Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin: Biography nemisebenzi

UNikolai Karamzin, ogama biography iqala Disemba 1, 1766, wazalelwa sifundazwe Simbirsk emndenini oswele wekuvana abazali abafundile futhi ekuqaphela. Imfundo kuqala esikoleni ngasese UProfesa Shadena. Ngemva kwalokho, njengabanye abantu abaningi wokuziphilisa abasha, waya akhonze Guards, okwakuthiwa omunye the best.

Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, Nikolai Karamzin, Biography iDemo okuyinto okwethulwa kulesi iphepha okokuqala ngokucacile ukuqaphela isidingo zendlela yabo, ezahlukene kusukela ezejwayelekile: umsebenzi wokuziphilisa omuhle, isimo sabo emphakathini, isikhundla nodumo. Konke lokhu akuzange ukuheha umbhali esizayo. Ngemva yisosha esingaphansi konyaka, nguye esicongweni eliphansi uLieutenant ngo-1784 wesula futhi wabuyela Simbirsk lwakubo.

Impilo Simbirsk yesifundazwe

Ngaphandle Karamzin wahlala ngokungafanele, zihlakazeke ukuphila komuntu, shining imikhuba wedolobha futhi ukuziphatha lomkhumbi olamandla ongedluli nge ladies. UNikolai Mikhailovich izingubo imfashini, ukubukela ukubukeka kwabo, ukudlala amakhadi. Ngesikhathi amabhola yesifundazwe wayengumuntu Cavalier uhlakaniphile futhi ohlakaniphile. Kodwa konke lokhu - kuphela ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle bobuntu bakhe.

Ngalesi sikhathi, Karamzin, ogama biography unothile badedelane ngempela izenzakalo ezingalindelekile, futhi sina cabanga endaweni yabo yokuphila, futhi ifundeka kanje eziningi, wahlangana nabantu ezithakazelisayo. Uvele usezibophezele athola imfundo enhle, kodwa aqhubeka aguquka by ekuzuzeni ulwazi olusha emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Iningi Karamzin abanesithakazelo kwezomlando, izincwadi nefilosofi.

umngane Umkhaya Ivan Petrovich Turgenev, Mason and umbhali wawuba ubungane obukhulu nge UNikolai Ivanovich novikov (naye Mason, intatheli abanamakhono, incwadi ummemezeli futhi satirist), yena wadlala indima empilweni somlobi. Ngezinye isiphakamiso sakhe, uNikolai Mikhailovich wathutha waseMoscow futhi wahlangana kwesiyingi novikov. Yaqala kanjalo-ke inkathi entsha ekuphileni kwakhe, esehlanganise isikhathi kusuka 1785 kuya eminyakeni 1789. Ake sithi amagama ambalwa ngayo ngokuhlukana.

Ukujwayeleka ne Masons

Oxhumana oneminyaka emine ne umbuthano Masons zashintsha ngempela indlela Karamzin, ukuphila kwakhe futhi ukucabanga. Phawula ukuthi umlando Freemasonry eRussia akukaqondakali ngokugcwele. Sekuyisikhathi eside kubhekwe isayensi njengoba ngokuyisisekelo mva. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva, i-umbono ngalolu ukunyakaza Kuthi ezahlukene.

