Negesi bog: kanye ifomula nokusebenzisa

I ekuphunyukeni igesi kusuka phansi amadamu - marsh igesi odorous (ngaphezulu igama abajwayelekile - methane). Kusukela Ngokombono ongokwesayensi ke amafomu, hydrogenous noma methyl. Ngokwengxenye enkulu siqukethe methane (CH _4). Kungase futhi kube khona, i-nitrogen, argon, i-hydrogen, phosphine futhi carbon dioxide.

imphawu letibalulekile

Ukwakheka Standard, amakhemikhali ifomula marsh igesi - konke lokhu kubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi kungokwalabo elula carbon compounds. Duzane lesi sici zihlelwe asele izingxenye. Marsh igesi kwenzeka ngokwemvelo esimweni khulula njengoba inhlanganisela ne-carbon dioxide noma i-nitrogen. Kwenzeka ngenxa yokubola izinto eziningi eziphilayo. Njengomthetho, sivaleleke ngaphansi kwamanzi wancishwa ukufinyelela isitshalo emoyeni.

Yamalahle ezimayini - kwenye indawo lapho kwakhiwa ezivuthayo marsh igesi. Yena aqoqana yamadwala ngemva noqhekeko izinsalela organic. Lokhu lula voids eziningi. amagesi ezinjalo wadonsa lapho ngengozi ezivukayo imbobo.

izindawo zemfundo

Naphezu igama layo sasivumela ocacile, marsh igesi (noma kunalokho, i-methane) ivelele ngisho kusuka emhlabeni ayangena eduze namasimu uwoyela. Amacala okuqala ezibikiwe e-United States of America, phezu loMfula-Allegheny, kanye eRussia iCaspian esifundeni. Ngo-Baku, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, isikhathi eside kwakukhona legend mayelana izibani eliyimfihlakalo Baku. zemvelo abangu exutshwe carbon dioxide, i-nitrogen ne uwoyela evala marsh igesi.

With ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha nezimayini ubuchwepheshe, abantu bafunda kabusha ukukhulula methane. Imboni yokuqala enjalo uvele Pennsylvania. Marsh igesi ungachazwa ukuthi kwakheka ngokuqhubekayo, ke kungatholakala kunoma iyiphi ixhaphozi noma echibini. Ngokuvamile, ngoba lokhu ulula touch lunamathele kodaka. Ngemva kwalokho, le Bubbles igesi ziyabuya kwamanzi.

Isisekelo marsh igesi

Kumiswa isakhi esiyinhloko Igesi yemvelo (i-methane) usizo amagciwane. Ngenxa yabo, kuthathela ukuvutshelwa isitshalo fibre, sandla ukubukeka methane. I-methane ehlanzekile kunazo Kukholakala ukuthi isici mlilo odakeni in Absheron kanye Peninsula Kerch.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvela usawoti imali, iziphethu nezintwa fumaroles - izimbobo kanye imifantu, okuyinto zitholakala phansi kwezintaba-mlilo. Methane likhona esiswini womuntu. imikhiqizo yayo zihlanganisa umoya kwezinye izilwane. Omunye ubufakazi lokuqala ebhaliwe ngale ndaba kungenziwa imisebenzi umbhali Antique uPliny ukhuluma gaseous compounds ezivuthayo kubhekwe.

explosiveness

Iningi marsh gas ngezakhiwo sakhe elimazayo ezaziwayo. Lapho ukuthungela kuyinto ingxube nge air, kudala ukuqhuma. Isizathu salokhu kukhona izakhiwo ze-methane. Ukuqhuma of marsh igesi futhi efanayo compounds sekuyisikhathi eside ethuke abantu, ukuchaza ukuthi kwakwenzekani ze. Izizathu anomaly zacaca kuphela ngemva isifundo zesayensi zalesi simo.

Marsh igesi, i-methane nezinye kwakwakhe alufakwa utshelwa abantu baziqambela Davy Ilambu. It wasetshenziselwa kokubili emaxhaphozini nasesikhathini ezimayini zamalahle. Kulesi isibani imikhiqizo amandla omlilo ziyasuswa ngumuntu igridi ekhethekile lapho ukuvala amathuba ukuthungela we ezivuthayo igesi ingxube.

Umlando yokutholakala

umnikelo Omkhulu ekutadisheni marsh igesi (i-methane), owethulwa usosayensi wase-Italy u-Alessandro Volta. Ngo 1776, iye yabonisa ukuthi imfuyo kuhlukile hydrogen, ngoba kudinga umoya-mpilo kabili esengeziwe amandla omlilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Volta sinqume ukuthi i-marsh wegesi - umthombo carbonic acid.

methane Italy wathola emngceleni Switzerland futhi e-Italy, eduze Lake Maggiore. I ugqozi usosayensi kwaba indatshana nososayensi waseMelika sezombusazwe uBenjamin Franklin mayelana lo mkhuba "umoya-fuel". Volta wokuqala wathola i-methane lokuqoqa igesi ixhaphozi sasikhipha.

ucwaningo oluqhubekayo

Okunye ezibalulekile Isenzakalo esingokwemvelo abacwaningi abangu wemithi French Klod Bertolle wemithi British Uilyam Genri. Owokugcina kubo 1805 kunqunywa ukubunjwa marsh igesi futhi lihlukaniswe lo ethylene (okuthiwa igesi maslorodnogo).

