Orleans, France: Umlando kanye nokuzwa

Orleans, France - omunye Imizi eminingi yasendulo kulendzawo yangaphambilini kuyilapho lesibili ngobukhulu kuleli zwe, ukunqoba isiNgisi, okwakubekelwa iphethwe Joan odumile Arc. Umuzi kuyinto zezimboni, iwayini futhi perfume isikhungo esiyinhloko yeFrance. It izivakashi nge nomlando wayo abacebile esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo.

umlando Orleans

Abasunguli be imizi izizwe Gauls, eyakha ke njengoba itheku elisogwini River Loire, futhi kusetshenziswe njengezaba isikhungo kwezomnotho kanye zokuthutha yeFrance. Nokho, ngo-52 BC. e. ke wabhujiswa amabutho amaRoma ayeholwa Yuliem Tsezarem by.

Revival Orleans wathatha iminyaka 200, lapho kufika amandla, umbusi Mark Avrely, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wamganisela igama Avrelianuma (1275). Leli gama isivele eminyaka 17, futhi phakathi naleso, ngenxa yezinguquko ifonotiki ngolimi wayethethelela ukufunda njengoba Orleans (France).

Ngemuva kokuwa WaseRoma Avrelianum yaba inhloko-dolobha yombuso, ngisho eminyakeni embalwa engamakhulu - inhloko-dolobha Duchy, esibuswa izihlobo yamakhosi French.

Orleans indawo wakhethwa ngenxa ukusondela ukuba nemizila emfuleni ukuhweba lapho imikhumbi alethwe France izimpahla ezivela emhlabeni wonke. Khona-ke, kakade kusezweni elomile, bawela eParis, elise km 100 nje emzini.

Kuleli khulu leminyaka elidlule, Orleans ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphansi ukuhlaselwa nasezimpini, futhi esikhathini VI. eneminyaka engu-38 ubudala yaba isikhungo zenkolo zezwe ngenxa emikhandlwini yamasonto (Abapristi Umhlangano) labetibambile lapha. Isikhathi esithile ngemva kokuba Ukuhlukaniswa Frankish isimo edolobheni yaba inhloko-dolobha yombuso wakwa Orleans. Njengoba X. kubhekwa idolobha lesibili eFrance, indawo yesibili ebaluleke kunazo zonke elandela Paris.

Esinye sezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zenzeka ekhulwini XIII. - kokutholakala kwale nyuvesi, ukuze umuzi kuba isikhungo yesayensi yeFrance.

Orleans Ephakathi futhi ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX.

Ekhulwini xv. I Orleans kwaba isenzakalo esibalulekile, shiya trace emlandweni eFrance naseNgilandi, kulapha lapho phezu kwempi engu-100 ophakathi kwala mazwe womabili sibonga amabutho, owayehola Joan of Arc, ukuwina kule ngxabano, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wathola isihloko zokuhlonipha "The Maid of Orleans" .

Enye usuku ongasoze walitshalwa emlandweni isiFulentshi, kodwa edabukisayo ngaphezulu - ngo-1572 e kulowo muzi kwakukhona Night a St noBartolomewu sika, okuyinto eyaba impi yenkolo yokugcina phakathi kwamaKatolika amaHuguenot. Ngobunye ubusuku lapha wafa ukufa enobudlova ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane. 1 amaHuguenot.

Enye Ukuvinjezelwa komuzi nakho 1870s, futhi kamuva ethunjwa ebuthweni lasePrussia.

Buyela amandla kuze kube Bourbon lwamakhosi

I ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX. izwe imakwe izinhlekelele ezinkulu zomlando: liwile Napoleon wabuyela amandla, lo mbuso we Bourbons. Le nqubo kwaphazanyiswa lapho Napoleon ubalekile Elba, ukuphi esekudingisweni, ezama ukubuyela amandla. Nokho, izinsuku ezingu-100 futhi ukubusa kwakhe kweminyaka yaphela nge ukunqotshwa ukuthi walishushisa wamabutho elihlangene baseNgilandi Prussia Battle of Waterloo. Ngemva kwalokho, uNapoleon wadingiselwa St Helena.

Kusukela 1814 emlandweni esigabeni yokuvuselela iqala France kanye Bourbon Orleans. Ekuqaleni wafika amandla Lyudovik XVIII, bese - Charles X owanikhuphula nabafowabo abancane owabulawa ngo 1792 ngesikhathi Okokuqala French Revolution, King Louis XVI. Le nkathi yesikhathi iba ezahlukene imiphakathi eyimfihlo futhi icebo, okwakuhilela ababengabalandeli bayo kukaNapoleon Republican eziningi.