zokulala Masonic imibuthano ekhethekile zokuziphatha nezenkolo, ngokusekelwe okokuqala eNgilandi ngo ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, futhi kamuva ezinye zithi, kuhlanganise izwe lethu. Ngesisekelo Ikhodi, okuyinto ababethi Masons, udinga ekupheleleni okungokomoya yomuntu. Kwakumelwe Uhlelo lakhe lezombusazwe, ikakhulu ezihlobene nenkolo nokuziphatha. Ukuze imisebenzi namaFreemason iye elinesimo isiko waseshashalazini, imfihlakalo, jousting kanye namanye amasiko, kokuba ngomqondo ezingaqondakali. Wawugcwele ngokuhlakanipha nangokomoya, libhekene ezimisweni zokuziphatha eziphakeme nokuthatha izinto ngokungathi sína. Masons igcinwe ngaphandle. Lokho ezifana kuchazwe emkhathini jikelele ezungezwe kusukela Karamzin. Waqala ukuxhumana nabantu ezithakazelisayo: UNikolai Ivanovich novikov (bheka isithombe ngezansi) kanye Alekseem Mihaylovichem Kutuzovym. Umthelela enjalo ubuntu ezehlukile wanika yisisusa esinamandla ukuze nokuthuthukisa amathalente etemibhalo zokudala lokuzibusa yakhe.

Okokuqala Karamzin uhumusha eqanjiwe isiRashiya, futhi kamuva waqala ukuloba umagazini "Ukufunda Wezingane", umshicileli okwakunzima UNikolai Ivanovich novikov, imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala senkondlo. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi ukuthi uyazazi ithalente lakhe njengoba umlobi.

Kodwa lapha uphela kwesikhathi lokuzibusa, futhi nalo kwesikhathi Masonic zokuphila yomlobi abasha. Ozimele Masonic zokulala kwakuthandeka kuye, efuna ukwazi ukuphila e ukujula yayo, ukwehlukana kwayo kanye ukwehluka. Ukuze ube umlobi professional, ufuna ukuzwa isandla kuqala ezinhlangothini zalo ezinhle nezimbi. Ngakho-ke, Karamzin, ogama biography kubhekwa ngaphakathi kohlaka salolu shicilelo, kokushiya nabakhi futhi uqala on uhambo.

Okuhambayo eYurophu

Ukuze wenze lokhu, Nikolai Mikhailovich wabeka taluk bakhe futhi banquma ukuchitha bonke mali evakashele eYurophu, bese okuchaza. Kwaba isinyathelo esiqinile futhi engavamile ngokokuqala. Phela, Karamzin kwakusho lokunikela ngokuphila ku ukuqhutshwa izigodi zenani elikhulu eziyifa kanye ukuziphilisa ngokuhlanza lomtshikatshika serfs. Manje UNikolai Mikhailovich kwadingeka ukuba baziphilise siqu umbhali yabo zabasebenzi okhokhelwayo.

Phesheya, wachitha isikhathi esingangonyaka nesigamu, uye wahambela eSwitzerland, eJalimane, eNgilandi naseFrance. Karamzin, ogama biography kuchazwa kulesi sihloko, ngijwayele abantu abanentshisekelo futhi ovelele kulawa mazwe, hhayi nomuzwa wokuthi yesifundazwe, emelela izwe lami uyakufanelekela kakhulu. Wayebuka, walalela, futhi iqoshwe. UNikolai Mikhailovich bakhangwa emakhaya abantu, izindawo zomlando, izimboni, amanyuvesi, imikhosi emgwaqweni, izindawo zokudla, lomshado angadle ngabuhle obutheni.

Wayengumuntu ukuhlola bese uqhathanisa izinhlamvu namasiko yobuzwe babo ikakhulukazi, wafunda izici yokukhuluma, Wabhala encwadini yakhe izigcawu incwadi echaza emgwaqweni, igcinwe irekhodi izingxoxo ezahlukene futhi ukucabanga nezenzo zabo siqu. Ekwindla ka-1790 Karamzin Waphindela eRussia, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala ukushicilela "eMoscow Journal", okuyinto ubeka ama-athikili, tindzaba, tinkondlo. Kube ezanyatheliswa, futhi "Izincwadi we Traveller Russian" odumile, bamyisa udumo olukhulu, "Kubi Liza".

