasiko ezizwe yeRussia.

amagama ahlukene

National Library (Petersburg) kusukela yaqala futhi kuze 1917 yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Imperial Public Library. Ngesikhathi amandla Soviet, igama sashintsha kaningi - kuze 1925 yayibizwa ngokuthi i-umtapo elikhulu Russian Public Library, 1932 Library yethiwa Saltykov-Shchedrin, bese, iminyaka engu-70, kuze kube yilapho 1992, ngokuthi uMbuso Public Library. Kuyo yonke le ndawo yayikhona, umtapo endala Russia wafuna imali yokudla kanye, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela mahhala kubo.

Ukuze kuzuze imfundo

National Library (Petersburg) manje izinqolobane Isikhwama sesibili sencwadi Depository eRussia. Kusukela ngomhla ka-ekuqaleni kuka-2012, NLR ephethe namandla amakhophi ayizigidi ezingu-36,5, okuhlanganisa imibhalo yesandla 400,000 ka, izincwadi 7000 ezanyatheliswa ngaphambi 1501, eyaziwa ngokuthi incunabula. Kusukela ekusungulweni yayo kuze kube namuhla, lokhu umtapo kuyinto ucwaningo, ulwazi kanye isikhungo yamasiko eRussia.

Eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-30-ke wathatha ukukhanyiselwa Empress (1766-1795) ukuvuma okusalungiswa elethwe kulo. Onyakeni nengxenye ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, kungukungcola lesi senzo esihle adwebe umugqa ngaphansi "yobudala elikhulu 'wokubusa kwayo. Laqala ukwakhiwa ngokushesha emva ukuvunyelwa yephrojekthi waqhubeka iminyaka engu-15.

Esokuqala ngokuyinhloko

izindlu Wonderful wakhula ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo Sadovaya Street saseNevsky Prospect, okungukuthi ngesikhathi enhliziyweni kwesihloko. Lesi sakhiwo, elamiswa kuphrojekthi E. T. Sokolova (Umculo Theatre itholakala inxuluma yomsebenzi wakhe) Iba ngowokuqala e-National Library. Petersburg unamathele izihloko eziphucuzekile Europe. Izinzuzo elingenakuphikwa zihlanganisa umtapo futhi iqiniso ukuthi kwase kuqala wadala ezweni lethu kusizakale ngezigaba umtapo futhi systematization ubuyise imali yayo.

Futhi isiqeshana umthetho ukuze uthunyelwe ayimpoqo ukuba ehlelekile ubuyise imali efasiteleni lokuhlwaya le Library (e inani amayunithi 2) kwanoma yimuphi umkhiqizo eshicilelwe ephrintiwe eRussia nabo ukweleta kwaqala umtapo lokuqala.

Kumiswa izimali esiyingqayizivele

Ukuyivula ke kwakuhlelwe 1812, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, okwenzeka ngo 1814. National Library (Petersburg), ikheli lapho yaziwa hhayi kuphela zonke izakhamuzi enhlokodolobha enyakatho, kodwa izivakashi eziningi edolobheni emangalisayo, esisogwini Ostrovsky Square, 1/3, wathatha simise Ensemble zomlando ngo-1900. Kufanele kuqashelwe iqiniso ezithakazelisayo: kohlaka Igumbi Isikhwama angaphandle walala abazalwane Zalusskih Library, esemgwaqweni in Warsaw, futhi kwaba wemitapo weningi wokuqala emhlabeni.

Ingaqhathaniswa nge ezintathu kuphela kwezine evela Library yasebukhosini e-Europe, elise London, Paris kanye Munich. Ngo-1794, ngemva nokucindezela kwavukelwa Kosciuszko Suvorov. amavolumu 400,000 sekuthiwe impahla yoMbuso wase-Russian. Lenani izimali futhi umtapo uVoltaire, okuyinto yathengwa ngu uCatherine II ngo 1778 ngesikhathi umshana Deni Volter futhi indlalifa yowesifazane we sazi okukhulu. umkhumbi Special uthathwe eRussia wabekwa Hermitage, kanye oda u-Alexander II wayiswa Imperial Public Library.