Lyudovik XVIII yayisivele iminyaka yakho isihambile, washiya ingashintshiwe the Civil Code kanye nesakhiwo nezokuphatha isimo, uma wamukelwa French uMthethosisekelo, kufuze ngesiNgisi.

Charles X wayengazimisele ukukhuthaza Party ultra kokuthunyelwe uhulumeni, kodwa kusukela 1827, ngemva kwamakhetho, Liberals zaqala ukutheleka ngasezinsikeni ezikhonzayo. E-Fulansi, Bourbons kanye Orleans (8 ikilasi efunda izifundo yomlando) wayengumfundi simo sabangela yinqubomgomo engalungile uhulumeni nokunganeliseki okwenziwa abantu abavamile, okwaholela esinye salezi zinguquko.

Yenguquko 1830

Julayi 1830 kwaphawula revolution Paris, lapho Charles X lanqotshwa, futhi endaweni yawo ihlala zinyanga French Korol Lui Philippe mina, uMbusi Orleans (isihloko lithwalwe 1800).

France kanye Bourbon Orleans kusukela Revolution kuya ekupheleni 1848 banamathela inqubomgomo izinguquko Charter (1830), eyasebenza njengodonga ngesisekelo kokulingana benkolo, kabusha umthetho yokhetho kanye nokwehla kwethonya emandleni obukhosi. Lui filipp kulokhu ukuthi edume ngokuthi "isakhamuzi inkosi." Phakathi nesikhathi sokubusa kwayo kwalandelwa nokungathembani indlela yokuphila yezwe, iziza eziningi kwabaphikisi bakhe, yokuvukela Republican, ngisho ngomzamo ekuphileni kwakhe.

Isikhundla abampofu France kanye Bourbon Orleans kusukela Yenguquko 1830 futhi ayikashintshi: emva ukufukulwa komnotho esikhathini 1840s zokuqala zathola ukwehla kwamandla omnotho, saqala ukwanda kwemisebenzi, phansi izisebenzi baqhubeka. Kusukela 1846, umnotho wezwe kufika ukudangala, ephelezelwa udlame ongumlimi. Februwari 1848 kwaphawulwa ukwakhiwa ngothango ezitaladini Paris kanye nemibhikisho ethandwa, njengoba kwakunjalo ekuqaleni Republic Okwesibili. Inkosi Lui filipp babalekela eNgilandi, asiyeke.

Ukubuyisela Orleans ngemva kwempi

Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili edolobheni esikhathini kusukela ngo-1940 kuya ku-1944 lase lithengwe kwezinhloko zamaviyo amaNazi. Ngesikhathi ekhululwa, US Air Force is ngokuphelele ngebhomu edolobheni babhujiswa neziningi zezakhiwo kanye izikhumbuzo.

Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni post-yimpi, izakhiwo eziningi zakhiwa kabusha ngokuvumelana amaphrojekthi ubudala kanye nemidwebo ngenkathi sigcina isitayela, kodwa ikhumbula yesimanje ezokuthutha izindawo.

Orleans, France Izikhangibavakashi

Omunye Amatshwayo izakhamuzi bakholwe Orleans uJeanne d'Arc, okuyinto kuleli dolobha isibe odumile eyiqhawe futhi winner, ngakho iningi ezikhangayo yedolobha lunikezelwe wakhe.

Leli thempeli eyinhloko Orleans (France) - St Croix, eyakhiwa ngekhulu XIV. belingisa Paris-Notre Dame. It lamiswao esizeni nasethempelini, lapho Joan of Arc kugujwa ukunqoba impi futhi izakhamuzi. Ohlangothini olungasempumalanga olungaphambili lwesonto lethempeli eyenziwe isitayela Gothic, ngasentshonalanga - in a Romanesque ehluke ngokuphelele,. Kwenzeka ngenxa yokuchithwa ke ngo-1568 kwakhishwa Huguenot izihlubuki. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka angu XVI-XIX, lombhishobhi lalungiswa, lokho bazabela waletha abaklami ehluke ngokuphelele futhi abakhi. Kamuva kakhulu ezakhiwa isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi, kusukela lapho, sibonga ukuphakama kwalo 80 m, buka enhle lonke idolobha. ingilazi angcolile amafasitela lombhishobhi sifanekise ufunde ngendaba yokuphila kwenkosikazi intombazane ukulondolozwa emzini iJerusalema livinjezelwe.

