Party engekho emthethweni. Ukwahlukanisa amaphathi uhlele kabusha imicondvo lemcoka kanye nabaholi

Kuze kube yimanje, Russian Federation, wamemezela isimiso ukuthi akukho imibono yabantu asikwazi kuthathwe njengoba esibophezelayo, yimuphi umbono unalo ilungelo lokuthatha khona. Abantu abaphethe kungekho netinkholelo kanye nemibono, bamunye izinhlangano zezombusazwe, ukuthonya ngokwezinga elikhulu noma elincane ezithweni amandla, noma ukumisa omunye esikhundleni sabo ngenxa ukhetho. Nokho, kukhona imiphakathi ehlukahlukene ukuthi umthetho ngoba ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Ukubamba iqhaza emisebenzini yalezi izinhlangano kubabangele izinhlawulo zobugebengu, ngisho umusho yangempela ejele. It kungavunyelwe neqembu emthethweni, kabanzi mayelana iluphi okuzoxoxwa ngalo esihlokweni.

Yiziphi izinhlangano zezombusazwe?

Ukuze sinake lolu daba izinhlangano eyayivinjelwe orientation zezombusazwe, kufanele sinake, yiziphi party iyonke. Kule ndaba, abahlaziyi bezombusazwe phikisana, ezama ukuhlanganisa inhlangano ezinye izinkundla ezivamile. Kukhona ezifanele kakhulu yethu ngezigaba nesikhathi amaqembu, lubahlukanise ku zindlela ezinhlanu eziseqhulwini:

1. Maqondana iqembu elibusayo kukhona kokubili elibusayo nokuphikiswa. Okokuqala ume ohlangothini lamanje uhulumeni ukweseka noma kukhona ngokwabo ezinjalo. Isenzo yesibili ngokumelene nohulumeni, dlulisa imibono yabo ngokusebenzisa umbhikisho noma ngokusebenzisa izincwadi zabo. By the way, amaqembu amaningi emthethweni kukhona ukuphikiswa.
2. Ngokwe inhlangano inhlangano kukhona okukhulu futhi abasebenzi. Massive livulekele bonke izingxenye sabantu, zingaba amathuluzi eyodwa. Kukhona imiphakathi enjalo ngokusebenzisa yokuzithandela yemali eminikelweni eyenziwa abahlanganyeli. Abasebenzi zilinganiselwe, umbuthano ewumngcingo zabantu, futhi baqala bezikhandla ngosuku olwandulela ukhetho, usekelwa abaxhasi abacebile.
3. Party isimiso ngemibono ihlukaniswe kwesokudla, kwesokunxele centrist. abameleli Ngokwesiko, usuku babonwa kwesokunxele iphiko ukunyakaza sezenhlalo kanye lamaKhomanisi, kwesokudla - Liberals futhi isizwe futhi bazibheke njengoba enjalo. Centrists - iqembu core amaqembu pro-uhulumeni, ukusekela inkambo uhulumeni wamanje.
4. Komphakathi, ikilasi umbandela zezombangazwe zabiwa phakathi onxiwankulu kanye nabasebenzi.
5. Ngo oyiyo, iqembu kungase kube uhlobo zakudala, noma ukunyakaza, noma kobushiqela-nokuphathelene, futhi kungenzeka abe club zezombusazwe.

Kunenye Ukwahlukaniswa amaqembu. It ahlinzekwa ososayensi zezombusazwe Richard Gunther futhi Larri Daymondom. Le phathi abayizicukuthwane, abantu, ukhetho, party kanye orientation yobuhlanga kwenhlangano, ayedabuka zezombangazwe.

izinhlangano Underground eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili

Ekuqaleni kwawo-nekhulu le-19 nelesi-20 leminyaka eMbusweni Russian waqala ukwakha amaqembu ezombusazwe. Akhuluma ngokuzokwenzeka izinhlangano ezingekho emthethweni, kufanele sinake abameleli ovelele komhlaba isikhathi: lena Social Democrats kanye Socialist-mbuso, okubizwa ngokuthi ama-Socialist-mbuso. izici ezivamile zombili izinhlangothi - uzungu ezingeni eliphezulu, emthethweni, umsebenzi komhlaba, ubuphekula wamavukelambuso.

