Penicillin kuvimbela ikhono amabhaktheriya ukuba sikhule futhi ezala

Leli thuluzi kwatholakala minyaka engaba ikhulu edlule, waletha imithi ukuze ezingeni elisha lonke. Izifo eziningi ziye zaba iyelapheka emva wokuvula yayo. Penicillin - lo muthi kuqala.

Penicillin kuvimbela amagciwane zamagama abo, lokho kukwenza ungakwazi ukuthuthukiswa nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha. Inani kuvulwa indlela ekhemisi ayikwazi babenesibindi esikhulu. Namuhla i-penicillin kusindisa ukuphila. Kodwa lokho kwakwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba kuvulwe? Ubani owenza le mbali isipho esintwini? Mayelana nalesi sihloko.

Kuyini i-penicillin

Penicillin kuvimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane futhi umkhiqizo imfucuza (zamagama) we ukhunta Penicillium. Lolu hlobo isikhunta ukhunta.

Kuyini ekhetheke kangaka mayelana yalolu ketshezi? Ngisho nalabo kweqiwe izifundo esikoleni biology, okungenani izikhathi ezimbalwa bezwa igama elithi "ama-bacterium" futhi kungenzeka ukwazi ukuthi alawa magciwane benomthwalo nethonya elihle emzimbeni womuntu (lactobacilli, bifidobacteria) futhi kubathinta. Abanye "izilo 'kancane kubangele izifo eziyingozi: meningitis, isifo sofuba, i-pneumonia, idiphtheria - kuphela wokuhamba kubo. Penicillin kuvimbela amagciwane izinqubo ezibalulekile (bona ngezansi), kuka ayeke ukwanda kwabo. Okungukuthi, uhlobo isinyathelo siye echazwe ayinto kuyinto -antibiotic ebanzi bohlu.

Umlando omncane

Ngo-1928 (minyaka engaba ikhulu edlule), e usosayensi laboratory Aleksandra Fleminga kwaba ukuqondana ngeshwa ngoba isazi sezinto eziphilayo. Ngu ithuba ngokwesikhundla sakhe nge ukuhlwanyelwa amagciwane ithole isikhunta. Nakuba ososayensi wazibuza ukuthi yini okumele uyenze ephukile experiment inqubo, waphawula ukuthi ama-bacterium ethangini okuthile okungalungile. Njengoba vele sesiyazi, penicillin akuzange kusize kuvimbela zamagama e namagciwane angaphansi kokumisa ukwanda kwabo. umphumela Abamsulwa amagciwane isikhunta wamangaza futhi ngadideka Fleming. Lokhu ingozi kwaphawula ukuqala ucwaningo. Kodwa ukwelapha lo muthi iqala emashumini amabili kuphela.

Ngo 1940-1941, ososayensi waseBrithani, uHoward chlorine ne-Ernst Chain abazinikezele ulwazi lwabo futhi intshiseko ukuthola penicillin akuzange kusize futhi waqala ekusebenziseni kuyo kwemithi. Ekupheleni kwempi yezwe yesibili, ngo-1945, la ososayensi nephayona Fleming kufanele iwine uMklomelo KaNobel.

Indima ukutholakala nge-penicillin akuzange imithi, noma lapho yayikhona ngaphambi

Izifo eziningi ezimbi, kweso ithatha izimpilo kanye nempilo yabantu, into yesikhathi sibonga esidlule ukwamukela lo muthi kuqala. Amanani we-phambili kwezesayensi kungenziwa hhayi babenesibindi esikhulu. Nale Ngiyavuma wonke umuntu owake wahlushwa isifo esibangelwe igciwane.

Penicillin kuvimbela amaprotheni zamagama e-bacterium, okungukuthi, asipheli amagciwane ukuze ikhule futhi wande, futhi manje, sibonga ezihlukahlukene kwamaphilisi ngesisekelo izifo zakhe eziningi steel esilaphekayo ngemithi cishe akukho imiphumela umzimba. Kunzima futhi scary ukucabanga ukuthi kwakungelula ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule (ongekho phakathi, noma lutho, Stone Age, njengoba abaningi) abantu ababulawa izifo ukuthi manje ngeqholo qhubeka ngezinyawo zakhe, ngokunciphisa ukuba idlanzana amaphilisi ezahlukene. angina banal bangaqhubeka umuntfu lakhetsa kuphila ngato ngeviki, inyumoniya - ngisho ngokushesha. A meningitis ukuthi aselapheki, uma kwaba khona abasindayo, balahlekelwa umsebenzi abo engqondo cishe ngokuphelele, nalesi sifo esikhohlisayo eyaziwa ngokuthi "isela elikhulu engqondweni." Ukutholakala penicillin akuzange kusize ukuthi kuvimbela amagciwane ukukhula kanye nekhono bukhoma isixwayiso kwasindisa izinkulungwane zabantu ukusindisa izigidigidi zabantu. nezilwanyana ezincane eziningi behlulwa ngosizo ososayensi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-penicillin (kunalokho isikhunta nge nezithelo ngisho amahhanisi bekamela noma) eyaziwa futhi iphathwa ngaphambi wokuvula. Nokho, kuphela ukuqashelwa esemthethweni fungal imikhiqizo-antibiotic umzimba lwenziwa lutholakale kubo bonke.

