Romanov lwamakhosi. Itshwayo izingalo Romanovs (B. V Kene)

Amakhosi Romanovs - YaseMoscow lwemindeni ngendlela yakudala boyar. Andrei Ivanovich mare - ngowokuqala okukhulunywe ngukhokho ngekusasa lophiko ke ngohlu lozalo lwasebukhosini. Waphila ngekhulu XIV futhi wakhonza njengephayona Grand Duke uVladimir futhi eMoscow uSimeyoni le Proud, izibulo Ivana Kality. Andrei Mare, kanye Alexei Bosovolkovym, wayeba njengompristi umlamuli ekuphetheni umshado phakathi kokwesikhulu eMoscow Mariey Aleksandrovnoy, indodakazi isikhulu Tver. Embassy kuphumelele.

Mayelana Andrew mares emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke ayisekho okukhulunywa, kodwa ukuthi inzalo yakhe baqhubeka bekhonza izikhulu eMoscow ezaziwayo. Amadodana akhe baba okhokho amagama abadumile, kodwa nge Fyodor Cats and wathatha Romanov tsars. Igama wabaselwa njengefa kusukela praprapravnuka Andrei Mares - Romana Yurevicha Zaharina, yizikhonzi ngempela abadumile nezimantshi. Indodakazi yakhe, Anastasia Romanovna, inkosikazi yokuqala futhi othandekayo kakhulu u-Ivan IV the Kubi.

Iqiniso lokuthi Anastasia nesimo sakhe uhlobo nemnene njalo izibambe umyeni wakhe baziwa. Lokho kwaba sekufeni kwakhe kwaba ziyoncibilika ekhethiwe thokozani futhi esebenzisa isihluku ukungathembani yenkosi we boyars. Umshana Jurevny Anastasia kwaba Fedor Nikitich Romanov, ubuntu kubalulekile emlandweni Russian. Nguye wathatha ingxenye esebenzayo kwezombusazwe Esikhathini Nezinkinga, yena waba ngenkani tonsured indela Borisom Godunovym.

Lapho ekuqaleni kokubusa Romanovs? Kwenzeka kanjani? Kungakanani eside? Zonke lezi mibuzo uzothola izimpendulo kulesi sihloko.

Ukhetho Mikhail Romanov yesihlalo sobukhosi

Nkathi emlandweni, lapho kubusa i-Romanovs, kwaba nzima futhi igazi. ERussia ekupheleni XVI raged ukuchithwa, Smoot okuthena amandla. Indodana Ivana Groznogo, Fyodor wafa engenamntwana, umfowabo Dmitri wabulawa Uglich, omunye Ivan Ivanovich, wayeseshonile ngesikhathi ukuphila kukayise. Akazifinyezanga lezo Rurik lwamakhosi, kwaba nenkinga dynastic. Okulandelayo kwaba yinto kaningi phakathi kukahulumeni, abasebenzi Godunov futhi Shuisky abakwazanga ukubamba sobukhosi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abantu Angikuthandi amakhosi amasha, hhayi kuphela ngenxa yemigomo yabo kuhlulekile, kodwa ngenxa Godunov futhi Shuisky abangu akhethwe ababusi musa ubukhosi.

Ezifana imiphumela yokwesaba phezu Zemsky Sobor e 1613, okuyinto waphinda eyathinteka umbuzo yokubusa kwamakhosi. Kudingeke ukuba akhethe umuntu ongazange lonakele igama lalo ngesikhathi Nezinkinga. Kuwufanele ngincome Cossacks, odlala indima ethile juqu amakhetho Mikhail Romanov. Akukhona lokho kuphela, ababenakho bokuphakama zezinombolo, le Cossacks wahlala nganoma iyiphi indlela. Prince Troubetzkoy, ngilangazelela ukufika kwesihlalo sobukhosi, musa skimp, iphuma ontanga yakhe ukuze uthole ukusekelwa phakathi Cossacks. Nazo ngokufanayo, akazange nginqabe izipho, kodwa musa abe esehlanganyela naye kokwesikhulu.

