Kumiswa, Indaba
Pechenegs - lena ... Ukunqotshwa kwe-Pechenegs
ukuhlolwa litmus esingasondela ngazo ukunquma umsuka abantu - ulimi. Pecheneg ulimi kungokwalabo umndeni Turkic, okubandakanya ezihlukahlukene imidiya kusuka Turkey eSiberia nase-Asia Ephakathi. Kukho konke lokhu kukhona nomphakathi omkhulu subgroups encane. Endabeni le pechenegy Oguz izilimi, yena esibalwa. Ukwazi lokhu, singakwazi ukuthola elilandelayo yabo isihlobo.
Umsuka Pechenegs
Izihlobo Pechenegs kukhona Oguz - ngisho abanye abantu abayimizulane ezathatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kumiswa izizwe-Asia Ephakathi. Pechenegs - lena omakhelwane babo eliseduze, banquma ukuthuthela entshonalanga iVolga emaqeleni. Ngokuthi yezizathu eziningana. Mhlawumbe kwakungenxa ubutha phakathi kwezizwe, ukusebenzisa kanye nezinguquko sezulu sina endaweni, kuhlanganise isomiso, okwakusho ukwehla izinsiza ezibalulekile.
Ngandlela-thile, kodwa union zezizwe yadlulela ngasentshonalanga. Kwasekusithi ekupheleni kwekhulu IX, ncamashi phakathi okuvela emaphakathi East Slavic isimo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-njengabafokazi akazange ukuya enyakatho, futhi baqhubeka nohambo lwabo entshonalanga, kuze kube semngceleni nge Bulgaria futhi waseByzantium. omakhelwane okusha ahlala emaqeleni ezindawo yeBlack Sea, ensimini ka-Ukraine yesimanje.
Naphezu izimpande zawo Turkic, imihambuma ekugcineni atholwe ezinye izici Caucasoid. Ngakho, abantu besikhathi bathi abantu emaqeleni abanezinwele ezimnyama waziphuca izintshebe zawo, futhi kusukela Kiev emhlanganweni nabo kalula ulahleke esixukwini. La mazwi abonakala kancane eziphikisanayo, kodwa kungenzeka futhi umusa onjalo, ikakhulukazi uma ucabangela ukuthi asemaqeleni ngemva kuphangwa yimpumelelo wathatha zabenza izancinza izakhamuzi zendawo.
Ubunjalo ubudlelwane phakathi Russia nase abayimizulane
Kusukela ekuqaleni, Pechenegs kanye Rus baba izimbangi kanye nezitha. Awase nemiphakathi ehlukene, igebe ka ukungaboni ngaso linye kwezenkolo phakathi kwazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bobabili zihlukaniswa onesimo abangophakimpi. Futhi uma Russia ekugcineni ethola izici zalesi isimo esinikeza uqobo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ngeke ukuhlasela omakhelwane bayo enombono inzuzo, omakhelwane wayo oseningizimu futhi ngokwemvelo abayimizulane babe, okuholela ngendlela isigamu-eziphucuzekile ukuphila.
Pechenegs - lena Igagasi elilandelayo, ukuxosha emaqeleni Asian. EMpumalanga Yurophu, lesi simo zenzeka cyclically amakhulu amaningana eminyaka. Okokuqala kwaba le Huns ukuthi ukufuduka kwakhe kwaphawula ukuqala Ukufuduka Okukhulu. Lapho efika e-Europe, baye ukufaka ukwesaba izizwe eziphucukile ngaphezulu, kodwa ekugcineni wanyamalala. Endleleni eya Ngokuzayo waya lwamaSlav futhi Magyars. Noma kunjalo, wakwazi yaphumelela, eminye yaze ukuze kuxazululwe bahlale insimu echaziwe.
LwamaSlav, phakathi kwezinye izinto, abe uhlobo "isihlangu womuntu" e-Europe. Babehlale wathatha babekezelela amabutho amasha. Pechenegi ngalo mqondo - eyodwa nje kwabaningi. Kamuva endaweni yabo kufike Cumans, kwathi ngekhulu XIII - amaMongol.
