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Izikhangibavakashi Ancient Greece. Umlando Ancient Greece

Njengoba iwumthombo impucuko yesimanje YaseYurophu ngokufanelekile njengezidalwa ezingaphezu kwabantu le Ancient Greece. Lesi simo liye laba nethonya ephawulekayo on ukuthuthukisa ezicini eziningi zokuphila komuntu - kwezesayensi, kwezokwelapha, ezombusazwe, ubuciko kanye nefilosofi. Ezinye izikhumbuzo yamaGreki asendulo kuyagcinwa kuze kube namuhla. Kuyinto ngazo futhi ngomlando amandla kanye-esikhulu siyohlangana okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko.

IGrisi yasendulo nalokho okukushoyo zomlando

Ngaphansi Ancient Greece mlando ukuqonda isiqalo nesigcino impucuko, owathatha iminyaka engu mayelana 3,000, kusukela enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC kuya AD I ekhulwini. Wona kanye umqondo welithi "Ancient Greece" endaweni isimo yesimanje alisetshenziswa. Kuleli zwe, lokhu kumiswa civilizational ngokuthi Hellas, labahlali bawo - Hellenes.

Incazelo Ancient Greece kufanele kuqale ukubaluleka nokuphumelela kwaleso indima ekuthuthukiseni zomlando sempucuko eNtshonalanga. Ngakho, izazi-mlando kweqiniso ukukholelwa ukuthi kwakunguSamuweli eGrisi lasendulo wabeka izisekelo European intando yeningi, ifilosofi, art kanye izakhiwo. Isimo ngesiGreki yanqotshwa eRoma, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo waboleka zoMbuso WaseRoma izici eziyinhloko isiko yamaGreki asendulo.

Le migilingwane yaseGrisi yasendulo - akuyona izinganekwane enhle edumile emhlabeni wonke nokwatholakala in isayensi kanye namasiko, ifilosofi kanye izinkondlo, imithi yokwakha. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwendawo eklanywe njengomumo womhlaba yaseGrisi yasendulo asishayisani nge imingcele isimo yesimanje. Lokhu mlando eside kuvamile expanses kwamanye amazwe futhi izifunda: Turkey, Cyprus, eCrimea ngisho eCaucasus. Izikhumbuzo yaseGrisi yasendulo basinda kubo bonke lobu izindawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndawo yasendulo yesiGreki (koloni) enanikade ezisakazeke ogwini ogwini Mediterranean, Black futhi Azov iziLwandle.

Geography kanye ibalazwe Ancient Greece

Hellas yayingeyona incwadi eyodwa ehlangene, Monolithic isimo imfundo. Phezu kwezisekelo zawo, kwamiswa angaphezu kweshumi nambili ahlukene lizisho (edume kakhulu kubo - Athens, Sparta, Piraeus, Samos, eKorinte). Zonke izifundazwe yaseGrisi yasendulo kwakungamadodana okuthiwa "izinqubomgomo" (ngamanye amagama, idolobha), nge indawo eseduze. Isenzo ngasinye sokungabi has imithetho yayo siqu.

Umnyombo ephakathi ye IGrisi yasendulo kuyinto nhlonhlo Balkan, noma kunalokho, ingxenye yayo eningizimu, ithiphu entshonalanga ye-Asia Minor, kanye sebuningini iziqhingi kule ndawo. IGrisi yasendulo lalinabashumayeli izingxenye ezintathu: Northern Greece, Central Greece futhi yePeloponnese. Enyakatho isimo Umncele ne eMakedoniya nase Illyria.

Map zomlando ka Ancient Greece lapha ngenzansi.

Amadolobha e Ancient Greece (izinqubomgomo)

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba la edolobheni eGrisi lasendulo?

Asikwazi bathi ukubukeka Chic zikanokusho, njengoba kunjalo ngokuvamile ngakho uthanda sifanekise izithombe. Eqinisweni - lena inganekwane. Elegant futhi abaqhoshayo esiGrekini lizisho uvele kuphela esemqoka izakhiwo zomphakathi, kodwa amakhaya abantu abavamile babe nesizotha kakhulu.

amakhaya Yabantu baye bancishwa kukhona ukududuzeka. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi amaGreki asendulo zaze zalala ngisho ngaphandle, ngaphansi kompheme. ezisemadolobheni emgwaqweni inethiwekhi bekulokhu abanganaki futhi ukuphathwa Ukhulelwe: ingxenye enkulu kubo futhi akazange awe elangeni.

Isimo okubi kakhulu ese-Athene, lapho abahambi abaningi bangaleso sikhathi wakhuluma ngendelelo. Noma kunjalo, induduzo futhi ekugcineni ukungena amakhaya AmaGreki abavamile. Ngakho, revolution lwekutfutfukisa nokuhlela imigwaqo ngesikhathi wenza Hippodamus umklami eSamo naseMilethu. Nguye owokuqala yabhekisela indawo izindlu emzini futhi wazama ukwakha nabo umugqa owodwa.

izimpawu zendawo Architectural yaseGrisi yasendulo

Manje kubalulekile ukuba bahlale kwenye impikiswano ebalulekile: ukuthi yaseGrisi yasendulo akasilahlile, ngokuya izikhumbuzo ezibonakalayo?