On endaweni yomphakathi ephakathi nalesi kukhona lesikhumbuzo Martrois Maid of Orleans (umqophi E. Fuat), kodwa budebuduze nayo ke - emnyuziyamu esizinikezele kuye Nokho. Itshe lesikhumbuzo elimiswe 1855 esikhundleni esidala abhidlizwa ngesikhathi inguquko, usakaze kwaqhuma British akusebenzi futhi lihlotshiswe bas-imifanekiso esibonisa izenzo uJeanne.

, который занимается сбором всех документов, которые имеют отношение к ее жизни. I Orleans kusukela ngo-1974 kukhona Centre of Joan of Arc, okuyinto eqoqa yonke imibhalo ukuthi kufanele enzeni ngokuphila kwakhe.

Orleans Museum

Omunye ezikhangayo yedolobha, kuphawulwa igama Jean d'Arc - emzini owayeyinhloko uMbusi Orleans, lapho wahlala izinsuku eziningana 1429 emva umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo lapha kuyinto umnyuziyamu umlando France, okuthiwa "iNdlu Joan of Arc" Sitshela mayelana maid zokuphila Orleans kusukela ekuzalweni kwelinye emizaneni Lorraine ngaphambi kokubulawa. Omunye ziphephile kokulandisa Ukuvinjezelwa komuzi e 1429, elibamba nemibukiso anikezelwe Ephakathi.

Indawo egcina amagugu esizwe zomlando Archaeological usebenza kusuka 1823 ubonisa izivakashi kokutholakala inkathi Gallo-Roman (iqoqo zobuciko kusukela Bronze Age), wathola abavubukuli engxenyeni XIX leminyaka lesibili., Kanye ukuchayeka Ephakathi nangeNkathi Yempucuko. Museum embukisweni ezihlukahlukene yezandla namatshe aqoshiwe. It ligcinwe isakhiwo esifanayo Kabyu, abake ngokuthi i-House of Diane de yasePoitiers.

Omunye sezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu Orleans (France) - Groslo inxuluma, elakhiwa ngo isitayela Burgundy, "Towers" ekhulwini XVI. Uhlelo Lokufaka Lwe-du Serso. Okwesikhathi esithile kwakukhona iNkosi François II, futhi ngesikhathi salezi zinguquko ehhovisi lomphathi-dolobha sasikhona. I Interiors kanye ifenisha abasele zinjalo.

Museum of Fine Arts inikeza imisebenzi amakhosi French futhi YaseYurophu imidwebo, ebaziwe, ifenisha nezitsha, kuhlanganise uchungechunge imisebenzi ngabaculi ka XVII-XIX eminyaka. amaphastelsi (kubhekwe eqoqweni lesibili ngobukhulu ngemva Louvre). Kukhona amakamelo Art Nouveau futhi zanamuhla, ngokuvamile iphatha nemibukiso.

Royal Ibhuloho phezu Loire - ingenye ezikhangayo Orleans (France) - eyakhelwe oda weNkosi George wesi-5, lapho isithandwa kuye ukuhamba futhi ujabulele emzini. It uxhuma ogwini waseFrance umfula omkhulu kunayo yonke, ukuba khona lapho ehlangene umlando emnothweni wezwe. intsha yanamuhla usebenzisa le ndawo i ukungcebeleka kusihlwa ngokusebenzisa enkabeni yedolobha.

Indawo egcina amagugu esizwe Charles Péguy, ongowokuzalwa e Orleans, owaba imbongi kanye umbhali, itholakala mansion enhle e isitayela Renaissance. Nazi ngokudayisa wakhe futhi isebenza eliqoshiwe izimfihlakalo yenkolo ephakathi.

Joan of Arc e Orleans iholide

I iholide kuqala Orleans (France), anikezelwe Joan of Arc, kwakuhlelwa Idolobha elikhulu e 1435, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho kudlalwé play "Imfihlakalo ukuvinjezelwa Orleans," eveza ncamashi yonke imicimbi. Kwaba ngisho nohlamvu olulodwa kweziyizigidi nabangane isixhumanisi Gilles de Rais, kancane oxhaswe ukusebenza. Izinhlamvu main - yomfana elincane, lelo ukukhethela izakhamuzi kanye City Hall.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, njalo ngonyaka ngo-May 8, aphethwe celebration abahlala engxenyeni ephakathi ye-dolobha, okuhlukile kwenziwa kuphela ezikhathini ezimpini zenkolo. Kuleli khulu leminyaka elidlule, okuhleliwe ukwenza ushintsho oluncane, wanezela izinhlamvu, owethulwa emcimbini we ngokudayisa the Virgin Awamarakhethi.

Ekhulwini XIX. ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosi Lui Filippa kwathiwa iholide kazwelonke kusukela 1920 isonto futhi iholide lomphakathi ngo-May 8 aye ahlanganiswa namanye.