Le ncwadi ezincwadini zonyaka ezazisakazeka

Eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, uNikolai Mikhailovich ishicilela anthologies, phakathi okwakuwuphawu Anthology emithathu ivolumu "Aoide", ebhalwe evesini, kanye iqoqo "trifles wami", ehlanganisa ezihlukahlukene tindzaba netinkondlo. Ukuze Karamzin iza odumo. Waziwa nabathandwayo hhayi kuphela izihloko ezimbili (eMoscow Petersburg), kodwa kulo lonke elaseRussia.

Le noveli zomlando "Marfa Posadnitsa"

Omunye imisebenzi yokuqala Karamzin, abhalwe temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba, ikhishwa 1803. "Marfa Posadnitsa" (uhlobo - inoveli zomlando). Wawuthi eside ngaphambi abanothando amanoveli Valtera Skotta waqala eRussia. Kulendaba Karamzin Luhambo sobala ukuthi lidala kangakanani, zabuna efana enhle lungafinyeleleki zokuziphatha, sihlelelwe emuva 1790s maphakathi e Utopia "ukuphila yabase-Athene."

Esikhathini amaqhawe, ngesimo emzabalazweni Novgorod futhi eMoscow lasendulo Wethule emsebenzini wakhe, uNikolai Karamzin. "Umfazi likahulumeni" liphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile zefilosofi: mayelana ohlanga kanye republic, abantu kanye nabaholi "ungowaphezulu" ukumiselwa ngaphambili zomlando yokungalaleli kwabantu kuye umuntu ofundelwayo. I sympathies nombhali ayeyizidalwa ohlangothini we Novgorodians noMarta, hhayi eMoscow monarchical. Le ndaba ithole futhi aliziphikisi ngemibono somlobi. Iqiniso zomlando kwaba Yiqiniso, ohlangothini Novgorod. Nokho, Novgorod sibheke, ngcolile kuza ngaphambi kokumethemba eziphuthumayo ngokubhujiswa komuzi, futhi kamuva bahlangana.

Indaba "Kubi Liza"

Kodwa impumelelo enkulu kwaba indaba "Abampofu Liza", esanyatheliswa emuva 1792. kuvamile izincwadi Western kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, indaba yokobana umuntu ohlonishwayo ongumlimi yayenga noma sonxiwankulu abancane, ezincwadini Russian lokuqala ithuthukiswe indaba Karamzin. Biography buhlanzekile, amantombazane amahle, futhi umqondo wokuthi efanayo ukufa kabuhlungu lungatholwa ekubeni ngokoqobo ezizungezile, waba neqhaza ekuphumeleleni okukhulu kwalo mkhiqizo. Futhi okwakubaluleke ngokufanayo yokuthi NM Karamzin ( "Kubi Liza" kwaba "ibhizinesi khadi" yakhe) wafundisa abafundi bakhe ukuba uphawule ubuhle umama nemvelo futhi uyamthanda. umumo neyobuntu umsebenzi bekulokhu olukhulu izincwadi isikhathi.

Tale "Natalia, ndodakazi le Boyar sika"

Ngo efanayo 1792, wazalwa ngobusuku indaba "UNatalia, indodakazi Boyar sika." Akukhona kanye eyaziwa njenge "Abampofu Liza", kodwa kuhilela imibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu zokuziphatha ukuthi zikhathazeke besikhathi sakhe NM Karamzin. Omunye umsebenzi obaluleke kunayo yonke inkinga udumo.

Alex Natalia ethandekayo, uyena umuntu othembekile owakhonza Tsar Russian. Ngakho wavuma "ubugebengu" yakhe ukuthi bathunjwa indodakazi Mathewu Andreyev ozithandayo Boyar eNgophezukonke. Kodwa inkosi ubusisa umshado wawo, njengoba Alex - indoda ehloniphekile. Kwenza futhi uyise wentombazane. Ephetha indaba, umlobi ubhala ukuthi lo mbhangqwana wahlala ngokujabula futhi bafihlwe ndawonye. Basuke zihlukaniswa uthando oluqotho nokuzinikela kuKesari.