Social Democrats njengoba base ngemibono esetshenziswa Marxism. Umqondo wabo - kokugumbuqelwa ohlelweni isicebi kanye nekusungulwa ubushiqela yesigaba sabasebenzi nesimemezelo zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, okuyinto yisiboniso ubulungiswa. Mayelana lowo wasungula iqembu lezombusazwe, eyaziwa emakhasini iyiphi ebhukwinitifundvo umlando esikoleni. Lokhu uVladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin), Martov, Plekhanov nabanye. Esikhathini esizayo, inhlangano ahlukaniselwe amaBolshevik, abalandeli kukaLenin, kanye Mensheviks, abalandeli Martov sika. Njengoba sazi, iqembu kwamaBolshevik athatha izintambo ngemuva Okthoba Revolution futhi iyona ukhokho CPSU.

Socialist-mbuso kwakhiwa siqu party yabo kwezepolitiki nokuhlanganiswa izinhlangano populist. Inqubo iye yaba isikhathi eside ngokwanele. Kuze okwamanje kokugcwaliseka kwesibonakaliso Februwari Revolution, Social Abavukeli khona ngokungemthetho, ngokudala imibuthano, ukunyakaza, kuhlanganise ukwenza imisebenzi amaphekula. Bahlela kokubulawa inkosi kanye namanye amalungu uhulumeni ngaleso sikhathi.

ukunyakaza elingekho emthethweni zezombusazwe e-USSR

Ngokusho idatha esemthethweni, eSoviet Union kwakunebandla elilodwa amandla olulodwa zezombusazwe - Iqembu lamaKhomanisi, kodwa kwakukhona ukunyakaza emthethweni. Njengoba isibonelo, ukuhamba komhlaba Maoists sisebenza kuleli iminyaka 1960-1980. Umqondo wabo laliwukuthi ukulwa ukonakala wobunxiwankulu we ubuholi beqembu. Ngemva kokufa Iosifa Vissarionovicha Stalina owalandela ematheni umbono lamaKhomanisi kwabonakala Mao Zedong, wafika ngamandla eSoviet Union Nikitu Sergeevicha Hruscheva beqonda njengoba umsebenzi party, kodwa hhayi umholi.

Futhi in the komhlaba phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet kwadingeka HAMBA KHOLWA - inkolo kwakubhekwa "njengophawu umlaliso abantu" emhlabeni Soviet, wayengenazo indawo. Zonke izinhlangano zenkolo lokukholisa bashushiswa ngenxa ephikisayo, izindlu ezicekeleke phansi zabo zokukhulekela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-Soviet Union yayikhona ukunyakaza komhlaba, emele iqembu yentsha lapho abantu nixoxe ngemibono lamaKhomanisi kanye nokufuna ukuhambisana nesikhathi sokuthula ekuphileni kwabo kwangempela.

Yiqiniso, imisebenzi yemiphakathi ezifana eSoviet Union sasingekho emthethweni.

party okunqatshelwe orientation zenkolo

Ngokwe-eziyisisekelo idokhumenti zomthetho wezwe - uMthethosisekelo, ayikho inkolo kungenziwa obonwa isimo. Zimenyezelwe yenkululeko yokulalela unembeza, wonke umuntu unelungelo lokukhetha inkolo yabo. Ukwehlukanisa inkolo kanye kohulumeni bezwe. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlangano zezombusazwe nezenkolo ziyavalwa, njengoba injongo eyinhloko labo - ukunqunywa inkolo njengento yokuqala ezweni elinesidingo inkolo luzoqala kuyo yonke imikhakha yokuphila kazwelonke, kubandakanya isishayamthetho. Lokhu kuphambene uMthethosisekelo. Nokho, kwaze kwaba ngo-2003, la zezombangazwe khona babehilelekile lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela izithakazelo wabangcwele. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu "Ukuze Russia Ongcwele" ezimpini ukhetho ePhalamende. Inhlanhla kulolu hlelo ku-ingxenye Orthodox Party kungazange kufinyelele, umphumela yayingaphansi kwamaphesenti angu eyodwa.

