Nokubhonywa eYugoslavia (1999): izimbangela, nemiphumela

ukusebenza NATO eYugoslavia ngo-1999, kwaba umphumela impi yombango eMbusweni omkhulu iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan. Uma yawa isimo esisodwa sezenhlalo, esifundeni Kwagqashuka phambi eqandisiwe nemibango engokohlanga osekuthathe. Omunye wemithombo eyinhloko ukungezwani kwaba eKosovo. Le ndawo wahlala ngaphansi kokulawula Serbia, nakuba wahlala lapha ikakhulukazi Albania.

izimfanelo

ubutha Mutual phakathi kwabantu ababili sahlanganisa isiphithiphithi nezinxushunxushu engumakhelwane Bosnia and Croatia, kanye abasonti ezahlukene. AmaSerbia - Orthodox, Albania - amaSulumane. Nokubhonywa eYugoslavia waqala ngo-1999 ngenxa ukuqothulwa kohlanga eyayihlelwa amasevisi imfihlo yezwe. Kwakumelwe impendulo inkulumo AmaSeparatist Albanian, ababefuna ukwenza Kosovo ezimele eBelgrade bese ulinamathisela Albania.

Lokhu ukuhamba kwamiswa ngo-1996. AmaSeparatist ngidalé Kosovo Liberation Army. izidlamlilo layo liqala kuhlasela ehlelekile phezu amaphoyisa zaseYugoslavia kanye nabanye abameleli uhulumeni wesifundazwe. Umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba wavusa lapho ibutho eziphendula ukuhlaselwa ehlaselwa imizana eminingana Albanian. Abulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-80.

Ukungqubuzana kwezinhloso kwama-Albania namaSerbia

Naphezu ukusabela ngamazwe negative, uMongameli zaseYugoslavia Slobodan Milosevic yaqhubeka ukuhola izinqubomgomo zakhe ezinzima yokulwa AmaSeparatist. Ngo-September 1998, kwenza kwaba nomfutho e-United Nations, okuyinto ngokuthi zonke izinhlaka ukuba impi ukuba zibeke phansi izikhali zazo. Ngaleso sikhathi, NATO ngokweyisa ukulungiselela ukuze kuqhunyiswe eYugoslavia. Ngaphansi onjalo double Umfutho Miloshevich ahlehla. Amabutho wona ahoxiswa nasemizaneni elinokuthula. Babuyela lezisekelo zawo. Ngokusemthethweni, le ukuxolelana esasayinwa Okthoba 15, 1998

Nokho, maduze nje kwacaca ukuthi umbango kujule kakhulu futhi abe namandla ukuthi ngingayeka kokumenyezelwa futhi imibhalo. Kuthula baphazamiseke njalo kokubili Albania eYugoslavia. Ngo-January 1999, lapho kubulawa edolobhaneni Racak. amaphoyisa zaseYugoslavia abhubhise abantu abangaphezu kuka-40. Kamuva, iziphathimandla umangalele ukuthi labo abase-Albania ababesibiza babulawa empini. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa kulesi senzakalo kwaba isizathu sokugcina ukulungiswa ukusebenza, okwaphumela nokubhonywa eYugoslavia ngo nyaka 1999.

Yini eyabangela uhulumeni wase-US bathathe lezi ukuhlaselwa? Ngokusemthethweni, NATO eshaya at eYugoslavia ukuphoqelela ubuholi wezwe ukumisa Inqubomgomo ingajezisa ngokumelene Albania. Kodwa futhi kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ngenkathi nehlazo zezombusazwe yasekhaya kwabheduka e-United States, ngenxa okuyinto kuthathelwe izinyathelo uMengameli uBill Clinton futhi ezisengozini bokuhlukaniswa ehhovisi. Ezimweni ezinjalo, "impi encane enqobile 'ayeyoba iqhinga ephelele ukuphambukisa umbono womphakathi ku izinkinga angaphandle angaphandle.