Izikhangibavakashi Ancient Greece - amathempeli, amphitheatres, izinsalela kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni - ziye zalondolozwa emazweni amaningi aseYurophu. Kodwa iningi labo, yebo, ensimini ka isimo yesimanje of the gama elifanayo.

Ezikhumbuzo ebaluleke kakhulu lasendulo isiko impahla kuyinto ithempeli yamaGreki asendulo. Njengoba ayetholakala kuwo Hellas, ngoba kwakucatshangwa ukuthi onkulunkulu bahlale kuzo ngokwabo. Lezi nokuzwa edumile emhlabeni wonke yaseGrisi yasendulo ivelele ngokumelene isizinda nezinye izikhumbuzo yaseGrisi yasendulo - izinsalela Acropolis ngesiGreki nezinye amanxiwa asendulo.

Parthenon

Mhlawumbe lesikhumbuzo edume kunazo bokwakha yamaGreki asendulo uyithempeli Parthenon. Yakhiwa 432 BC e-Athens, futhi namuhla le liyabonakala kakhulu ababuki bamazwe uphawu Greece yesimanje. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwalesi ithempeli eliphakamileko Doric eholwa abaklami Callicrates Iktinos, futhi lakhiwa kuhlonishwa unkulunkulukazi u-Athena - the umvikeli we the Athene Acropolis.

Ngaphambi kwesikhathi wethu usekhona kahle ngempela ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi Parthenon elinamakholomu amahlanu. Esikhathini iThempeli ungabona ikhophi ebaziwe Athena, wenza ngesikhathi lendlovu nangegolide ngu Phidias - umdwebi ngesiGreki owaziwa futhi umqophi.

Freese olungaphambili lwesonto emaphakathi ihlotshiswe ngemihlobiso izithombe ezahlukene, kanye pediments wethempeli - kwezithombe emangalisayo.

Ithempeli lika-Hera

Umnyaka ethempelini endala yaseGrisi yasendulo uyithempeli likaMoya unkulunkulukazi Hera. Ochwepheshe bathi yayakhiwe ngekhulu lesithupha BC. Ngeshwa, isakhiwo walondoloza okungekho kuhle njengoba Parthenon ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesine ke lwabhidlika ukuzamazama.

Nethempeli Hera itholakala e-Olympia. Ngokusho yetinsita ke wethulwe kwabakhileyo Elis Olympian. Foundation esiteji, kanye nezinsika ezimbalwa ezisele - kusele ukwakhiwa ezinkulu kuze kube manje. Omunye nje indlela ayebukeka ngayo kulawo ezikhathini zasendulo.

Ngaleso sikhathi, ithempeli Hera ukuthi lihlotshiswe kwesithombe Hermes. Namuhla ebaziwe igcinwe Archaeological Museum yase-Olympia. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amaRoma asendulo esetshenziswa Hera ithempeli Olympia njengoba ezingcwele ezaziwayo. Namuhla kule ndawo idume ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi ilangabi-Olympic luthungelwa ngosuku olwandulela le-Olympic esilandelayo.

Ithempeli lika-Poseidon

Nethempeli Poseidon, noma kunalokho izinsalela zalo zitholakala eCape Sounion. Yakhiwa ngo-455 BC. Eye yasinda amakholomu 15 kuphela, kodwa lukhulu ubuhle isakhiwo. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi esikhundleni ethempelini, ngisho nangaphambi isakhiwo sesiqaliwe, kwakukhona ezinye izindawo zokukhulekela kakade. Tentatively basuke sangomhla VII BC leminyaka.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi unkulunkulu Poseidon e zamaGreki - ungumpetha izilwandle nasolwandle. Ngakho-ke nje kwenzeka amaGreki asendulo wayekhethe indawo kokwakhiwa kwethempeli: phezu Bluff ebheke uLwandle i-Aegean. By endleleni, ngale endaweni iNkosi Aegeus agxume esuka eweni emaweni, esebonile buqamamana umkhumbi lendodana yakhe Theseus nge useyili abamnyama.

Ekuphetheni ...

IGrisi yasendulo - ke iyisici yangempela emlandweni impucuko AseYurophu, lunomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni European isiko, isayensi, ubuciko kanye izakhiwo. Okubonwayo yaseGrisi yasendulo - iyona amathempeli eziningi ngokubabazekayo, izinsalela Acropolis futhi emanxiweni olunothile, okuyinto in inqwaba ngasinda. Namuhla ukuheha lenqwaba yizivakashi ezivela kuwo wonke umhlaba.

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