Kulo mfanekiso, okuyinto sidalwe Karamzin ( "Ndodakazi Boyar sika"), indaba udumo nolimi kusevisi yenkosi. Uyajabula umuntu othanda kuKesari. Ngakho-ke, ukuphila kwalesi umndeni eba kahle kakhulu, ngoba ubuhle umvuzo.

ukuqashelwa hola

intsha yesifundazwe uyasho imisebenzi Karamzin. Inherent emisebenzini yakhe elula, okuxoxa, isitayela zemvelo, nenhle futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo yeningi ngendlela kwezobuciko babe wamavukelambuso ngokuya bezibona imisebenzi yomphakathi. Okokuqala kwakhiwa lo mqondo okujabulisayo, ukufunda ezithakazelisayo, futhi nalo ekukhulekeleni umbhali etemibhalo.

Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, biography kanye nekhono lokusungula edonsela abantu abaningi, uyawuthanda ukuthandwa okukhulu. E-Moscow edonsela abantu abasha ngobuningi ezweni lonke nje ukubona umbhali ozithandayo. Lysine echibini, baduma ngenxa izenzakalo kwendaba "Abampofu Liza" kwenzekani lapha, etholakala edolobhaneni suburban ka Kolomenskoye, uqala ukudlala indima indawo efanekisela, woza lapha, ukuze isimemezelo uthando noma nga nilila wedwa.

Sebenza on the "Umlando we State Russian"

Ngemva kwesikhashana Karamzin ngokucijile futhi kungazelelwe ukuphila kwakhe. Ukushiya eqanjiwe, eyiswa njengoba umsebenzi omkhulu zomlando - ". The History of isimo Russian" Inhloso yalo msebenzi, ngokusobala, sekuyisikhathi eside ukuvuthwa engqondweni yakhe.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye waqala nokubusa u-Alexander I, umzukulu oluthandayo uCatherine II. Okokuqala, wayengumuntu umbusi ovulekile futhi ekuqaphela. Ukulandisa okungokomlando wangena ngisho nakuwo igama ngokuthi "u-Alexander Spring".

Karamzin umngani owayenguthisha kaKesari abasha, MN Izintuthwane umlamuleli ukuze UNikolai Mikhailovich waqokwa mlando enkantolo. Lokhu aphoyintimenti sibaluleke kakhulu Karamzin, futhi emtshela ithuba elikhulu. Manje wathola impesheni (njengoba sazi, abanye bazitholele okokuziphilisa yomlobi wayengekho). Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi likwazi ukufinyelela zomlando zomlando, kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, ogama biography othulwe ukunakwa kwakho, waphonseka umsebenzi: wafunda yesandla amabhuku ku umlando, bacubungula tomes lasendulo, ubhalisele, uma kuqhathaniswa.

Kunzima ukucabanga umsebenzi omkhulu kwenziwe Karamzin mlando. Ngemva kokudalwa kuka-imiqulu nambili ka "Umlando we State Russian" yakhe wachitha iminyaka engamashumi amabili nantathu kokusebenza kanzima imini yonke, kusukela 1803 kuya 1826. Isethulo zezenzakalo ezingokomlando kwakuhlukile, ngangokunokwenzeka, ukungakhethi futhi waba nokwethenjelwa, kanye amahle art isitayela. Ukulandisa walethwa "isikhathi sezinkathazo" emlandweni isimo Russian. Ukufa UNikolai Mikhailovich akavunyelwe enza lwa cebo emikhulu kuze kube sekupheleni.

Karamzin umsebenzi, imibhalo yakhe ukuthi waya amavolumu nambili, ezilandelana ngendlela, okubangelwa izimpendulo abafundi bayo abaningi ababekusho. Mhlawumbe okokuqala emlandweni encwadini ethi ephrintiwe eyenza yokwanda ukwazi kazwelonke we izakhamuzi Russian. Karamzin wathola abantu indaba yakhe futhi wachaza izinto azenza esikhathini esidlule.