ngaphambi kokuba sihlinzwe

I last izingxoxo zokuthula uqulekile Mashi. Ngemva aphelela, nokubhonywa eYugoslavia ngo nyaka 1999. Kulezi zingxoxo wathatha ingxenye neRussia kabani ubuholi asekelwe Milosevic. IBrithani ne-US, baye bahlongoza iphrojekthi kudalwa ukuzimela ezibanzi ukuze eKosovo. Kulokhu, isimo esizayo we Territory kufanele kuchazwe ngokuvumelana imiphumela ivoti ethandwa eminyakeni embalwa. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi kuze kube okwamanje eKosovo kuyoba NATO yokugcinwa amandla, futhi amabutho ka-zaseYugoslavia Ministry Interior lebutho kwesokunxele esifundeni ukuze ugweme ukungezwani ezingadingekile. Albania wathatha le phrojekthi.

Kwaba ithuba lokugcina nokubhonywa eYugoslavia ngo-1999, wonke efanayo ngeke kwenzeke. Nokho, abameleli Belgrade ezingxoxweni benqaba ukwamukela izimo phambili. Iningi lazo musa umcondvo ukubukeka amabutho NATO eKosovo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le abaseYugoslavia wavumelana lonke phrojekthi. Izinkulumo yephuka. Ngo-March 23, NATO isinqumo kwaba yisikhathi sokuba uqale nokubhonywa eYugoslavia (1999). Usuku beqeda ukusebenza (ibhekwa eNyakatho ye-Atlantic Treaty Inhlangano) Kwakuzokwenzekani kuphela uma Belgrade ozokwamukela wonk 'umsebenzi uhambe.

Izingxoxo lilandelwa Yezizwe. I Inhlangano enganikanga selihanjiswa kwamabhomu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokushesha nje ngemva kokuqala ukusebenza ngesikhathi uMkhandlu wezokuPhepha wathatha lokuvotela okuyinto ezihlongozwayo ukuqaphela umqali US. Leli zwi lesinqumo asekelwe kuphela yi-Russia, e-North Korea neNamibia. Bobabili ke futhi manje yokuntuleka UN ukugunyazwa NATO nokubhonywa eYugoslavia (1999), abanye abacwaningi kanye abavamile kubhekwa ubufakazi ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US ababeziphatha i- kwezinkambiso komthetho wamazwe omhlaba.

NATO amabutho

Olukhulu NATO nokubhonywa eYugoslavia ngo-1999 kwaba ingxenye enkulu ukusebenza lempi "Allied Force". Ngaphansi airstrikes wawa Okuqondiwe amasu ezivamile lempi, ayephezu insimu Serbian. Ngezinye izikhathi wahlupheka ezindaweni okuhlalwa kuzo, kuhlanganise enhloko-dolobha - Belgrade.

Njengoba ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kuya yeYugoslavia (1999), imiphumela nesithombe ukusakaza emhlabeni wonke, abangu azihlanganisa isinyathelo kubo, ngaphandle-United States, abangu-13 nezinye izifundazwe. Kube yasetshenziswa izindiza ezinye 1,200. Ngaphandle zezindiza, NATO balwe futhi asolwandle amabutho - abathwali izindiza, ukuhlaselwa ngwenya, Cruisers, abachithi, frigates futhi imikhumbi emikhulu kokubili emanzini nasezweni. Ukusebenza yahanjelwa 60,000 NATO amabutho.

izinsuku 78 ngamabhomu baqhubeka yeYugoslavia (1999). Izithombe izisulu amadolobha nesiSerbia kabanzi ziphindaphindwe emaphephandabeni. Sekukonke lizwe esike yabhekana 35,000 nokuhlasela, NATO izindiza, nezikhali ezicitshwayo angaba yizinkulungwane 23 namabhomu lawa ahoxiswe langensimu yakhe.

Ukuqala ukusebenza

Mashi 24, 1999, NATO izindiza waqala Esigabeni sokuqala nokubhonywa eYugoslavia (1999). usuku ukusebenza kwavunyelwana ezinhlanganweni kusengaphambili. Uma uhulumeni Milosevic seyiphelelwe walile ukuhoxisa amagama amaviyo alo kusuka Kosovo, NATO izindiza bafakwa isexwayiso. Igalelo lokuqala kwaba zaseYugoslavia uhlelo emoyeni ukuzivikela. Kwaphela izinsuku ezintathu kungavumi ukuthi sasishwabene ngokuphelele. Nale atholwe Allied izindiza bokuphakama olungenamkhawulo emoyeni. izindiza Serbian cishe akuwenzanga hangars yabo, kuphela nokuhlasela ambalwa Kwakuseshwa ngokokuqala kokungqubuzana.

