Okubangelwa abantu emvelweni. isimiso semvelo yokufakelwa

Kusukela esikhathini esidlule, indima yomuntu endaweni yezinto eziphilayo yayithatha ukungenelela kwayo okusebenzayo emvelweni wemvelo yemvelo ngenhloso yokutadisha ngokucophelela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, intshisekelo yayilokhu ibangelwa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo, okwenzekile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umsebenzi wabantu, ngezinye izikhathi wawuholela emiphumeleni engaphendukiyo imvelo kanye nabantu.

Indoda nemvelo

Kuze kube manje, ithonya lomuntu ohlelweni lwezinto eziphilayo liye laphela cishe. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ngenxa yentuthuko ephawulekayo yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kuye kwafinyelela iphuzu elibucayi futhi kwaqala ukuba yingozi enkulu.

Umjikelezo wekhabhoni emvelo unomthelela omkhulu ekuguqulweni kwezulu, ngoba kuqukethe inani elibalulekile ekubunjweni kwamaminerali amaningi emhlabeni. Lapho kushisa amafutha amaminerali emafenishini, akhipha i-dioxide (carbon dioxide), enezindawo zokuqoqa emoyeni, ngoba ngenxa yokukhungulwa kwamahlathi amakhulu, izitshalo ezisele asinaso isikhathi sokubhekana nokuhlanzwa kwayo.

Ngenxa yokwanda okuqhubekayo ekugxilweni kwe-carbon dioxide eMhlabeni, kunyuke umphumela wokushisa okushisa emhlabeni jikelele, okuwukuthi i-dioxide igcina ukushisa emkhathini, okwenza ukushisa okukhulu, umphumela okwandisa nsuku zonke.

Ukuhlaziywa nokuhlolwa kwemisebenzi yabantu endaweni yezemvelo kusenza sikwazi ukwahlulela ngokufanele ukuthi uma singathathi izinyathelo zokuqeda isimo semvelo, amasosha omzimba ngeke akwazi ukubhekana kahle nokungcola okunomthelela emzimbeni womuntu, okuzokwenzeka esikhathini esizayo kungaholela emiphumeleni engaphendukiyo . Into ewukuthi ukungcola kungathinta umzimba ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile, ngokuhamba kalula ngezakhi ezihlukahlukene zendalo.

Izidumbu

Zonke izinto eziphilayo zasemhlabeni zingahlukaniswa ngokwemvelo ngokusho kwezimo zezulu nezitshalo, futhi indawo ngayinye inezinto zayo eziqondile, ezixhunywe ikakhulukazi nezimo ezingavamile zezulu, hhayi ngezilwane ezingavamile nezitshalo ezihlala khona. Okokuqala, lesi sigaba semvelo singabhekiselwa njengezihlane.

Isici esiyinhloko salesi sigaba ukuthi amandla okushisa kuwo aphezulu kakhulu kunezinga lemvula. Ngenxa yezimo ezinjalo, izimila ehlane zincane kakhulu. Le ndawo ibonakala ngesimo sezulu esicacile kanye nezitshalo eziningi ezitshalisiwe, ngenxa yalokho ebusuku lapho umhlabathi uqala ukulahlekelwa ukushisa kwawo okwenziwe ngesikhathi sosuku. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi amahlane ahlala ngaphezu kuka-15% womhlaba futhi atholakale cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba.

Izidumbu zingaba:

• I-tropical.
• I-moderate.
• Cold.

Izitshalo nezilwane ezihlala kuzo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sezulu siyakwazi yini ukuqoqa nokugcina emzimbeni wobuningi obuncane. Ukubhujiswa kwezimila endaweni ethile kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi ukubuyiselwa kwalo kuzodinga isikhathi esikhulu nomzamo.

Savannah

Imvelo yemvelo ibuye ihlanganise nesifunda se-savannah, izindawo okuyizona eziphilayo eziphilayo eziyingozi. Lesi sigaba sifaka izindawo lapho kutholakala khona izinkathi eziningana ezomile okwesikhathi eside, futhi lapho seziqediwe, imvula enkulu kakhulu. Yilesi sigaba semvelo esithatha izingxenye ezibanzi ezinhlangothini zombili ze-equator, umhlangano ngisho nasezindaweni eziseduze nezikhukhula ze-arctic.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abantu bangavamile kakhulu ezindaweni ezinjalo, amafutha kanye negesi okutholakala kulezi zindawo bavusa umthelela omkhulu we-anthropogenic, ngoba ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lokunciphisa izinto eziphilayo, izinga lokukhula kwezimila alincane kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi le ndawo yendawo engokwemvelo ingenye yezinto eziphilayo kakhulu Ukuhlukunyezwa.