Ubudlelwano okuthile abantu basemadolobheni abangavamile asemaqeleni babezimisele hhayi kuphela amaqembu amabili, kodwa futhi ngokuthi iConstantinople. Ngezinye izikhathi ababusi baseByzantium wazama uqhatha omakhelwane. Ngokuhamba babe izindlela ezahlukene: igolide, izinsongo, iziqinisekiso zobungane.
Ukungqubuzana kuqala phakathi abantu abayimizulane kanye lwamaSlav
Pechenegs kanye Rus 'senzakalo kuqala impi, lapho abantu abayimizulane ehlaselwa umbusi Kievan Askold. Le miphumela kuthiwa PHIKISA ezinye izazi-mlando, kodwa akekho ongaphika ukuthi ngxabano sokulwa zifiki kusukela emaqeleni Prince Igor e 915 kanye 920. Ngalesi sikhathi iziphathimandla ziye enwetshiwe Rurik ukuba Novgorod, kusukela lapho weza.
Nge isamba okunjalo enkulu kwezinsiza kanye nabantu, Russia wakwazi ukumelana ukumelana imihambuma kusukela eningizimu. Lapho indodana Igor - Svyatoslav - zidlamlilo ngezikhathi elwa ezinsikeni zawo njengoba amasosha Ngokwesibonelo ngokumelene WaseByzantium. Nokho, i-Union ayikaze eqinile. Zonke efanayo, Svyatoslav wabulawa Pecheneg behlasela Dnieper Rapids, ngemva ioann Tsimiskhy Khan ahlinzekwa eziningi zegolide.
Asemaqeleni izimbali
Ngaleyo minyaka umfelandawonye ayimizulane ifinyelela isiqongo sayo. Ngenxa imikhankaso lwamaSlav Khazars wawa. Manje aphansi iVolga ezingenalutho, ngakho ngokushesha zidlamlilo babesebenza. Lokhu kugasela Pechenegs wahluleka basinde kanye amakoloni ambalwa lwamaSlav ephakathi kwemifula Dniester futhi Prut, endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iMoldova. Mayelana athi emaphethelweni Europe yezwakala omakhelwane hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi iSonto iSilo emazweni asentshonalanga futhi abahambi Arab.
Lapho uVladimir Red Sun udweshu phakathi kwamabutho amabili eze ntshashintshe okuphumelela. Ikakhulukazi, Trubezh ngonyaka 993 won Prince, ngesikhathi 996, ngaphansi Vasilyeva lwamaSlav anqotshwa. UVladimir akazange kuphela ukuthumela ibutho ezindaweni umngcele. Waqale wasebenzisa umkhuba yokwakha nezinqaba komngcele asemaqeleni, ngosizo izibani isignali ezingashabalala masinyane azise Kyïv we ingozi esondelayo emkhathizwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho imiphini zadalwa ukuthi abayimizulane ngenhlupho ziklaba nezinkomo, ngaleyo ndlela ophoqelelwe ukuba uye eningizimu.
Ukuhlanganyela embangweni eRussia
Ngemva kokufa uMbhapathizi Russia e ubukhulu waqala ukuxabana phakathi kwamadodana akhe. Nomads njengoba amasosha ezazisemizini ukungqubuzana ohlangothini Svyatopolk le Damned, elingazange ukugwema izindlela dirtiest, kuhlanganise nokubulawa ekhohlisayo lwabazalwane. Njengoba igama oshiseka igama elithi "Pechenegs" namanje kwenzeka lapho bekhuluma ukuziphatha ngesihluku.
Svyatopolk wahlulwa. Weza amandla Yaroslav Mudry. Pechenegi uma ukhathazwa Russia okokugcina. Ngo 1036 bazama liyovimbezela Kiev kungahlonyiwe, kodwa anqotshwa ibutho Grand Duke wabonakala ngesikhathi.
usongo Polovtsian
Ngemva ukunqotshwa eziningana lwamaSlav isikhundla Pechenegs baba liguqubele. Ekhulwini XI eRussia kwaqalisa isikhathi kumiswa principalities, nezikhulu wahlukana ayeyisizwe esiyimihambima ususondele. Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi, ibutho elisha uvele empumalanga. Lawa kwakungamadodana Cumans (e emithonjeni ehlukene njengoba Cumans noma Kipchaks). Bona axoshwe abanikazi yangaphambili emaqeleni Black Sea kusukela besezihlalweni zabo. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi abantu abayimizulane obusha beza ukholo lwabo ubudala - Islam. Ezinye khans anilamukelanga njengezwi labantu, abanye, kunalokho, unqabile. feuds okunjalo ayengenakukwazi ukuya kuzuze inyunyana.