On 27 Mashi waqala ukuhlasela yayo ngengqalasizinda ezivamile ezempi, ezihlanganisa sabantu izikhungo ezinkulu. EPriština, Belgrade, Uzice, Kragujevac, Podgorica - lapha uhlu emadolobheni eziye zehlela nokubhonywa lokuqala eYugoslavia. 1999 wabona yolunye wokuchithwa kwegazi emazweni aseBalkan. Ekuqaleni ukusebenza, uMongameli Russian Boris Yeltsin esitatimendeni zomphakathi wanxusa uBill Clinton ukuyeka lo mkhankaso. Kodwa abantu besikhathi Sinemandla zikhunjulwe kwesinye isigigaba. Ngosuku lapho izindiza waqala ngamabhomu eYugoslavia, Russian undunankulu Yevgeny Primakov landizela on ukuvakashelwa isikhulu e-United States. Ngemva kokufunda ngalokho okwenzekile emazweni aseBalkan, yena ngokweyisa waphenduka ibhodi yakhe phezu Atlantic futhi wabuyela eMoscow.

umkhankaso

Ekupheleni kuka-March, uBill Clinton nomhlangano NATO bakhe umbimbi - abaholi eJalimane, eFrance, Great Britain Italy. Ngemva lo mhlangano, iziteleka lempi ziye zanda. Lo muzi omusha iqhunyiswe Cacak. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yaseYugoslavia amabutho ezikhethekile ethumba amasosha amathathu NATO (Bethuka bonke abantu baseMelika). Badedelwa kamuva.

Ngo-April 12, NATO izindiza F-15E kwadingeka ukuba kuqhunyiswe kwebhuloho (ngokusebenzisa ujantshi lidlule). Nokho, ngaphansi igalelo kwaba isitimela esiseduze futhi wayephethe abazihlelele (ngalolu suku baseSerbia ukuba ama-Easter futhi izakhamuzi eziningi ziye zaya uhlale nezihlobo kweminye imizi). Ngenxa yalokho Amagobolondo falling wabulala abantu abangu-14. Kwakumane kuwukuthi nje omunye iziqephu ongenangqondo nezinezinhlekelele yomkhankaso.

Nokubhonywa eYugoslavia (1999), ngamafuphi, ibibhekiswe yiziphi izinto ucishe ezibalulekile. Kusukela ngo-April 22, ke ihlaselwe endlunkulu yokubusa wezwe Socialist Party of Serbia. Allied izindiza ngebhomu futhi yokuhlala Milosevic sika, okuyinto Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho. Apreli 23 labhujiswa Belgrade esiteshini sethelevishini. Sabulala abantu abangu-16.

weminikelo yokuthula kwabonakala ngenxa ukusetshenziswa of cluster amabhomu. Lapho ngo-May 7 nokubhonywa Nis, kwakuhlelwe ukuthi injongo Ukuhamba ngeke Idoyelwana leemphaphamtjhini zepi, okwakubekelwa esisogwini emaphethelweni omuzi. Ngenxa yezizathu okungacacile, isitsha amabhomu wavula okusezingeni eliphezulu emoyeni, ngoba lokho amagobolondo landizela ezindaweni okuhlalwa kuzo, kuhlanganise izibhedlela kanye nezimakethe. Baningi kakhulu abantu ababulawa 15. kwavela enye scandal ngamazwe ngemuva kwesigameko.

Ngosuku olulodwa ekuhlaseleni ngephutha hit Embassy Chinese eBelgrade. Isisulu sokuphathwa lokhu kuhlasela babe abantu abathathu. EChina waqala inkulumo anti-American. ohambweni Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe e Beijing, alimala kakhulu. Against ngemuva kwalezi izenzakalo inhloko-dolobha yaseChina ngokushesha wabutha izithunywa la mazwe omabili ukuba axazulule le ehlazweni. Ngenxa yalokho, uhulumeni wase-US ivumile ukuba sizinake ngaphezu $ 30 million e isinxephezelo.

