Ngena ngemvume izinhlelo: izibonelo, izinhlobo futhi izinhlobo

Ngena ngemvume izinhlelo kwamiswa kulo lonke emlandweni wesintu. Lokhu kwakudingekile hhayi kuphela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zanqwabelana angase udluliselwe ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane - ngokuvumelana izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu abaningi, isayensi izimpawu ekuqaleni wazalwa wokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu.

Kuyini semiotics?

Semiotics kuyinto igatsha ulwazi ukuthi etadisha izimpawu bese ungena izinhlelo. Kuvele ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo eyala eziningana - Psychology, biology, cybernetics, izincwadi kanye kwabantu. Njengengxenye ye-semiotics Yenzelwe ezindaweni ezintathu ezibanzi yolwazi. It syntactics, engasho lutho, pragmatics. Syntactics uhlola imithetho ukuthi ahlelwe izinhlobo ezahlukene izinhlelo uphawu, izindlela, amadivaysi, lapho ubudlelwano phakathi ezihlukahlukene olimini. Into cwaningo Sisho semantic - budlelwane lobukhona emkhatsini uphawu ngokwawo nencazelo yalo. Pragmatics study ubudlelwano phakathi kwalabo abasebenzisa ulimi futhi iningi ohlelweni uphawu. Ngena - izinto ezithile (kanye umcimbi noma mkhuba), okuyinto elibanzi isetshenziswa esikhundleni kwenye into, impahla yayo noma ubudlelwano phakathi izinto.

Secondary ukumodeliswa izinhlelo

Ngaphezu amakilasi eyinhloko izinhlelo uphawu, kukhona yesibili ukumodeliswa uhlelo. "Amakhodi Cultural" Kungenjalo bebizwa. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa yonke imihlobo yamatheksthi kwamasiko (ngaphandle ngolimi lwemvelo), imisebenzi yomphakathi, ezihlukahlukene ukuziphatha, amasiko, izinganekwane nezinkolelo zakhe. amakhodi Cultural akhiwa ngendlela efanayo njengoba ngolimi lwemvelo. Basebenta ngesisekelo isivumelwano phakathi amalungu omphakathi. Izivumelwano noma amakhodi, aziwa zonke ilungu leqembu.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo kahle uhlelo uphawu

Ukuba yingcweti izinhlobo ezahlukene izinhlelo uphawu - lena nakho kuyiphuzu elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe imisebenzi yengqondo ephakeme. izinhlelo Semiotic ukuvumela umuntu ukuze balukhulume isiko umphakathi, izindlela emlandweni wamukela yokuziphatha, nakho komphakathi. Uma lokhu kwenzeka kanye nokuthuthukiswa ukwazi. Kusukela ngo-emizweni aphansi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwakhiwa it is ku uchungechunge amakhono self-bezibona ekubhaleni umbono eqondile mayelana ngokwabo, logic siqu.

Ifaka ikhodi kanye emagama idatha

Ngo Psychology, izibonelo ezahlukene izinhlelo uphawu ngokuvamile wafunda e umongo ukuhlanganisa zabo izinqubo yobuchopho. ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa izici neurophysiological. Kodwa ngokuvamile ke njengendlela ukudlulisa ulwazi, ukwabelana ososayensi ulwazi kwesokunxele sibukela. Kuze kube manje abacwaningi iyona imfumbe inqubo lokufaka ikhodi usebenzisa izinhlelo uphawu ebukwayo. isithombe kwengqondo ufakwe ebuchosheni yamagama okhulumayo. Ebuchosheni, it is ukukhishwa ngu isilaleli. Kugucuka ezenzekayo ngesikhathi esifanayo, ahlale yayingaziwa nhlobo.

izinhlelo ngolimi lwezandla: izibonelo

Namuhla yezilimi iwumkhakha othakazelisayo ulwazi. indlela yolimi esetshenziswa wesayensi eziningi - isibonelo, ethnography futhi psychoanalysis. Sekukonke kukhona eziyisithupha izinhlobo zezimiso uphawu. Kuyinto izinhlelo zemvelo, yisakhiwo sodumo, ezivamile, uhlelo ukurekhoda, uhlelo ngamazwi. ukugxila ohlotsheni ngalunye ngokuningiliziwe.

uhlelo yisakhiwo sodumo

Isibonelo izinhlelo uphawu yisakhiwo sodumo kukhona izakhiwo, i-ballet, umculo, ifomu non-ngamazwi yokuxhumana. Ayevame abe ngokomzwelo ukugcwaliswa egcwele izingxenye ngokwanele okwenyanga okuyiwona ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu uphawu. Ucwaningo izibonelo ezahlukene izinhlelo oluvela usosayensi akumelwe nje bagcine ngokufuna ukusebenzisa izindlela inhloso, kodwa futhi ngokuzimela akwazi ezihlukahlukene izibonelo imizwa, izimo yekuchumana.