Riddle izidakamizwa alufakwa kufihlwe ingxenye yayo eziyisisekelo - methane. Kwakuthinta lichazwa ngokuthi ukukhanya hydrocarbon igesi (njengoba kuqhathaniswa hydrocarbon osindayo ethylene igesi). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu ixazululwe elinye ihlandla - methyl hydrogenous. Henry waqhubeka etadisha Dzhon Dalton futhi Jens Jakob Berzelius.

Ngo-1813, usokhemisi English sokuma Gemfri Devi ihlaziye firedamp futhi waphetha ngokuthi izidakamizwa - ingxube methane, isikhutha kanye nitrogen. Ngakho kwakutholakala ukuthi ingxube ezivuthayo ikhishwe ezimayini, ubunikazi ingxube ezifanayo emaxhaphozini.

Umthelela emvelweni

Isici ubhuku igesi i-methane kwenzeka ngenxa ukusabela ezithile zamakhemikhali. Esokuqala ziphuzo zazihluzwa ezomile of udaba eziphilayo (ezifana Peat noma ukhuni). Amakhemikhali methane ehlanzekile lalungiselela amanzi noqhekeko tsinkmetila (ngaleyo ndlela ekhiqizwa zinc oxide). Namuhla, yalolu ketshezi edonsela zemvelo eziningi ngenxa ukuzibandakanya yayo ukwakheka Isivuvu. Lokhu kungenxa ekuqongeleleni methane emkhathini. Marsh igesi ubamba emisebeni ezishisayo ku-infrared esifundeni Spectral. Ngalokhu ipharamitha kuba yesibili kuphela okumsulwa-carbon dioxide. Zemvelo ukuhlola umnikelo methane okuthuthukisiwe Amagesi Abamba Ukushisa Emkhathini cishe ngo-30%.

Izakhiwo, ukubunjwa, chemical ifomula marsh igesi manje lafundvwako ekufundweni nethonya layo emkhathini kule planethi yethu. Izinombolo zemvelo, ekhiqizwa ngokwemvelo, wayengekho esiyingozi njengoba imbangela nomphumela abamba ukushisa. Nokho, inkinga itholakala lokuthi ukuthi izindodla i-methane emkhathini ngokusebenzisa iphutha balabo bantu ngokwabo. Analogue marsh igesi kukhiqizwa Izimboni ahlukahlukene. Lokhu okuthiwa i-methane abiotic. Omunye ukuthi kwenzeka emaxhaphozini, kubhekwe biogenic - ukuthi ezivukayo ngenxa ukuguqulwa of udaba eziphilayo.

methanogenesis

Biosynthesis methane (futhi ngalesosizathu okuvela ixhaphozi igesi) ubizwa nangokuthi methanogenesis. Lokhu kuhilela amagciwane Archaea. Ziyakwazi aerobic, okusho bakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla wokuphila, ngaphandle kokudinga umoya-mpilo. Archaea abanalo organelles ulwelwesi kanye nucleus.

Ama-bacterium ukukhiqiza i-methane, abuyisele esisodwa-carbon kwakwakhe nge compounds carbon-carbon futhi alcohols. Enye indlela - disproportionation acetate. Amandla okukhiqizwa uguqulwa webhaktheriya enzyme ATP synthase. Ngo methanogenesis abathintekayo ezihlukahlukene molecule: coenzymes, methanofuran, tetragidrometanopterin etc ...

methanogens

Isayensi uyazi izizukulwane 17 no-50 zama-archaea uyakwazi odala base ixhaphozi igesi. Bakha amakoloni bakudala ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Isakhi okucwaningwa ngawo kakhulu efana archaea - Methanosarcina acetivorans. Basuke aguqulwa kuya acetates ne-methane , i-carbon monoxide, usebenzisa ama-enzyme atsetatkinazy futhi phosphotransacetylase. Kukhona inkolelo yokuthi lezi archaea endulo angase uguqulwe ube thioester, inqobo nje odakeni bese has a emakamu eliphezulu yensimbi sulfide.

Isizathu sokuba ukusha kwamahlathi

Ngezinye lokuhlala eyanele ekushayweni futhi i-marsh igesi, vozgorevshis kungadala enkulu Peat yemvelo futhi umlilo wequbula. Namuhla, kunamabandla lahlukene ukulwa izenzakalo ezinjalo. amasevisi Special ukuziphatha ukuqapha igesi izindawo amanzi kakhulu. Ziyakwazi obangela ezivimbayo futhi ukulawula okungu ambalwa of izingxenye gas engase ibe yingozi.