Cibishela lenxusa kwenziwe ngephutha. NATO babehlele kuqhunyiswe i kwesakhiwo esingumakhelwane, owawungumnyaka ukulawula eYugoslavia izingalo nokuthengiswa. Ngemva kwaleso senzakalo, ngenkuthalo waxoxa inguqulo amaMelika Ngahlukana ngenxa yokuthi baye basebenzisa imephu ephelelwe yisikhathi Belgrade. NATO inqatshelwe lezi IMIBONO. Ngemva nje kokuphothulwa imisebenzi emazweni aseBalkan CIA sombutho ophethe imibuzo mayelana umhlabathi izindiza ahlangene, wasula ngesicelo sakhe. amaphutha ezinjalo kanye netinhlekelele wayegcwele nokubhonywa eYugoslavia (1999). Izimbangela lezakhamuzi ezafa kamuva ngayo enkantolo eHague, lapho izisulu kanye nezihlobo zabo bafake kumangala eminingi yokulwa-United States.

mashi Russian ePriština

Njengengxenye UN yokugcinwa amandla emazweni aseBalkan ngawo-1990 futhi kwaba neqembu Russian. Wathatha iqhaza izenzakalo eYugoslavia ngo esigabeni sokugcina ukusebenza NATO. Lapho Juni 10, 1999, Slobodan Milosevic bavumelana ukuhoxisa amaviyo alo kusuka Kosovo, ngempumelelo ukuvuma nokunqotshwa, esikhundleni lempi Serbian kule ndawo kwadingeka ukuthatha kumiswa eNyakatho ye-Atlantic Alliance.

kamuva nje ngosuku, ngobusuku 11 th-12 ngosuku th, le Ibutho Russian kuhlanganiswe amabutho sisemoyeni waqhuba ukusebenza ukulawula ePriština International Airport - inhloko-dolobha yesifunda. Ngaphambi paratroopers umgomo ukuthatha ihabhu ezokuthutha ngaphambi kokuba yenze lempi NATO sika. Ukusebenza yaqedwa ngempumelelo. Njengengxenye amasosha kwaba Major Yunus-bek Yevkurov - owayezoba umongameli Ingushetia.

ukulahlekelwa

Ngemva kokwenza ukusebenza e Belgrade setha ukubala ukulahlekelwa okuyinto kuhilelani bombardment eYugoslavia (1999). ukulahlekelwa zwe babe abalulekile kakhulu emnothweni wezwe. izibalo Serbian Besakhuluma $ 20 bhiliyoni. Ingqalasizinda ebalulekile sokuya empini zalimala. Ngaphansi amagobolondo hit amabhuloho, uwoyela zokuwuhluza, izindawo elikhulu lezimboni, amandla amayunithi. Ngemva kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle umsebenzi babe abantu abayizinkulungwane 500 eSerbia.

Kakade ezinsukwini lokuqala ukusebenza kwaba ukuqaphela ngenakugwemeka lezakhamuzi ezafa. Ngokusho izibalo iziphathimandla eYugoslavia kuleli zwe zabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka 1,700 nezakhamuzi. Abantu abayizinkulungwane 10 balimale kambi, ezinye izinkulungwane zaba balahlekelwa amakhaya abo, futhi kwesigidi amaSerbia kwesokunxele ngaphandle kwamanzi. Ngo kwababusi zaseYugoslavia amabutho ahlomile abulala amasosha angaphezu kuka-500. Ngokuvamile, ehlatshwa ngaphansi amagalelo kwaqina AmaSeparatist Albanian.