Futhi indima juqu ukukhethwa Mikhail Fedorovich kudlalwa kungekho pretender yesihlalo sobukhosi e Moscow, njengoba kungaholela enhlekeleleni, futhi zingaphazamisa Zemsky Sobor. Boyars Romanov wamukela candidacy, ngoba babekholelwa ukuthi usemncane (ngesikhathi umfana engu-16 ubudala) kanti futhi kuyoba "inkosi yakwa-ephaketheni", unodoli ezandleni zabo. Lapho kwanqunywa ukubuza ibhodi ukuthatha Mikhail Fedorovich, ekhumbula ngobuhlobo bakhe Rurik lwamakhosi, njengoba kwenza uyise , uMphathi Filaret kuyinto umzala Tsar Fedor Ivanovich.

Le nganekwane ngemvelaphi lwamakhosi

Sasiyini uwuphawu umndeni Romanov? Ngaphambi Singaxoxa ngalokhu, ake ufunde legend of umsuka lwamakhosi.

Ekuqaleni version XVI ekhulwini ukufika amaViking eRussia, kubekwe kulo "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka", it is ayisekho ecashunwa neze waqinisa udumo lomhlaba wonke eRussia. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona umbono 'eMoscow - Third eRoma ", ukuze aqinise isikhundla wezwe njengoba isikhungo Lobu-Orthodox. Kudingeke ukuba beveza legend of lozalo we lwamakhosi elibusayo. Njengoba baziwa kakhulu uMbusi waseRoma Awugustu. Ngokusho yetinsita isihlobo sakhe, Prus, wathunyelwa e-Europe ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba nokumiswa isimo. Ngakho eba inkosi yakwa-Prussia, futhi yake yaba nezakhamuzi ngu lwamaSlav.

Inzala Prus waqala ukwandisa insimu yalo empumalanga, ngaleyo ndlela baye ezindaweni ezizohlala kuzo futhi emazweni Russian. Ngakho kwaba khona amakhosi ohlanga Rurik. Kodwa lokhu legend lihlotshaniswa Romanovs? elula kakhulu. Ngo-1722 Peter Nganquma ukuvuma ukuba semthethweni amandla abo ngokuphanga abantu "ukuthola ingcebo" ka lozalo. UMbusi wayala ukuthuthukisa le nguqulo ye-King of Arms UStepan Andreyevich Kolycheva. Manje kucatshangwa ukuthi ngesikhathi uMbuso WaseRoma (iminyaka 373 noma 305), iNkosi yasePrussia Prouty lidlule phakathi ifa lombuso kumfowabo Veydevutu, waya emzini yobuqaba Romanov, lapho ahlonishwe njengomPristi Ophakeme. Lesi sivumelwano elise loMfula Dubissy futhi Nevyazhi lapho ukushaya lingakanani kwesihlahla se-okhi lakhula. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, umbuso Veydevut ihlukaniswe izingxenye eziningana.

Enye yamadodana akhe, Nedron, wabusa amazwe zhmudskih (insimu ka Lithuania yesimanje). Emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, ngekhulu XIII, umzukulu Nedrona, indlala Cambio, weza eRussia, lapho afike wakhonza khona njengenceku Prince lokuqala eMoscow, Daniilu Aleksandrovichu. Kube abe ngumKristu, igama lakhe kuqala kwakungumprofethi isidlaliso - mares. Njengoba kulindelekile, laba izinguqulo akuzona ngokoqobo, imizamo eminingi mlando ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso balo yayiyize. Noma kunjalo, abaningi ababusi Romanov lwamakhosi yayinengi ngempela, ukukhuluma esiphawuleka kunazo zonke iluphi okuzoxoxwa ngalo ngezansi.

Mihaila Fedorovicha Romanova wokubusa

Mikhail Fedorovich wabusa 1613 kuya 1645. Wenza umsebenzi onzima kakhulu - ekulinganiseni isimo kuleli zwe, ezibhuqiwe emva Nezinkinga. Misa babebanga ababusi. "Vorenok Ivashka" indodana Amanga Dmitry II, owayenganikela ukusizakala ukubusa kwenkosi entsha Angenelisekile, wabulawa. Fixed umphako pretenders yesihlalo sobukhosi Russian. Okokuqala, impumelelo kwaba inqubomgomo angaphandle kaMikayeli. Ngo 1617 waphetha Stolbovsky ukuthula Sweden, esebuyele Novgorod lapho Russia. Ngo-1618 i-Isivumelwano esasayinwa Deulino ne Poland, okuyoholela isimo ngaphakathi ngenxa ukungabi khona ingozi kulo kwabavela ngaphandle. Nokho, iMpi Smolensk (1632-1634) Russia wahlulwa.