Ngokwesibonelo, omunye amaxhaphozi esifundeni Moscow iyona empumalanga endaweni Shatursky. Ngo amanzi awo amumethe izinhlanzi (carp, perch, gobies, carp, Pike, carp), lezi zintulo, amaxoxo, izinyoka muskrats, izinyoni (izindwandwe, bitterns, izinyoni zasogwini, amadada). Amathambo la izilwane equkethwe phosphorus. Icutshungulwe amagciwane ke kukhona nezinye izinto eziningana. Lokhu diphosphine futhi phosphine. Ziyakwazi initiators esemqoka ye chain reaction amandla omlilo nokuguqulwa. Njengoba lwaqalwa ngo-ngale ndlela imililo - kuyinkinga ezibalulekile ezithinta imvelo. Kusukela imililo evutha emaxhaphozini, hhayi kuphela ihlathi kodwa futhi bogs Peat. Fire ungasabalalisa ngokujulile kubo. Peat okunjalo ungafaka iminyaka yonke.

ERussia eliyosenza abangaba izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu kwamaxhaphozi emhlabeni. Bahlanganyela maphakathi ingxenye European yeRussia, Western eSiberia futhi eKamchatka. Inani endaweni kwamaxhaphozi eRussia - abangaba yizigidi ezingu-340 amahektha, 210 zazo embozwe ikhava ihlathi. Ngaphezu kwakho konke igesi kukhiqizwa ehlobo. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka ngosuku endaweni ehektheleni elilodwa singamelela mayelana emibili amakhilogremu nengxenye methane.

Ukuxhumana zihlangana nomoya-mpilo emanzini ane-chlorine

Yemvelo-marsh igesi, ifomula kabani chemical - CH _4, neze burns okhanyayo ilangabi elikhanyayo. Ukuqhuma esiqine nalo lwenzeka ngesikhathi ukuthungela ingxube equkethe 7.8 amavolumu umoya 2 ivolumu oxygen. Negesi kancane oncibilikayo emanzini (ngokungafani utshwala). It ihlangana kuphela halogens.

Ngendlela esisabela chlorine igesi amafomu marsh methyl chloride CH ₃ Cl. Lokhu kwaziswa lalungiselela izindlela laboratory. Ngenxa yale njongo, igesi hydrochloride sidlulile ku isixazululo abilayo utshwala kanye metilnogo zinc oncibilikisiwe chloride. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka igesi kungenambala, esibonakala by a ezimnandi nephunga ether nge bumnandi. Ngaphansi nengcindezi enamandla noma ukubanda, ke uba uketshezi.

Ukusetshenziswa futhi ukusabela nge halogens

Methane (marsh igesi), okuyinto ifomula nokusetshenziswa njengoba zokubasa wafunda ohlelweni esikoleni ngenkuthalo baxhumana halogens. Ngenxa yalokho, lezi izinto ukusabela esikhundleni ekhiqizwa zezakhi ezilandelayo: bromide, chloride, one-fluoride, chloride ne-fluoride. Owokugcina kubo yaqale etholwe Usokhemisi waseRussia Aleksandrom Butlerovym. Methyl iodide - refracting kakhulu ukukhanya ketshezi aphuzi. ukubila lokushisa Ezazimzungezile - 180 ° C.

Njengoba ebizwa marsh igesi, ukufaka endaweni ngokugcwele yi halogens? Lokhu tetrachloride carbon. It wavulwa wemithi French Anri Reno e 1839. Kuyinto uketshezi nge ngephunga isici okubabayo. It has an umphumela imithi ebulala izinzwa. Enye into efanayo - carbon tetrabromide. It is ezikhishwe nomlotha nezitshalo zasolwandle.

Impilo Izingozi

Ngu uqobo, i-methane marsh kuyinto physiologically ayinangozi. It kungokwalabo non-enobuthi upharafini hydrocarbon. Leli qembu izinto libhekene inertness zamakhemikhali solubility ongaphakeme e-plasma. Emoyeni nge emakamu eliphezulu of marsh igesi bangambulala kuphela uma uyobhekana yokushodelwa umoya.

izimpawu zokuqala ngenxa yokungawutholi umoya (asphyxia) kubonakaliswa okuqukethwe 30% i-methane. Kulokhu, ivolumu okwandisa emishinini yokuphefumula, kwenhliziyo ophilisayo, siyabhubha nokudidiyela imisipha ukunyakaza. Kodwa ematfuba Ezimweni ezinjalo lincane kakhulu. Iqiniso lokuthi methane alula kakhulu kunomoya emoyeni, okuyinto ayikuvumeli ukuba buthelela ngezabelo ngokweqile.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abacwaningi bathi isenzo ixhaphozi igesi psyche womuntu ukuze isenzo ka diethyl ether. A nomphumela ofanayo kungenziwa ulinganiswa isidakamizwa. Kubantu, isikhathi eside esebenza ezimayini nge emakamu eliphezulu methane, ulandelela izinguquko autonomic nervous system (hypotension, omuhle oculocardiac reflex nokunye. D.).