Okugweda sidilizwa yaseGrisi yasendulo: amagama

IGrisi yasendulo kwaba kwelinye lamazwe kunabo bonke emhlabeni. Engakabi yayo phezu insimu yalo wabeka izisekelo art Europe. Ilondolozwe Kahle izikhumbuzo yamasiko naleso sikhathi ukukhombisa impumelelo eliphakeme amaGreki emkhakheni bokwakha, ifilosofi, izinkondlo, yebo, izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu. Amaskriphthi ngisindise abathile: isikhathi akusho onga ngisho okudaliwe esiyingqayizivele kunazo. Ikhono, okuyinto idume le Okugweda yaseGrisi yasendulo lasendulo, ngezindlela eziningi, siyazi sibonga imithombo elilotshiwe nangengxenye kamuva amakhophi wamaRoma. Nokho, lolu lwazi yanele ukuba akuqonde yePeloponnese izakhamizi umnikelo empucukweni yomhlaba.

nezikhathi

ebaziwe WaseGrisi wasendulo ibilokhu ingeyona umdali omkhulu. Epoch inkathi zezimbali kwandulelwe amakhono abo zakudala (VII-VI cc. BC. Oe). ebaziwe eyayisekhona wesikhathi wesimethri ezahlukene futhi static. Abanaso nobungqabavu kanye kufihlwe ukunyakaza kwangaphakathi, okwenza esifanekisweni ibukeke abantu aphuthelwe senyanga yokuqala. Zonke ubuhle le misebenzi ekuseni wawumele- ubuso. Akuseyona njengoba static njengoba umzimba: smile obusuka umuzwa wenjabulo nokuzola, egcizelela umsindo lonke ebaziwe.

Ngemva kokuphothulwa zakudala ibe isikhathi ukundlula lapho Okugweda yaseGrisi yasendulo lasendulo wadala imisebenzi yabo edume kunazo zonke. It ihlukaniswe yaba nezikhathi eziningana:

• ekuseni zakudala - V ekuqaleni. BC. e.
• Classic High - V leminyaka. BC. e.
• Late Classic - IV e. BC. e.
• KobuHellenism - ekupheleni IV. BC. e. - mina e. n. e.

Isikhathi ushintsho

Classics Early - inkathi lapho Okugweda yaseGrisi yasendulo aqale ukuhambisa kude isikhundla kazibuthe umzimba, ukubheka izindlela ezintsha zokuveza imibono yabo. Ukuphambana zigcwele ubuhle bemvelo, postures babe ashukumisayo ngaphezulu, futhi ubuso - indlela abazizwa ngayo.

ebaziwe WaseGrisi wasendulo Miron wasebenza ngalesi sikhathi. Ngo imithombo ebhalwe, it libhekene njengenkosi yabo ukudluliswa anatomically lesifanele isakhiwo umzimba ukuthi ungakwazi thatha ngokunembile ngokoqobo. Myron wakhomba besikhathi begodu amaphutha akhe: e Ngokombono wabo, umqophi akazange nikwazi ukunika abantu ubuhle futhi ukuphi lokudalwa kwabo.

Master eziqoshiwe ihlanganise namaqhawe, onkulunkulu nezilwane. Nokho, preference elikhulu kunawo wonke elitholwa umqophi yamaGreki asendulo Myron wanikeza isithombe yabadlali ngesikhathi abazifezile mncintiswano. Adume "discus thrower" - indalo yakhe. I ebaziwe is engafakwanga ukuze izinsuku zethu in the original, kodwa kukhona amakhophi amaningana kuwo. "Discus thrower" okubonisa nomsubathi, ulungele ukubeka igobolondo yakho. Ngendlela enhle kakhulu ababulawa umsubathi umzimba: imisipha esishubile ukhombise kobukhulu disc, umzimba ezisontekile sifana entwasahlobo, ukulungele akusebenzise. Kubonakala sengathi ngisho wesibili igobolondo umsubathi metnet.

Ngendlela enhle kakhulu ababulawa Miron kubhekwe futhi eziqoshiwe "Athena" futhi "Mars", futhi safika kithi kuphela ngesimo amakhophi kamuva.

izimbali

Okugweda Ezivelele yaseGrisi yasendulo wasebenza phakathi naso sonke isikhathi zabuna okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngalesi sikhathi ama-imifanekiso wizadi bese eziqoshiwe nomuzwa wokuthi izindlela yokudlulisela ezinyakazayo, kanye nolwazi oluyisisekelo nge ukuvumelana Ingxenye. zakudala High - ngesikhathi ukwakheka izisekelo ebaziwe ngesiGreki, kamuva waba yisibonelo izizukulwane eziningi abaculi, kuhlanganise Abadali Yenguquko.