Imvelo yemvelo

Zonke amahlathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziphi izinhlobo zezilwane, nazo ziyingxenye yesigaba semvelo yokuphila komhlaba.

Amelwa ngu:

• Amahlathi ayinqaba. Isici esiyinhloko ukubuyiswa kwezimila ngokushesha ngemva kokusika. Ngakho-ke, le ndawo ingcono kakhulu ukulwa nomthelela omubi umuntu awenza kuwo.

• Coniferous. Ngokuyinhloko, la mahlathi amelwe ezifundeni ze-taiga. Kule ndawo lapho iningi lezihlahla likhishwa ngezidingo zezimboni.
• I-tropical. Imithi emahlathini igcina amaqabunga awo cishe unyaka wonke, ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlanzwa okuzinzile komkhathi kusuka ku-carbon dioxide kuqinisekisiwe. Ngenxa yokubhujiswa komuntu kwemifino, ingqimba engenhla yenhlabathi ihlanjululwe ngokuphelele ngenxa yokungena kwemvula isikhathi eside, futhi cishe akunakwenzeka ukubuyisela ihlathi ngemva kokunciphisa.

Izidalwa zendalo ezidaliwe

Imvelo yokukhiqiza, noma i-agrocenosis, ihlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ezenziwe ngabantu, umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko ukugcina nokuzinza isimo semvelo emhlabeni, kanye nokuhlinzekwa okuzinzile kwabantu nezilwane ezinokudla okungabizi. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa:

• Amasimu.
• Hayfields.
• Amapaki.
• Izitidi.
• Izingadi.
• Ukutshala kwehlathi.

Ezimweni eziningi, izinto eziphilayo ezidingekayo ziyadingeka ukuba umuntu athole imikhiqizo yezolimo ngempilo yakhe evamile. Naphezu kokungathembeki ngokwemvelo, izitshalo eziphezulu zivumela ukusebenzisa inombolo encane kunazo zonke zomhlaba ukuhlinzeka ukudla. Imigomo eyinhloko abantu abayibeke kuyo ekudalweni kwayo yilelo ukulondolozwa kwezitshalo ezinezinkomba zokusebenza eziphezulu.

Ubukhulu besibalo ku-agrocenosis kubangelwe ikakhulu ekunakekeleni ukuthi umuntu anganikeza ngenhloso yokwandisa izinga lokuzala, okuyinto imvelo yokusebenza edingekayo. Indoda enobuntu bayo ehlotshaniswa nokutholakala okuqhubekayo ezindaweni ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni, sekuyisikhathi eside yaqaphela ukuthi yilona uhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo ezidinga izici eziwusizo njalo. Phakathi kwazo, indima eqondile idlalwe ngamanzi kanye namanyolo wamaminerali, amanye awo ayanyamalala njalo emhlabathini ngenxa yomjikelezo wamanzi emvelo. Kule ndlela kuphela ongayilondoloza isitshalo futhi uvimbele indlala ekumoyeni kwezemvelo okuwohloka njalo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nge-agrocenosis, njengokunye kunoma iyiphi enye indawo, izilinganiso zokudla zezinto eziphilayo ziyabonwa, ingxenye eyimpoqo yayo eyindoda. Kulesi simo, nguye odlala indima enkulu, ngoba ngaphandle kwakhe akukho khona izinto eziphilayo ezikhona. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngaphandle kokuthola ukunakekelwa okufanele, ligcina izindawo zalo isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka ngesimo semasimini okusanhlamvu kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka ngesimo sezithelo nezitshalo zeberry.

Indlela enhle yokwandisa nokugcina ukukhiqizwa kwalezizinto eziphilayo kuyindlela yokuvuselela inhlabathi, okusiza ukuhlanza umhlaba ezintweni ezingaphandle futhi kuqiniswe ukukhula kwemvelo kwezitshalo.

Ithonya emvelweni yemvelo

Imvelo yemvelo ihlanganisa kokubili izinto eziphilayo zasemhlabeni nasemanzini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isintu kufanele sithathe izinyathelo ezibalulekile zokuvikela amachibi ekungeneni kwezinto eziyingozi. Inombolo yezinto eziphilayo lapho amanzi ewumthombo oyinhloko wokuphila, ngokuqondile kuxhomeke kokuqukethwe kwamanoni nesimo sokushisa. Ngokungafani nemvelo yokuphila komhlaba, izilwane eziphila ngaphansi kwamanzi zidinga ukutholakala njalo kwe-oksijeni, ngenxa yokuthi zizama ukuhlala phezu kwamanzi.