Alexis

Phakathi nokubusa Alexei Mikhailovich, sekube izenzakalo eziningi ezibalulekile, kodwa inkosi emthunzini indodana yakhe, uPetru mina Elikhulu. Nakuba u-Alexis wethiwa the ezithule, engu wokubusa kwakhe ngokuthi "buntashnym". Ngalesi sikhathi (1645-1676) bawa ukunganeliseki eziningana abalulekile ethandwa: Salt Riot (1648), Copper Riot (1662) kanye impi ongumlimi eholwa UStepan Razin (1670-1671). Ngenxa izenzakalo ikhodi yokuqala imithetho kwavunyelwana - Conciliar Ikhodi (1649), owawuthi ngokomthetho ukubhalisa serfdom. Famous for izinguquko ka uMphathi weSonto Nikon, ababefuna ukuvumelanisa emikhosini engokwenkolo futhi amabhuku okwangempela ngesiGreki. Nakuba uguquko kwezomhlaba izinyathelo yayingabalulekile (isethi empambana troeperstiem, ukubhala igama likaJesu, nokunye. D.) Futhi yabangela ukunganeliseki phakathi kwabantu.

Peter mina A.

Wonke umuntu uyazi umbusi wokuqala Russian, wezinguquko enkulu nomyali abanamakhono - Peter mina Alekseevich. Izinyathelo zokuqala ezimele waba yinkosi Azov imikhankaso, sibonga ngalo eRussia esekwazi ukungena oLwandle Azov kanye Embassy Omkhulu, lapho uPetru ngokwakhe wathatha ingxenye esebenzayo. IRussia bamukela amasiko amaningi aseYurophu, futhi kwakhiwa Northern Alliance okwesikhathi nempi Sweden. Phakathi Omkhulu Northern neMpi (1700-1721) Russia esekwazi ukungena oLwandle iBaltic futhi uye wathola isimo umbuso. kugucuka eziningana uPetru nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni okusheshayo capitalism kuleli zwe, imfundo, isiko, isayensi, nokunye. D.

UCatherine II Alexeyevna

Peter ngathola umyalo ka ngokulandelana, owawuthi nkosi limisa owalandela, kodwa lo mbusi akazange abe nesikhathi ukulahla kulokhu, okwaholela eside esigodlweni Icebo lika lapho abafundela sobukhosi, sithembele Labaqaphi, bambamba ngamandla. Iningi lazo asikwazanga bagibele, kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso ka Ekaterina II, unkosikazi abantu Russian wazonda uPetru III, umzukulu uPetru I. nezinqubomgomo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ka Catherine lingachazwa ngokuthi yimpumelelo. Yena eligxile ezintweni emazweni isonto (1764), waqeda hetman e-Ukraine (1764), kwenziwa izinguquko iSigele (1763), yesifundazwe (1775), idolobha (1785). Ikakhulu umphumela inqubomgomo angaphandle kwaba ukuthola oLwandle Olumnyama kanye ukubusa enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea.

U-Alexander I Pavlovich

U-Alexander I - sibalo kunalokho impikiswano emlandweni Russian. Ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe kwaba ethembisa - iKomiti Private, ezazihlanganisa umbusi eseduze wakhipha isimemezelo ku ushwele zezombusazwe (1801), ekuguquleni amapulangwe Ministry (1802), ku-kubalimi khulula (1803). Ngo 1812, i-Russia nqoba empini, igunya amandla ngamazwe ukuqiniswa. Kodwa engxenyeni wokubusa Alexander yesibili ovulekile sengqondo olandelanayo ishintshile, nokuthi wayengomunye izimbangela kwavukelwa we Decembrists ngo-1825.

U-Alexander II Nikolaevich

Umkhululi u-Alexander II wabiza izinguquko ezinkulu eyenziwa ngo-1861, - ukuqedwa serfdom. Kulapho u-Alexander II sejazi Romanov umndeni izikhali yadalwa, okuzoxoxwa ngezansi. By isikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, izinguquko eziningi isetshenziswa: inkantolo (1864), isifunda (1864), idolobha (1870), ibutho lezempi (1861-1874) nezinye kabusha. Noma kunjalo, transformer omkhulu, wabulawa ngo 1881 narodovolnikom A. I. Zhelyabovym.