Kuze kube manje, party, ekuhlanganiseni ngezizathu zenkolo akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho. Imisebenzi ezinye eduze amahlelo; Umgomo wabo - inkulumo-ze engokwenkolo, bavame ukuba benze ukukhwabanisa kanye nokunye imisebenzi engekho emthethweni.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iziphathimandla kanye isonto ahlukile, ngokuvumelana noMthetho-sisekelo, abameleli kahulumeni kaningi ukuhlangana nabaholi benkolo bangaleso labo izinkolo kuthiwa ngokomthetho WaseRussia. Ngenxa yalesi ukuxhumana, ethembekileyo kungaletha iziphakamiso zabo kanye nezidingo emagunyeni.

Amaqembu ezombusazwe eRussia namuhla

Kuze kube manje, lizwe has a inombolo enkulu amaqembu ezombusazwe kanye nokuhamba yimuphi umumo. Kuyinto iqembu elibusayo amelwe Duma State, kanye izinhlangano, ngesizathu esisodwa noma kwenye azibanga khona. Phakathi kwalezi kukhona imiphakathi zezombusazwe nokunyakaza ukuphikiswa pro-uhulumeni. Uma sicabangela party emthethweni, basuke ikakhulukazi atholakala phakathi izinhlangano oppositional. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, ngokomthetho isiRashiya, ukunyakaza kumela kokugumbuqelwa zobudlova oda ekhona, futhi inzondo yobuhlanga, omphakathi namanye ngezizathu, akuvunyelwe.

eliphikisayo e-Russia

Izikhalo Zomhlaba ukunyakaza eRussia imelelwa yenombolo yezinhlangano. Uma sikhuluma eliphikisayo, singatholakala ngokuthi amaqembu ezombusazwe, lidlule isishayamthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, KPRF, LDPR futhi "Fair Russia". Umsebenzi wabo umbhikisho sivezwe hhayi kuphela ngokusebenzisa isinyathelo esiqondile - imibhikisho, pickets, amamashi kanye nezinye, kodwa futhi ngokuqondile neziphathimandla, lapho babe nabameli babo. Abakwazi balethe iziphakamiso zabo kwi-ajenda.

Futhi, kukhona amaqembu ezombusazwe abadlule inqubo yokubhalisa, umsebenzi wabo kusemthethweni, kodwa, ngezizathu ezithile zona emabandleni zomthetho. Lezi zinkampani noma akazange ukuqoqa inani elidingekayo of wamavoti okhethweni, noma babengavunyelwe bathunywe ukhetho.

izici ezivamile abamele ukuphikiswa-non-letindzala

Non-letindzala amaqembu oppositional singamelwe iziphathimandla emaphakathi kanye lendawo, umsebenzi wabo ikhankasela ngosizo emihlanganweni, imibuthano, pickets nezinye izindlela okubizwa ngokuthi emgwaqweni intando yeningi. Ezinye zazo kunyatheliswe izincwadi zabo ephrintiwe umkhankaso, ukudala Web kumasayithi e-internethi. amaqembu olunjalo ezibhaliswe Ministry of Justice, ngakho-ke, mayelana nemisebenzi yabo kungashiwo ukuthi akukho emthethweni. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi zivinjelwe. Isisekelo mthetho kuba imisebenzi yeqembu, ukuba benze izenzo ezinobudlova, inkulumo-ze wobushiqela, ukungabekezelelani injabulo ngenxa yanoma yisiphi isizathu, kudinga revolution.

Banned party eRussia

Imiphakathi kusukela mthetho emthethweni bamaqembu ezombusazwe kuhluke ukuthi ubulungu nezinhlangano ezifana kuyinto yisigwebo umthetho, futhi necala lobugebengu. Ukuheha, njengoba umthetho, ukusabalalisa ulwazi, ikhuthaza wobushiqela ushintsho enobudlova kwamandla, nokunye. E. Party Uvinjiwe ibanga elikhulu imibono ehlukene, kusukela Kommunisticheskaya ophela imiphakathi ovulekile ubuzwe.