Centre of kwamasiko ukuphila nezinqubo ezintsha

Kuphela eminyakeni yokuqala engu-30 khona, umtapo ezandleni abafundi Uthole amakhophi angaphezu kuka-100 000 izincwadi. Ngokwemvelo, izimali it is ngokuqhubekayo matasa ngokwengeziwe ngokomoya njengoba isibalo izivakashi, futhi eminyakeni 1832-1835 eyalwa e isakhiwo sesibili, olungaphambili lwesonto lapho waya engadini Catherine. Engxenyeni yesibili ye XIX izisekelo ekhulwini th, ngenxa eziningi incwadi izipho, saqala ukwandisa ngendathane - I-50s 30 izikhathi kuqhathaniswa yonke ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu XIX. Ngu-1917, kwakunabamemezeli abangu-inani elikhulu kakhulu zemibhalo yesandla eRussia emaqoqweni yelabhrari. National Public Library (Petersburg) waba ngowokuqala eRussia, lapho amalungelo nekilasi bahlatshwa ezaqedwa - ke baqala ukuvakashela wesifazane. Eminyakeni 1860-1862 lakhiwa omunye project izindlu VI Sobolevschikova, kokuvala azungezwe egcekeni. Zonke ezintsha librarianship kokuvela lapha.

isikhathi sosizi

Kusukela 1917 kuya 1930, imisebenzi izimali isitoreji lungaboniswa ngenxa uhulumeni ezizimele kanye amaqoqo zezindela kanye ejensi kahulumeni, nakuba ngezithukuthuku amafa ukukhiqiza ukuphrinta ukwandisa kwaqeda cishe ngokuphelele futhi wabuyiselwa kuphela ngemva kuka-1930.

abasebenzi Library abangu ngaphansi ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu, okuyinto baqhubeka ngisho ngesikhathi iMpi Enkulu Patriotic, okuyinto inflicted omkhulu umonakalo izimali. Kodwa ngesikhathi umtapo lokuvimbezela ngasebenza bamkhonza abafundi.

Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuba abantu ezakhiweni ezintsha

State National Library (Petersburg) ngo-1991 ngesinqumo somthetho Borisa Eltsina iqanjwe kabusha futhi. Manje ubizwa ngokuthi i-Russian e-National Library.

Akubuzwa ukuthi isakhiwo, okuyinto isidlulile kweminyaka eyi-200 ubudala, ayetha futhi babe yingozi ukugcina eziningi izingcezu ezibalulekile kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngisho ngekhulu XX, kukhona umbuzo mayelana kwakhiwa isakhiwo esisha elihlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo yesimanjemanje. Ngo-1970 isinqumo sokuba kwakhiwe isakhiwo esisha senziwa, futhi iminyaka engu-10 lo msebenzi omusha wokwakha yasungulwa, bese inani elifanayo edlule, kwakuwukuphela lamiswao. Kwakuthinta kuphela Esigabeni sokuqala kulesi sakhiwo esisha wavulwa ngonyaka ka-2003 (sifaka zonke amakamelo Ukufundwa kanye nomtapo, esikhundleni wokuvula ngesikhathi izincwadi 10 million).

Lesi sakhiwo esisha akazange ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga

Lesi sakhiwo esisha (Ezezindlu umtapo waqala ngokuthi) iyiswe National Library (Petersburg). "Ukunqoba Park" - esiteshini, etholakala eduze ngokushesha (njengoba enza Ukunqoba Park, okuphambene) mayelana nokuya kulesi sakhiwo 9 storey we izitaki entsha, olukwazi ukuze kuhlale kuze kube izincwadi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-12. amakamelo Ukufunda nezinye amahhovisi asezindaweni izakhiwo ukuphakama ezincane. Isitoreji isici esivelele lonke phrojekthi. Ngaphansi kwalesi sakhiwo ke ahlukanisa esiqintini 4.6 amahektha. Ngo esakhiweni esidala umtapo, akhiwe ezindaweni 11, ozibekela ukuba izincwadi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu 22,7.

Njengokuvamile, yinjabulo. Kodwa uma bengena esakhiweni esisha yesimanje umtapo awuzixazululanga zonke izinkinga - namanje ingxenye imali izindawo 9 ngesikhathi, ngezinye izikhathi ezakhiweni kwaqashwa labhidlika. Ngo-2009, inkontileka esayinwe ukwakha entsha esinezitezi ezingu-11 encwadini Depository okuzokwenziwa etholakala eduze eziyinkimbinkimbi ezikhona Ngokunqoba Park.

emisha isikhungo

I enhle umzimba omusha cozily izungezwe National Library of Russia (Petersburg). Ikheli isakhiwo: Moscow Avenue, 165, Bldg .. 2. Lesi sakhiwo esisha Russian National Library liyisikhungo amaphrojekthi emisha, okwenza ukuba ukukhulisa isevisi ezingeni elisha lonke. Leli hholo kweqoqo electronic, wavula ngo 2006, izinhlu electronic, ukuxhuma 2011 kunethiwekhi imitapo electronic Vivaldi - konke lokhu kuthatha MFN aphakeme ezingeni international. Lesi sakhiwo yisona endlunkulu Russian Library Association.