Cumans futhi Pechenegs babe zinhlanga eduze. Bobabili ingeyamakhosi abantu Turkic. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kuvimbele inzondo futhi ukunqoba omunye amaqembu. Cumans futhi Pechenegs babe ukungalingani ngamandla njengoba ohlangothini iqulo abasha babeke baba replenishment fresh Asiya, kuyilapho Union elidala wayehlushwa izimpi njalo nomakhelwane enamandla.
I okwalandela isiphetho
abayimizulane Zixoshwe waya Balkans noma eHungary, lapho kufakwe nabantu bendawo futhi ababange besaba khona njengesizwe ehlukile. Nokho, lena enye amaphuzu kuphela.
Ngokusho omunye umbono, Pechenegs - lena okhokho Gagauz eziphilayo eMoldova nama-Orthodox. Phakathi nekhulu XI, amabutho Namanje atholakala kweminye imithombo. Ngokwesibonelo, babeba khona izimpi ngokumelene eByzantium, Seljuk. I last zikhubazeke kwabangelwa isizwe Turkic e 1091, lapho izindonga omkhulu waseConstantinople, umbusi obumbene kwezempi Polovtsy wahlulwa bahlaseli. Ukunqotshwa kwe-Pechenegs wawumningi futhi ephelele. Iningi lazo akekho wezwa yini.
Noma kunjalo, ukukhumbula dwellers asemaqeleni wayesaphila phakathi kwabantu isikhathi eside. Ngakho, kakade 1380, e Battle of Kulikovo, iqhawe Chelubey owaqala ekulweni Duel yabo, yena waba okuthiwa Umlobi womlando "Pecheneg".
indlela yokuphila
Asemaqeleni, njengoba kungase kulindeleke, ikakhulukazi wahlanganyela izinkomo zizalela kanye zazulazula ngezilwane zabo. Inzuzo salokhu bonke babengaphansi izimo, njengoba umfelandawonye tribal elise esikhaleni enkulukazi. kudivayisi Yangaphakathi kwaba enjalo. Kwakukhona amaqembu amabili amakhulu. Okokuqala ixazululwe phakathi Dnieper futhi iVolga, kanti owesibili bazulazula phakathi Rus futhi Bulgaria. In ngamunye kubo kwakukhona izinhlobo amane. I cishe kwendawo yamazwe tribal kwaba Dnepr, abahlanganyela asemaqeleni basentshonalanga ye nasempumalanga.
Inhloko besizwe wakhethwa emhlanganweni jikelele. Naphezu isiko amavoti yokubala, obaba ngofuzo ikakhulukazi izingane.
yokungcwaba
Pecheneg zemivubukulo emelelwa izindunduma encane. Abafileyo belambatha njalo ikhanda lakhe uma uya entshonalanga. Njengomthetho, umuntu wangcwatshwa egibele ihhashi lakhe. Ngakho-ke, izindunduma, ngaphandle amathambo abantu, kukhona ihhashi. Ukukhulekela okunjalo kuyinto evamile emphakathini, siphila ukuphila ayimizulane.
Futhi esethuneni futhi washiya zonke izinhlobo Trophies, ngofuzo noma njengoba umvuzo noma njengoba izimayini (namacici, imigexo kanye igolide we ayenza lezi WaseByzantium). Pechenegi - liphinde abanikazi arsenal amangalisayo. Ngakho-ke, kanye amasosha wangcwatshwa izikhali. Ngokuvamile, lokhu saber (saber).
Izinsalela ezitholakele ikakhulukazi ensimini ka-Ukraine. I-Russian Pecheneg barrows zivame kakhulu otholakala Volgograd esifundeni.
Similar articles
Trending Now