Romanov Kugcine

On wokubusa uNicholas II sika -ke waba sebunzimeni. igazi eliningi elachithwa phakathi nenhlekelele Khodynka Field (1894), e-Russian-Japanese War (1904-1905), e-Revolution (1905-1907), iMpi Yezwe I salo (1914-1918) nasesikhathini Februwari Revolution (1917). Nokho, phakathi nokubusa Nicholas kwakukhona ukwanda okukhulu kwenani labantu, izintela ezithile kuphela zingezinye zezibhedlela aphansi e-Europe, ezandleni abalimi kwaba ngu-80% we umhlabathi olimekayo. Ngeshwa, ukuntuleka isandla ngokuqinile ukwehluleka njengoMbusi wendawo yonke inqubomgomo angaphandle kanye nethonya elinamandla lo mdala UGrigory Rasputin kwaholela kokugumbuqelwa uMbusi ngoMashi 1917 wadubula nomndeni wami ehlobo elilandelayo. Kwakuwusuku lokugcina Romanov lwamakhosi uye abasekho.

Umuntu owasungula le Russian Archaeological Umphakathi

Berngard vasilevich Kene - heraldist ezinkulu uMbuso isiRashiya, umsunguli we-Russian Archaeological Society. On isinyathelo sakhe, wayala gerbotvorchestva eRussia owawuse. Ngo-1857, uBaron Koehne washaya imithetho izifanekiselo zokuhlobisa. Bernhard wayengu- mdali wesibili Big Emblem of the Empire, Russian kanye Crest umndeni Romanov lwamakhosi.

Itshwayo izingalo Romanovs: umlando

Kusukela ngafika amandla 1613, bonke ababusi Romanov lwamakhosi wasebenzisa ifulege lesizwe, oluveza ukhozi ezimbili engumondli. Kodwa 60-s kwekhulu XIX, u-Alexander II wafuna ukudala uphawu siqu. Yayinjani elingenamikhono umndeni ka izingalo Romanov lwamakhosi? Ukuze osekelwe kuyo kwaba liwuphawu Romanov boyars. Kodwa kukhona uphawu Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, njengoba igatsha ngqo leduna lwamakhosi azifinyezwanga e 1730 ngemva kokufa umzukulu uPetru mina, uPetru II, futhi abesifazane - e 1761 kanye yokushonelwa indodakazi yakhe u-Elisabethe. Omele lokuqala lwamakhosi of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov nguPetru III. Unina, u-Anna, eyindodakazi Petra Velikogo, noyise, Karl Friedrich, kwaba uMbusi Holstein-Gottorp. UPetru, ngokusobala, akazange abe nesikhathi ukuxazulula igama wezomthetho lwamakhosi, nomkakhe, uCatherine II, akazange amehlo inkinga kakhulu ezishelelayo, ngoba ekuqaleni isikhundla salo sobukhosi kwaba kuhle athuthumelayo.

Izimpawu Emblem-Holstein Gottorp-Romanov

Yini elingenamikhono izingalo Romanovs? Inani isobala: lingamandla negunya.

Isihlangu wawuhlukaniswe waba yizingxenye ezimbili. elingenamikhono Kwesokudla izingalo Romanovs. Lowo mdwebo Intamo obomvu, ukuzibamba izimpiko zalo inkemba nesihlangu. I imininingwane ebaluleke kakhulu - omncane ukhozi black ehlezi ebhodini. Emaphethelweni elingenamikhono izingalo ehlotshiswe amakhanda wezingonyama. Kukholakala ukuthi uphawu Romanovs wabolekwa yibo kusukela uwuphawu Livonia, njengoba Griffin - sibalo lalivamile e heraldry European. Itshwayo izingalo Schleswig-Holstein itholakala ngakwesokunxele futhi ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezinhlanu, ngaphandle nje isihlangu encane phakathi nendawo. On emaphethelweni, ungabona elingenamikhono izingalo iSchleswig, Holstein elingenamikhono izingalo, elingenamikhono izingalo stormarnsky, elingenamikhono ditmarsensky. Isihlangu kwangaphakathi nayo ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili: Oldenburg zidliwa delmengorstsky.

INdlu Romanov Boyars

Indlu Romanov e Charge - kuphela isakhiwo eye yasinda kusukela izigodi esikhulu Romanovs. Kucatshangwa ukuthi yayakhiwe ngasekupheleni XVI leminyaka. Ekhulwini XIX, u-Alexander II wamemezela ukuthi House waba Museum imahhala ukuvakashela. Indlu Romanov futhi esiphawulekayo lokuthi izindonga zawo isithombe Griffin umlingiswa oyinhloko omkhaya Romanov.