Ngaleso sikhathi, babesebenza umqophi yaseGrisi yasendulo newukuhlakanipha Polycleitus Phidias. Bobabili baphoqeleka ukuba zibabaza ngokwabo ngesikhathi usaphila futhi ungazange sekulibalekile eminyaka.

Ukuthula nokuzwana

Polycleitus wasebenza ngesikhathi Engxenyeni yesibili V e. BC. e. Waziwa ngokuthi okuyinhloko yokudala izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu esibonisa abasubathi uphumule ezaziwayo. Ngokungafani "Discobolus" by Myron abasubathi yakhe kungukuthi welulela futhi ekhululekile kodwa umbukeli akanayo ukungabaza amandla abo futhi amakhono.

Polycleitus wokuqala ukusebenzisa esithile esikhethekile sokuphatha umzimba: izinhlamvu zakhe ngokuvamile zisekelwe eyodwa kuphela ngezinyawo isinyathelo. Lokhu ukuma idale umbono zokuzilibazisa, uhlezi indoda eyinqaba.

uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli

Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke ebaziwe Policlet kubhekwe "Doryphoros" noma "Spearman". Umkhiqizo ubizwa nangokuthi uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli master, ngoba kubonisa ezinye izinhlinzeko zoMthetho Pythagoreanism futhi uyisibonelo indlela ekhethekile kokubeka izibalo contrapposto. Ngesisekelo ukwakheka - isimiso non-ukufana ukunyakaza engu- zomzimba: ohlangothini lwesobunxele (isandla ephethe umkhonto lag umlenze emuva) ekhululekile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo e kwesokudla okuphambene esishubile futhi static (asekelayo umlenze waqonda kanye isandla somzimba).

Le ndlela Polycleitus ke lisetshenziswe eziningi imisebenzi yakhe. Izimiso zalo eziyisisekelo ebekwe kule unreached kithi indatshana yakhe sobuhle bayo umqophi ebhaliwe, walibiza ngokuthi "Canon". Shiya indawo kuwo Polycleitus wathatha isimiso esigabeni segolide, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi kusetshenziswa ngempumelelo ngemisebenzi yakhe, lapho lesi simiso akuyona ngokuphambene lemvelo imingcele umzimba.

hlonishwa njengomphakathi ubuhlakani

Zonke Okugweda yaseGrisi yasendulo inkathi zabuna eziphakemeyo zamandulo uyasala okudaliwe nobabazekayo. Nokho, evelele kakhulu phakathi kwawo kwakukhona Phidias, ngokufanelekile njengezidalwa ezingaphezu kwabantu umsunguli art Europe. Ngeshwa, wizadi ingxenye enkulu ezisekhona kuphela njengoba amakhophi noma izincazelo emakhasini we azibhala abalobi basendulo.

Phidias abasebenze umhlobiso Parthenon e-Athens. Namuhla ukumelwa wekhono umqophi kungenziwa eligoqiwe ku impumuzo zemabula walondoloza, 1.6 m ubude. It uphawu-pilgrim eziningi ilibangise Athens ethempelini. Zonke ezinye umhlobiso Parthenon abulawa. Zabulawa ezehlela a esibaziwe sika-Athena, setha lapha kanye Ukudalwa Phidias. Goddess, ezenziwe ngetshe lendlovu negolide, wabonakalisa umuzi ngokwawo, amandla aso nesihlalo ngobukhulu.

Wonder zomhlaba

Okunye Okugweda esivelele yaseGrisi lasendulo kungawasiza kuncane lokho bavume ukuba Phidias, kodwa akekho kubo owayekwazi ukuziqhayisa udala isimangaliso ukukhanya. Statue of uZeyusi -Olympic senziwa master komuzi, lapho Imidlalo abadumile yayiqhutshelwa khona. Ukuphakama Nkulunkulu Okuduma, ohlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi segolide, hit (14 amamitha). Naphezu uNkulunkulu akubukeki njenge amandla esesabekayo: Phidias wadala elizolile onesizotha futhi ngokubabazekayo uZeyusi, eziningana esiqinile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ezinhle. Esifanekisweni ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka nesishiyagalolunye idonse zabaningi, ukufuna induduzo.

zakudala ngasekupheleni

Njengoba V aliqede. BC. e. Asazi ugijime aphume Okugweda yaseGrisi yasendulo. Amagama Scopas, Praxiteles futhi Lysippos yibo bonke abantu yena onesithakazelo wakudala. Senzé esikhathini esilandelayo, esibizwa yakudala ngasekupheleni. Sebenza laba baculi ukuthuthukisa bese umphelelisi ipumelelo inkathi edlule. Ngasinye ngendlela yabo, bona engashintsha ebaziwe, kwakucebisa nezikhonzi entsha, izindlela zokusebenza kanye impahla kanye ukuhluka adlulisele imizwelo.

izinkanuko abilayo

Scopas ingashiwo Innovator ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Abamandulele Okugweda omkhulu yaseGrisi yasendulo njengendlela material wakhetha ukusebenzisa ngethusi. Scopas okudaliwe bedalwa ikakhulukazi zemabula. Esikhundleni ukuthula bendabuko nobunye egcwele umsebenzi wabo eyaziwa Okugweda ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, inkosi wakhetha inkulumo. Akhe dalo agcwele izinkanuko imizwa, aba maningi njengabantu bangempela, hhayi onkulunkulu ungaphazamisekile.