izimpawu zemvelo

Lezi izimpawu ezitholakala ngokwemvelo futhi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngokuvamile kuba izinto ezithile noma nezimo zemvelo baveza ezinye izifundo. Kungenjalo, bebizwa izimpawu, izimpawu. Isibonelo izinhlelo ongokomfanekiso ezihlobene zemvelo, kungase kube izimpawu zesimo sezulu, iminonjana izilwane. umfanekiso Classic kohlelo semiotic kuwuphawu intuthu elikhombisa umlilo.

izimpawu obusebenzayo

Lolu hlobo lwe-ilebula kusebenza futhi izimpawu, izimpawu. Nokho, ngokungafani zemvelo, ubuhlobo ukusebenza nge uphawu into, yena umele, ngenxa umsebenzi othize, imisebenzi yabantu. Ngokwesibonelo, imvelo ekhaya ngo kohlaka semiotics umbhalo kubonisa ezingeni inhlalakahle Sebawoti. Setha izincwadi eshalofini inikeza ulwazi umbukeli mayelana okuthandwa yomnikazi umtapo, ezingeni yentuthuko kwengqondo yakhe zokuziphatha. Futhi izimpawu obusebenzayo kungaba ngokuvamile isinyathelo isinyathelo. Ngokwesibonelo, uthisha kuholela ikilasi umunwe wakho uhlu abafundi magazini. Lesi senzo futhi uphawu ukusebenza - ke kusho ukuthi maduze othile kuyothiwa ukuba ebhodini.

Koventsionalnye izimpawu

Lokhu isibonelo uhlelo uphawu eyaziwa nangokuthi okunemibandela. Igama elithi "ezivamile" livela conventio Latin - "isivumelwano". Izimpawu ukuze iveze izinto kanye izenzakalo zezwe "by isimo." Bona, bavame ukuba kancane kakhulu ukukwenza neqiniso lokuthi aqoke. Izibonelo izinhlelo uphawu, eziphathelene ezivamile: isignali traffic, izinkomba, izimpawu cartographic, izimpawu (izifanekiselo, amabheji).

Verbal (izwi) izinhlelo uphawu

Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa zonke izilimi zabantu. ulimi ngalunye ngokomlando kwakheka isisekelo (okubizwa ngokuthi "isisekelo semiotic"). Isici esiyinhloko ulimi komuntu ukuthi ngamunye wabo Polystructural futhi ezingeni uhlelo. Lolu hlelo uyakwazi ukuthuthukiswa cishe angenamkhawulo. Esingokomfanekiso uhlelo inkulumo iyindlela ocebile ukugcina, ukucubungula ngokudlulisa ulwazi olwengeziwe.

izinhlelo uphawu

Lesi sigaba semiotic kuhlanganisa izinhlelo uphawu, okuyinto kuphakama ngesisekelo amaqembu yangaphambilini - ngamazwi, umdanso, umculo. Oyingqopha-mlando ukurekhoda izinhlelo yesibili la maqembu. Bona sekukhona ne obhekwe lokubhala. Ngaphandle ukurekhoda izinhlelo kwemvelo engqondweni yethu ngeke kwenzeke.

ucwaningo Semiotic emlandweni

Isazi-Greek uPlato wabelane yonke imisindo esigabeni okusheshayo, omkhulu, zondile futhi round. M. V Lomonosov kwaba nombono wokuthi ukuphindaphindwa njalo ngolimi esibhaliwe noma esikhishwa ngomlomo yencwadi "A" kunomthelela isithombe inkazimulo, ukujula ukuphakama. Lezo zincwadi "E" futhi "U" kusiza ziveza umusa, izinto ezincane, nesisa. Lezi ukubukwa eyayibekelwe emsebenzini wakhe "Isiqondiso Omfushane eloquence."

Umcwaningi I. N. Gorelovym owawuse kuyisenzakalo esithakazelisayo. Izihloko bekungathiwa chaza lo izilwane kumnandi, ngokuthi "mamlyna" futhi "zhavaruga". Zonke abahlanganyeli ukuhlola kubhekwe "mamlynu" uhlobo, umnene futhi waphetha ku amafomu akhona. "Zhavaruga" liye labizwa ngokuthi i-zasendle, ezinjengameva futhi okubi.

ulimi isi-Volapuk

Emhlabeni kukhona izilimi eziningi kangaka, futhi ngezilimi eziningi efile - labo abaphuma ukusetshenziswa. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, kodwa kukhona labo ngomdlandla ukuziqambela amasha. Izibonelo yokufakelwa izinhlelo uphawu - a Esperanto owaziwa, isi-Volapuk ezazilwandulele, Universalglot, lingua Catholic Solresol nabanye abaningi. Omunye Ithkuil enzima kakhulu wadala ngesisekelo izimpawu lasendulo. izilimi Artificial wadala ubuntu, wahlanganyela kuyo yonke imikhakha. It is hhayi njalo kwakukhona kulabo ababesebenza nasemikhakheni uhlelo ngemvume.