Izitshalo ezisekelwe phansi ezisemhlabeni zihluke emanzini hhayi kuphela ngesimiso sezitshalo, kodwa futhi yizingxenye eziyisisekelo zokudla. Kulesi simo, kuye ngokuthi amanzi aphakeme kangakanani, imithombo yokudla iba ncane kakhulu. Ngisho noma ukukhishwa kwemfucuza emabhizinisini akhiqizwa emithonjeni yamanzi, kepha emhlabathini, ngenxa yokungena kwezulu, ukungcola kungena emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Futhi kakade nabo bafinyelele emithonjeni eyinhloko, babhubhisa kuzo ingxenye enkulu yezinto eziphilayo futhi benza ithonya eliyingozi emzimbeni womuntu phakathi kwabantu abaphuza amanzi.

Izinhlobo zokungcola komoya

Imiphumela yemisebenzi yabantu emvelweni yizinto ezikhungethe ukungcola komoya. Kuze kube yamuva, kwakubhekwa njengenkinga enkulu kunazo zonke yemvelo kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu, kodwa ngenxa yokutadisha ngokucophelela le nkinga, ososayensi bakwazi ukuthola ukuthi ukungcola kwemvelo kungahamba ibanga elide ukusuka emthonjeni oqondile wokukhululwa. Ngakho-ke, singaphetha ngokuthi ngisho nokuhlala endaweni enhle ngokwezemvelo, abantu bahlinzekwa ngethonya eliyingozi njengalabo abahlala eduze nemithombo yezimboni.

Izinto ezivame ukungcolisa umoya, okuvela kuyo imvelo, ziyizi:

• Ukwandisa kokuqukethwe emoyeni kokugxilwa kwezinto eziyinhloko - i-carbon dioxide.
• Ama-oxides we-nitrogen.
• Ama-hydrocarboni.
• Sulfur dioxide.
• Ingxube yegesi ye-chlorine, i-fluorine ne-carbon compounds, eyaziwa njenge-CFCs.

Ukuthinta okunjalo emvelweni kuholela ekwenzeni ukuthi ukulwa nokungcoliswa kwemvelo kuye kwaba yimbulunga yonke, kuba umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke amazwe ngaphandle kokungafani. Kuphela ezimweni zokubambisana okukhulu kwamazwe angaphandle kungakwazi ukuqiniswa okusheshayo kwesimo semvelo.

Imiphumela emibi

Umsebenzi ongalungile womuntu ohlelweni lwemvelo uye wabonisa ukuthi emoyeni ukuhlushwa kwemvelo yendalo yemvelo kunciphisa njalo ngonyaka, futhi ungqimba olusenyakatho lwangaphakathi, lapho ukuhlushwa kwe-ozone ngezinye izikhathi kufinyelela ezingeni elibucayi, libhekene kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubunzima obuyinhloko ekubuyiseleni izinkomba zayo ezizinzile ngokuqondile ukuthi i-ozone ngokwayo ingakhuphula kakhulu ukungcola komoya emhlabathini, kube nomthelela omubi kwezitshalo eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma i-ozone ixubene ne-hydrocarbon ne-nitrogen oxide, i-photochemical smog yenziwa, okuyinto ingxube eyingozi kunazo zonke, enomthelela omubi emvelweni.

Kuze kube manje, izingqondo ezinhle kakhulu emhlabeni zisebenzisana nenkinga yokunciphisa imiphumela emibi yemisebenzi yabantu. Yiqiniso, izinto eziphilayo ezenziwe ngabantu zenza kancane kancane izinkomba, kodwa kukhona ukwanda okuqhubekayo kokukhipha okulimazayo kusuka ezitshalweni zezimboni eziqongelela emkhathini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona nemiphumela emibi ngesimo sothuli, umsindo, ukukhuliswa kwamasimu kagesi kanye nezinguquko zezulu, ngenxa yalokho izinga lokushisa elisezingeni eliphezulu liye landa kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, ngaleyo ndlela kubangela ushintsho lwezulu olungaqondakali.