Umsebenzi edume kunazo Scopas kubhekwe frieze we Mausoleum of Halicarnassus. Lowo mdwebo amazonomachy - elwa Amaqhawe zamaGreki ne Amazons nenkani. Izici eziyinhloko isitayela esivela enkosini, iyabonakala kalula kusuka izingcezwana lokusinda elale ndalo.

olubushelelezi

Enye umqophi kwalesi sikhathi, Praxiteles, kubhekwa okungcono master ngesiGreki ngokuya ukudluliselwa umzimba umusa nengokomoya kwangaphakathi. Omunye enkulu yemisebenzi yakhe - Aphrodite ka eKinidu - ababephila osukwini inkosi yayiqaphela isidalwa kunako konke wadala. A zemabula esifanekisweni lonkulunkulukazi kwaba isithombe sokuqala nenqwaba umzimba zesifazane nqunu. Original ke kungazange kufinyelele kithi.

Izici egcwele isitayela ejwayelekile ka Praxiteles, zibonakala esifanekisweni uHermesi. A ekwakhiweni olukhethekile umzimba nqunu, imigqa bushelelezi futhi izwi eliphansi zemabula master wakwazi ukwakha isimo esithile Ungadliwa, ngokoqobo esigubuzele ebaziwe.

Ukubhekisisa imininingwane

Kwathi ngesikhathi sokushona kwelanga, inkathi ngasekupheleni classical wasebenza omunye umqophi abadumile Greek - Lysippos. okungokwemvelo zayo, cwaningo ekudalweni ezahlukene ezikhethekile ngokucophelela izingxenye, abanye isilinganiso ukunwebeka. Lysippos wafuna ukudala eziqoshiwe, egcwele umusa obugagu. yekhono laKhe ukuthi ayalolongwa ngenkathi ngitadisha njengeziyingxenye yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli Policlet. Abaphila Besikhathi kuqashelwe ukuthi umsebenzi Lysippos, ngokungafani "Doriphor" wanikeza umbono we emfishane futhi kunokulinganisela yini. Ngokusho yetinsita master umdali bekulokhu intandokazi Aleksandra Makedonskogo.

Ithonya East

A esigabeni esisha kakhulu ekuthuthukeni ebaziwe siqala ekupheleni we IV. BC. e. Umngcele phakathi nezikhathi ezimbili yisikhathi ukunqoba kuka-Alexander Omkhulu. Nabo empeleni iqala ngenkathi kobuHellenism, kuba kwakwakhe ubuciko yaseGrisi yasendulo futhi emazweni asempumalanga.

Ngesikhathi inhliziyo ukubaza kwalesi sikhathi kukhona Masterworks of the emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. emidwebweni yamaGreki wanika jikelele imisebenzi efana Nika Samofrakiyskaya futhi Venera Milosskaya. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakunabanye ababaleki edumile ePergamon altare imifanekiso. Kwezinye imisebenzi ngasekupheleni yamaGreki kakhulu ukuvusa umuzwa iziza yasendlini nemininingwane. Isiko IGrisi yasendulo sikhathi waba nethonya elinamandla endleleni ukuthuthukiswa ubuciko wonke uMbuso WaseRoma.

Ekuphetheni

Okusho endulo njengoba umthombo kwezifiso nabanengqondo futhi tebuciko ayikwazi babenesibindi esikhulu. Okugweda sidilizwa eGrisi lasendulo wabeka izisekelo hhayi kuphela izikebhe zabo siqu, kodwa futhi ukuqonda namazinga ubuhle umzimba womuntu. Bakwazi ukuxazulula inkinga isithombe ezinyakazayo ngokushintsha ukuma kanye ngokudlulisela maphakathi gravity. Okugweda sidilizwa yaseGrisi yasendulo ngafunda angadluliselwa yi iphathwa imizwa itshe futhi nakho, ukwakha hhayi nje esifanekisweni, kodwa isibalo cishe ophilayo, ngomumo nganoma isiphi hambisa isikhashana, ukuphefumula ukumamatheka. Zonke lezi impumelelo ngeke yisisekelo isiko liyanda Yempucuko.