Omunye izilimi angajwayelekile yokufakelwa - lokhu isi-Volapuk. Umqondo wakhe wokusungula sokuqala senzeke ukuze umfundisi isiJalimane okuthiwa uMartin Schleyer. Bogosluzhitel wagomela ukuthi umqondo yokudala ulimi yokufakelwa kwahlongozwa kuye yeNkosi ngephupho. Inhloso yalo ukuxhumana ukwenza lula isi-Volapuk - Schleyer ubezama ukwakha ulimi elula jikelele. Njengoba isizathu wathatha izilimi zaseYurophu - Latin, isiNgisi nesiJalimane. Umpristi wazama ukwakha amazwi ilunga elilodwa kuphela.

Ekuqaleni, umphakathi othakazelayo kancane ngezilimi yokufakelwa. Nokho, maduzane nje, kwaba ukudala umphakathi, yona eyaqala ukwenza i zokusakaza ulwazi mayelana ulimi olusha. Ngenxa yalokho, ngesikhathi isiqongo ukuthandwa kwakhe wayengacabangi kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu izimoto.

Ulimi isi-Volapuk abaningi baseYurophu kwakubonakala kunalokho eziyinqaba. Liqukethe izimpande amagama ezilimi eziyimixhantela ahlukene aseYurophu wakwenza liyabonakala, kodwa ngempela ezihlekisayo. Kuze kube manje igama elithi "isi-Volapuk" kusho umbhedo, gibberish. Naphezu kwalokhu, isi-Volapuk yayidumile kuze kube isikhathi lapho amaNazi aseJalimane athatha izintambo.

Isi-Esperanto nezinye izilimi

Nokho, lapho ekhuluma izilimi yokufakelwa, kwasekuqaleni ukucabanga ngolimi okuthiwa Esperanto. It yadalwa ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka futhi kwachuma kuze kube isikhathi samanje - ke isekela kukhona amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu emhlabeni wonke.

Isi-Esperanto akuyona ngephutha kwaduma - kuba ulimi silula, equkethe imithetho lolimi 16 kuphela. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi bayajabula. amazwi Esperanto aqukethe izimpande ngezilimi ezahlukene European futhi Slavic. Ikakhulukazi kuyaqondakala baseMelika.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuze inkulumo ethi "izilimi yokufakelwa" ayizange egqoke ngomqondo ongathandeki, babizwa ngokuthi "isimiso". Ngqo isimo ulimi kuphela labo babe inombolo ezanele zenethiwekhi. Uma ulimi yokufakelwa olukhulunywa kuphela kumdlali futhi umbhangqwana buddies, ubizwa ngokuthi "lingvoproektom".

By the way, i-Esperanto, naphezu kwezinkinga elalibhekene kwandile, wayengeyena lokuqala ngezilimi okuhleliwe. I abbess lokuqala esasungulwa egameni noHildegard of Bingen. Lalibizwa ngokuthi Lingua Ignota ( «inkulumo akwaziwa"). Abbess babethi wayegqugquzela wathunyelwa yakhe ivela ezulwini. Lolu limi has sinolimi lwaso ebhaliwe kanye isichazamazwi ukuthi uchaza imiqondo ezinkulungwane. izilimi Artificial zadalwa kanye eMpumalanga. Ngokwesibonelo, "ibhola-ibalan". It yasungulwa ngo-Sheikh Muhieddin, usebenzisa njengesisekelo umPheresiya, Arabhu kanye Turkish.

kanambambili

izilimi yokufakelwa Iningi zadalwa ngesisekelo ezikhona, kanambambili ukuze uhlelo uphawu usebenzisa izinombolo, hhayi wokuxhumana. Kuyaziwa, ilwazi kulotshwe esebenzisa Izinombolo ezimbili - 0 ne 1. Uma ayelapho amakhompyutha kanye uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi - mithathu. Kodwa kanambambili - the elula kunazo ezobuchwepheshe. Isibonakaliso kanambambili uhlelo 1 futhi 0 amele khona noma ukungabi khona isiginali.

Solresol: engavamile umqondo umculi

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-nesishiyagalolunye umculi ekhulwini Fransua Syudr kusukela France ngayo nomphakathi umbono ongavamile: wasungula ulimi yokufakelwa ngokuthi Solresol. Amazwi akhe, okwakukhona izinkulungwane ezimbili nengxenye, aqoshiwe ngosizo umculo. Kunzima ukukholelwa, kodwa liveza umqondo, okuyinto ekuqaleni kwakumane zomculo bokusungula umdlalo kwaduma. ulimi Solresol uye ayedumile phakathi kwabantu besikhathi sakhe, ngoba amanothi zimelela ngamazwe.