Physics yamangqamuzana

physics yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo ne wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto kukhona izigaba physics, ukutadisha emizimbeni okwenzeka izinqubo macroscopic okuhlotshaniswa inqwaba zama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane eziqukethwe kubo.

physics Yamamolekhula study isakhiwo kanye izakhiwo izinto by nezinhlayiya - kinetic imiqondo, okuncike yokuthi yimuphi umzimba siqukethe molecule (izinhlayiya), okuyizinto njalo ezinyakazayo okungahleliwe. physics Yamamolekhula study izinqubo yokwanda okuqhubekayo inombolo omkhulu molecule.

Thermodynamics izifundo jikelele izakhiwo kohlelo (macroscopic) okuyinto e yakhoibrium thermodynamic.

Ukutadisha izinqubo macroscopic eyenziwa izindlela ezimbili:

1. Yamamolekhula - kinetic (physics yamangqamuzana esekelwe le ndlela);

2. thermodynamic, siyini isisekelo wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto.

Lezi zindlela umphelelisi nomunye.

physics Yamamolekhula esekelwe yamangqamuzana theory kinetic, owawuthi isakhiwo nezakhiwo izidumbu zichazwe ukunyakaza kunezinxushunxushu kanye nokuxhumana yezinhlayiya, kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ion (ngamanye amazwi, izinhlayiya). I izakhiwo Ucwaningo waphawula zemizimba (isib ingcindezi) zichazwe yi kuyizinhlayiyana umthelela, okusho ukuthi impahla macroscopic lonke uhlelo incike izakhiwo izinhlayiya, izimfanelo ukunyakaza kwabo kanye namagugu okulinganiselwa ku izici ashukumisayo izinhlayiya. Ukuze sithole indawo eqondile nezinhlayiya emkhathini kanye nomfutho walo akunakwenzeka, kodwa lenqwaba kubo lwenza okuhle yamangqamuzana-kinetic (kwezibalo) indlela, njengoba kukhona amaphethini athile e ukuziphatha nemingcele isilinganiso.

Izinhlinzeko main kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela yamangqamuzana-kinetic yilezi:

1. Noma yini esaluketshezi sakhiwa izinhlayiya - ama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane, nalabo we izinhlayiya ezincane;

2. La ma-molecule, ama-athomu nezinye izinhlayiya ku okuqhubekayo ezinyakazayo kunezinxushunxushu;

3. Phakathi izinhlayiya kukhona amandla okudonsa futhi umuzwa wokwenyanya amandla.

physics Yamamolekhula kubhekwe: isakhiwo amagesi ukudla okuqinile futhi uketshezi, izinguquko zabo ngaphansi kwethonya yangaphandle (ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa, kagesi namandla kazibuthe), ezokuthutha imihlola (ngomshikisho yangaphakathi, conductivity ezishisayo, ukwanda okusheshayo) inqubo isigaba ukuhwebelana (ukuhwamuka futhi ukufingqa, crystallization futhi ukuncibilika nokunye okunjalo), isigaba yakhoibrium, isimo esibucayi of ndaba.

Thermodynamics izifundo izinqubo ezishisayo okuhlotshaniswa kushintsha izinga lokushisa komzimba kanye nesimo wokuhlanganisa. Thermodynamics ayifuni yokubhekana microprocessors, sikhulumela ukusungulwa izixhumanisi phakathi izakhiwo macroscopic izidakamizwa. Uhlelo thermodynamic iqoqo uxhumana nokuxhumana amandla phakathi nomunye kanye ingaphandle emizimbeni macroscopic. Inhloso indlela thermodynamic kutfola isimo lapho uhlelo thermodynamic nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Setha ngazo izakhiwo kohlelo (ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa, umthamo) tintfo lucobo, cela isimo sakhe.

inqubo thermodynamic angayisusi-Shintsha uhlelo thermodynamic, ngenxa ushintsho imingcele yayo.

i-chemistry Yamamolekhula - isayensi ukwakheka, isakhiwo, izakhiwo ngokomzimba we ketshezi.

Izakhiwo compounds:

1. Isimo ngokomzimba (okuqinile, igesi, uketshezi);

2. nephunga;

3. umbala;

4. kwabantu;

5. solubility;

6. electro - nokushisa conductivity;

7. ukuncibilika lokushisa abilayo.

Noma yimuphi izinto ezinama-athomu, molecule ion.

Atom kuyinto athomu ndaba ehlanganisa i-nucleus kahle icala futhi omubi icala electron igobolondo.

Icala omuhle proton asiphethe. Futhi kule core kokungathathi hlangothi kwakhiwa izinhlayiya aphansi - izinzwa. Iyunithi kwenkokhiso negative - electron.