Ummeleli eliqavile inhlangano yezombangazwe uvinjelwe-National kwamaBolshevik Party, u-Eduard Limonov eyasungulwa ngo-November 1994, kusukela esikhathini uya ucindezela kunyatheliswe INqabayokulinda yokuqala iphephandaba "uphayinaphu". Sekuyisikhathi eside Leli dili inqatshelwe kokubhaliswa ngokomthetho, okuyinto ukuthi kungani ayengeke akwazi iqhaza emzabalazweni olusemthethweni zezombusazwe esebenzisa ukhetho. Ngo-2007, NBP uvinjelwe ngokomthetho, base wakhonza njengephayona ezinye imibhikisho yizinkampani. Nokho, amalungu aso Ushiye nokuhileleka kwezombusazwe - "The Other Russia" yasungulwa ngo-2010. Ukubhalisa walaliswa futhi sinqatshiwe, ngakho manje lo mphakathi umphelelisi ezihlukahlukene amaqembu ezombusazwe emthethweni.

Izinhlangano nokunyakaza ekhuthaza wobushiqela

Indawo ekhethekile phakathi amaqembu kungavunyelwe hlala izinhlangano undlovukayiphikiswa. Eyokuqala Russian wamaFascist Party yadalwa kwamaSoviet, ngo-1931. It is njengelinye lamazwe amaqembu emikhulu yezifiki ihlelwe kakhulu waba amafilosofi ecacile futhi isakhiwo. Nokho, it is ukudala indawo ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, akazange Soviet Union Manchuria. Abasunguli - emigres Russian ngubani wakhuthaza kwamaJuda anti-nobukhomanisi. Ukuhlaselwa laseJalimane lobuNazi iSoviet Union ngamandla amakhulu kwabonakala ithuba ukuqeda "ijoka Jewish" kanye nobukhomanisi. Iqembu wawuwuvimbele iziphathimandla Japanese ngo-1943. Ngemva amabutho aseSoviet langena Manchuria, umsunguli we party - Konstantin Vladimirovich Rodzaevsky - ngokuzithandela owayezinikele iziphathimandla zaseSoviet, okwathi ngemva kwalokho waboshwa futhi wabulawa ngonyaka kamuva.

Kuze kube manje, iqembu Russian undlovukayiphikiswa alikho, kodwa kukhona nezinye izinhlangano ezikhuthaza nobuNazi, futhi kuyangqubuzana Ministry of Justice.

ashisekela ubuzwe eRussia yesimanje

Movement, okuyinto yesikhulumi ngemibono ubuzwe, okwethulwa uhlu olude izinhlangano. amaqembu wobandlululo nokunyakaza evamile ihlukaniswe nokulinganisela olukhulu, kanye ezingekho emthethweni. Ubude zezinhlamvu ezingaphezu kuka-50. Phakathi esesilinganisweni ugqamise iNational Democratic Party, ukuhamba "Ukumelana" nabanye. Eminingi yale miphakathi imiphakathi abafuna indlela yokuphila enempilo, ngoba imvuselelo yamanani kuyisiphazamiso esimisweni sokuhle nokubi. Ingxenye enkulu yale ndawo msebenzi ngempela ezakhayo, kodwa namanje amalungu ala abahilelekile emkhakheni abomthetho ukunqanda imisebenzi engekho emthethweni.

Okungekho emthethweni amaqembu ubuzwe Russian abe ummeleli sasivumela elikhanyayo - Russian National Unity (RNE). Lokhu izinhlangano ultra kwesokudla, ngokusho kwabanye abahlaziyi bezombusazwe - wamaFascist, yasungulwa ngo-1990. Alexander wahola ukunyakaza Barkashov. Ukuze ukuphikiswa asebenzayo kwinhlangano kwamandla ukuthi akuvumelekile, kodwa kwaba isizathu ukushintsha ifomethi ezinyakazayo. Kusukela ngo-1997, RNU ekuqaleni libeke ngokwaso njengoba inhlangano yezenhlalakahle-yokushisekela izwe, aphethwe engqungqutheleni wokusungula.

RNU inhlangano ekhona kuze kube yilolu suku, it is hhayi kubhaliswe ngokusemthethweni. Phakathi nemisebenzi esemqoka motion - ukuthumela sokuzithandela amaqembu ensimini ka eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Ukraine.