Serbian wasemoyeni sasishwabene. NATO kulo ukusebenza labetibambile Imininingwane emoyeni wokuziphakamisa. Iningi izindiza zaseYugoslavia labhujiswa ayikahlanganiswa kutsho (izimoto 70). I-NATO ngesikhathi somkhankaso abantu ababili bashonile. Kwakuwusuku nezisebenzi endizeni ukuthi iphahlazeka ngesikhathi indiza yokuhlola elase-Albania. ZaseYugoslavia emoyeni ukuzivikela wadubula phansi izindiza ezimbili eziyizitha, kuyilapho abashayeli bezindiza yabo ukhiphe futhi kamuva wacosha nge abatakuli. Izinsalela Indiza iphahlazeke namuhla igcinwe Museum. Lapho e Belgrade bavumelana athambise isandla basivuma ukunqotshwa, kwacaca manje ukuthi impi inganqotshwa uma sisebenzisa kuphela izindiza kanye isu ngamabhomu.

ukungcoliswa kwemvelo

inhlekelele e-Ecological - kungenye nemiphumela emibi ngendlela efanayo, okwaphumela nokubhonywa eYugoslavia (1999). Izisulu zala ukusebenza - akusiwona nje amagobolondo efile, kodwa futhi abantu abaye bahlupheka kusukela ushevu emoyeni. Aircraft ngamabhomu ngenkuthalo ezibalulekile ezivela iphuzu kwezomnotho umbono, izitshalo Petrochemical. Ngemva i attack enjalo emkhathini babe Panchevo iyingozi. Wawunodonga kwakwakhe chlorine, hydrochloric acid, alikhali kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D.

Amafutha kusukela amathangi ezilimele wangena iDanube, okwaholela kobuthi endaweni Serbia nje kuphela kodwa futhi wonke amazwe ukuthi babe ngezansi ukusakaza. Esinye isibonelo sokulandelwa kwaba ukusetshenziswa amabutho NATO izinhlamvu ne -uranium isiyaphela. Kamuva, ezindaweni kwesicelo sabo zalotshwa kokugqashuka izifo zenani elikhulu eziyifa kanye nomdlavuza.

lezinyathelo ezombusazwe

Usuku ngalunye oludlulayo isimo IYugoslavia siya siba sibi kakhulu. Kulezi zimo, Slobodan Miloshevich sebevumile ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokuxazulula izingxabano, okuyinto kwahlongozwa ngu NATO phambi ngamabhomu. Legumbi lezi zivumelwano kwaba ukuhoxiswa amabutho zaseYugoslavia kusukela eKosovo. Sonke lesi sikhathi, ohlangothini US uThandeka esemi ngezinyawo. Abameleli beNdikimba Alliance wawuthi kuphela ngemva ezivuna eBelgrade ukuyeka ngamabhomu eYugoslavia (1999).

UN Ukulungiswa # 1244, bamukela ngoJuni 10, ekugcineni waqinisa oda entsha esifundeni. Umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe uye wagcizelela ukuthi ibona sovereignty of Yugoslavia. Kosovo uhlala ingxenye isimo, lithole ukuzimela ububanzi. ibutho Albanian kwaba ukucisha. EKosovo, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa ngamazwe yokugcinwa amandla, owawungumnyaka ukuqapha ukuhlinzekwa komphakathi kanye nokuphepha.

Ngokusho isivumelwano, ibutho zaseYugoslavia wasuka Kosovo ngoJuni 20. Edge, uthole uwuhulumeni ongokoqobo, kancane kancane waqala alulame emva yombango eside. NATO wavuma ukusebenza kwawo ngempumelelo - le njongo, futhi kwaqhunyiswa amabhomu yeYugoslavia (1999). kohlanga wayeka, nakuba ukungathandi mutual phakathi kwabantu ababili ugciniwe. Eminyakeni eyalandela, lapho kulwiwa namaSerbia Wamkhohlwa ngobuningi eKosovo. Ngo-February 2008, ubuholi onqenqemeni wamemezela ukuzimela kwayo kusukela Serbia (eYugoslavia has iminyaka eminingana ngaphambi kokuba ekugcineni wanyamalala ibalazwe Europe). Namuhla, ubukhosi Kosovo ibona amazwe 108. Russia, ngokwesiko kunanyathelwe isikhundla pro-Serbian, wathi onqenqemeni ingxenye Serbia.