Ukusetshenziswa penicillin akuzange kusize namuhla

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngemva kokutholakala lo muthi lokuqala, ososayensi evela emazweni amaningi, uvulile kanye nezinye iqembu kwamaphilisi, penicillin akuzange kusize - isixazululo ekwelapheni izifo eziningi ezithathelwanayo. Esebenzisa nozwela eziningi Gram-negative futhi amagciwane Gram-HIV. Ngokwesibonelo, streptococci ikuyo yonke indawo futhi staphylococci, Corynebacterium, ahlala enhlabathini bese okubangela okungenani ukuqubuka, esiphezulu - nobulwelwe - idiphtheria lamagciwane abanga meningitis inyumoniya, namathansela suppurative kanye abscesses ezithathelwanayo.

Yikuphi iphathwa ngemithi elwa namagciwane penicillin akuzange kusize

Sinikeza uhlu izifo ezaziwayo kakhulu okwamanje iphathwa ngemithi elwa namagciwane penicillin akuzange kusize ( "Amoxiclav" futhi "ampicillin", "Bitsillin", "Augmentin"):

• imfiva Scarlet.
• namathansela olunamandla (angina).
• Isifo samaphaphu.
• Anthrax.
• Rheumatism.
• Erysipelas Heavy.
• Meningitis omsakazo virus.
• Sepsis.
• Staphylococcal kanye nezifo streptococcal.
• Izilonda elinegciwane umsuka kuhlasimulise noma nasezinkingeni ezilandela ngemva kokuhlinzwa.

Njengoba ungase ucabange, lolu hlu aluphelele. Omunye aureus kuphela ngezinhlobo eziningi futhi kubangela inqwaba izifo. Penicillin kuvimbela amagciwane cell udonga zamagama kuka ukwanda kwabo izitobhi, kunikeza umjikelezo wokuphila.

Inzuzo nge-penicillin akuzange

Enye plus imithi elwa namagciwane penicillin akuzange kusize uchungechunge kuyinto nomphumela walo omnene emzimbeni womuntu. Ngezinye izikhathi imithi elwa namagciwane enamandla Modern bahlinza isimiso "iqembu bula" - engene umzimba, ukubhubhisa wonke microflora - kokubili pathogenic futhi omuhle, kudingeka ekusebenzeni ezanele amathumbu izivikeli mzimba. Penicillin kuvimbela amagciwane ukukhula kanye nokuthuthuka, ngakho ngemva kokubhujiswa nezilwanyana ezincane pathogenic amagciwane omuhle, ezidingekayo ukuze ahlale ephila, kodwa isimo ecindezelekile. ibhalansi wabo lula ukuthola i-ngosizo imikhiqizo yobisi noma ekhemisi amathuluzi akhethekile. Isenzo penicillin, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abaningi enizibiza lokhu ephelelwe yisikhathi ngempumelelo ngemithi elwa namagciwane, kodwa kunalokho ezithambile, ngakho-ke ezinqunyiwe, ngisho izinsana. By the way, Staphylococcus, ngaphambili matasa amakhaya kwabakhulelwe izibhedlela elisusa izimpilo izinsana, ngenxa penicillin kancane kuyingozi.

Njengoba i-penicillin kuvimbela umsebenzi webhaktheriya

Kanjani leli thuluzi usebenza? Zama ukuchaza umphumela wawo, futhi lokho engakubona-Alexander Fleming ngekhulu yakhe ehhovisi lakhe emuva.

Ama-bacterium - ukumelana kakhulu ezihlukahlukene izici ezilimazayo nezilwanyana ezincane. Ezinye izinhlobo zawo ukuphila ngokuthula ku lava mlilo noma ice arctic. Ziyakwazi yonke indawo - e umhlabatsi nemanti, ukudla, izilwane noboya, izithelo kanye nemifino. Kodwa asikho isidingo babe novalo bese ngicashe ekamelweni oyinyumba - uma wonke umzimba wakho isimiso esinempilo futhi sihlale siphilile isebenza at zigcwele, ukwesaba amagciwane akudingekile. Abaningi futhi babe bukhoma ngokukhululekile emzimbeni wethu futhi isebenze kuphela emva ukucindezeleka okunzima noma zenze buthakathaka ke.

Lapho ama-bacterium zihlaselwa, kukhona insindiso - ama-antibiotic. Ngokwesibonelo, i-penicillin (kuvimbela DNA zamagama e-bacterium iphinde ivimbele reproduction). Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu? Eba lo muthi womuntu egazini is zasakazekela umzimba. Emaphaketheni ukutheleleka ngokushesha wabathola. Esikhundleni "dislocation" kwamagciwane penicillin akuzange kusize lingena ulwelwesi microorganism khimilili zamagama abo. I-bacterium bangalahlekelwa ukukwazi kwabo ukuze ondle futhi ikhule, okuyinto, ngokulandelana, okwaholela ekufeni kwabo.