Okuqukethwe zomsebenzi beqonda kunalokho ambiguously. Ngakho, intsha inkululeko abathanda ayethambekele aphikisane ukwesekwa yokubusa kwamakhosi, eyabonisa emakhasini "The History of State Russian" Karamzin mlando. A Pushkin osemncane ngisho ubhale epigrams ngesibindi mlando zihlaba kuleyo minyaka. Ngokusho kwakhe, lo msebenzi uye wazibonakalisa 'isidingo autocracy futhi charm isiswebhu. "

Karamzin, incwadi ngeke ngikushiye nandaba, ekuphenduleni ukugxekwa bekulokhu ongaphakeme-key, ezolile waqonda njengoba usulu udumo njalo.

Umbono kwi "Umlando we State Russian" A. Pushkin

Kuhanjiswe Petersburg, yena njengoba 1816, ebanjwa njalo ehlobo ngo Tsarskoye Selo nomkhaya wakhe. Karamzins - Sebawoti wokungenisa izihambi abathatha ophilayo ezinjalo izimbongi yabo edumile njengoba Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky futhi Batyushkov kanye nentsha abafundile. ngokuvamile Kwakukhona abasha NJENGOBA Pushkin ngentshiseko ukulalela zihaya izinkondlo amadala, ukunakekela umkakhe, NM Karamzin, ayesekhulile impela, kodwa owesifazane ebukekayo futhi ehlakaniphile, ayivusa nesibindi ukuze ngisho ukuthumela isimemezelo uthando. Iqhinga Ohlakaniphile abanolwazi Karamzin wamthethelela umuntu abasha njengoba epigrams kwakhe ngesibindi ku "Umlando".

Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, Pushkin, enemithwalo avuthiwe, ukubukeka at umsebenzi omkhulu uNikolai Mikhailovich. Ngo 1826, ngenkathi bedingiselwe St Michael, wabhala 'Notes on imfundo yomphakathi "ukuthi umlando Russian kufanele zifundiswe ngokuvumelana Karamzin, futhi bakubize ngokuthi umsebenzi akuyona nje umsebenzi mlando, kodwa futhi ezibabazekayo umuntu othembekile.

On the ingxenye ka-Aleksandru, bekungelona isenzo qotho iziphathimandla ethembeni ukuxolelwa futhi nje kokubuya ekudingisweni. Lutho neze, ngoba ngemva konyaka, ngemva kokuphindela Pushkin futhi sibuyela "umlando", waphinda bayakwazisa eliphezulu yayo.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Karamzin isici ngeke ibe ephelele ngaphandle incazelo yokuphila kwakhe eminyakeni edlule. Nale minyaka eyishumi edlule ziye zaba ujabule kakhulu. Wayengumngane we Tsar, u-Alexander I. Abangane ngokuvamile babehamba ndawonye Park, isikhathi eside bekhuluma ngokuthula, kancane kancane. Kungenzeka ukuthi lo mbusi, ngokwazi ukuphana nangokuhlonipheka UNikolai Mikhailovich, wamtshela okungaphezu nezinduna zendlunkulu. Karamzin ngokuvamile ukuthi awavumelani nokubekelwa agumenti nemicabango ka-Aleksandru I. Nokho, akazange aphatheke kabi, futhi walalelisisa futhi wathatha amanothi. "A inothi ERussia yasendulo futhi entsha", lapho umbhali ethulwa kombusi, iqukethe iqoqo amaphuzu lapho mlando akazange avumelane ne kumgomo kahulumeni wokuthi isikhathi.

Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, ogama amabhuku yayithandwa kakhulu phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, akazange ukubabela iyiphi imiklomelo, futhi izizathu. Nokho, kufanele kusho ukuthi wayenobuhlobo Sash, yena, kodwa, njalo ziphathwe indida kanye namahlaya.