Izindlela zokusekela imvelo

Njengoba ithonya lomuntu esimweni sezinto eziphilayo liye laholela ekuguquleni okukhulu kwesimo sezulu, futhi ikakhulukazi ekufudumeni kwezwe, isintu kufanele senze izinyathelo ezinzulu zokulwa nokungcola ngokukhulisa inani lemvelo emhlabeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungokwemvelo noma okufakelwayo. Ngenxa yokuqoqa emkhathini wamagesi ahlukene, okuyingxenye encane kuphela ehlukanisa isikhala, kanti konke okubangela ukuba kube nomthelela wokushisa emhlabeni, ososayensi bacabanga ngokuzayo ukwanda okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa emhlabeni, onomphumela omubi kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Noma kunjalo, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngaphandle kwethonya elinjalo, eliye labhekana nokushintsha okuncane phezu kwezigidi zeminyaka, izinto eziphilayo zanamuhla eziqondiswe umuntu ukusekela isimo semvelo azikwazi ukukhona.

Noma kunjalo, isintu kufanele sincishise ngokujulile ukukhishwa kwezinto ezilimazayo emoyeni, futhi okungenani kuqiniswe inqubo yokuhlwanyelwa kwamahlathi ngokubunjwa kwezikhala ezintsha eziluhlaza, ngoba ukwanda okuzinzile emvelweni wokushisa esikhathini esizayo kuzoholela ekukhuphukeni kwamanzi nokuwohloka kwezinhlelo zezulu. Kubalulekile ukuthi izinyathelo ezithile kule ndawo zithathwe kakade. Okokuqala, lokhu kuhloswe ekudalweni kweqembu le-Intergovernmental Group, okumele kwenziwe umsebenzi wokuqapha ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokubona indawo yokukhishwa kwegesi enamandla, ukushiya yonke imizamo yokuthuthukisa isimo semvelo kule ndawo.

Ukwengeza, i-World Ecological Congress, eyaziwa kangcono njengeNhlangano Yomhlaba, yasungulwa. Uqhuba imisebenzi ephelele ehlose ukuphetha isivumelwano sezwe phakathi kwawo wonke amazwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwamagesi nezinye izinto ezilimazayo emkhathini.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abukho ubufakazi obukholisayo bokufudumala kwe-anthropogenic yanamuhla, ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi inqubo engaphenduki isivele iqalile. Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi umhlaba wonke uhlangane ukuze kuqiniswe isimo semvelo eMhlabeni.

Ukuthinta komuntu kwisimiso sezinto ezingokwemvelo kungaqedwa kancane ngokuthuthukisa nokuqhubeka nokufaka izitolimende ezinamandla ezizosetshenziselwa ukuhlanza umoya. Namuhla, izakhiwo ezinjalo zifakwe kuphela kumabhizinisi aqhubekela phambili, kodwa inani labo alibalulekile kangangokuthi ukunciphisa kokukhishwa kwemikhumbi kudlula ngokungaqondakali emlandweni wezwe jikelele.

Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwemithombo ehlukile yamandla engenawo umonakalo emvelweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa kwezezimboni kufanele kufinyelele izinga elisha lomsebenzi nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obungabonakali kwezobuchwepheshe, futhi izinyathelo zokulwa nokukhipha igesi ezikhiqizwa yizimoto kufanele zithuthukiswe. Ngemuva kokuthi isimo sesigxile kakhulu, izinhlangano zezemvelo zomhlaba zingakwazi ukubona nokubhekana nokuhlukumeza konke.

Izinyathelo zokuzinza isimo

Umthelela omubi womuntu ohlelweni lwezinto ezingokwemvelo ungabhekwa nje ukungcola kwemvelo ngamachiza amakhemikhali, njengokwesibonelo, esimweni seChernobyl, kodwa futhi ekuqothukeni kwezinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo eziqhamukayo. Zonke lezi zici zenza ukuwohloka kwempilo yabantu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuneminyaka engakanani ubudala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukunyezwa kwemvelo kuthinta ngisho nabantwana abangakazalwa, ngokubhebhethekisa kakhulu isimo jikelele sofuzo lomhlaba jikelele futhi kuthinta izinga lokufa kwabantu.

Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe nokuhlolwa kwemiphumela yomuntu ezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo kwenza kube lula ukugweba ukuthi ukuwohloka okukhulu kwesimo semvelo eMhlabeni kuhloswe kakhulu ekusebenzeni komuntu ngokuzithandela. Le ndawo ihlanganisa ukugqugquzela nokukhuphula inani lamabhizinisi amakhemikhali, ukukhishwa kwamandla okuba nomthelela oqinile emvelweni. Uma esikhathini esiseduze sabantu esingazi ukuthi yimiphi imiphumela eyoholela ezenzweni zayo, futhi engaqali ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza, kubandakanya ukwandisa inani lemifino eluhlaza, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni amakhulu amakhulu, esikhathini esizayo kungabangela imiphumela engapheli emhlabeni wonke.