Stoicism - engenxa isiqondiso ifilosofi? Ingqikithi futhi isici stoicism

Phakathi stoicism zefilosofi zasendulo - uhlobo intela kwabase-ubuhle elifundisa wonke zokuziphatha, ukuze futhi umthwalo wemfanelo. Lezi nezimfundiso amiswa ngesikhathi ngasekupheleni kwenkathi yamaGreki, futhi babukhona nakwa umphakathi wasendulo eminyaka. igama layo, izisekelo futhi ngokuyisisekelo lokhu ukunyakaza lithole eGreece, kodwa kungakabiphi kwaba ethandwa kakhulu eMbusweni WaseRoma. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuthi lokhu stoicism, kafushane. Ngenxa sinciké emibhalweni zo lasendulo, ngokubanzi, cabangela leli qiniso.

Imvelaphi Incazelo

nangosuku okungenzeka ukuthi ekusungulweni isikole Stoicism e izwe lasendulo kubhekwe IV ekhulwini BC. Yingaleso sikhathi e kuvulandi we Stoa Poikile labetibambile livela okokuqala umphakathi we Zeno laseKition. Wadlala indima uthisha watshela bonke okutholwe lwaso nokuzindla emkhakheni wefilosofi. Ngakho waba umsunguli esikoleni esisha, owawungumnyaka kamuva ngokoqobo yene nabanye nezimfundiso kanye eyeqisayo. Ngokuvamile, ifilosofi owabhalwa - ke sika isibindi, ukuqina ubulukhuni nokuzabalazela zonke izinkinga zokuphila. Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi lo mfanekiso owabhalwa ejwayelekile njengoba ayefundisa kuvezwa umfanekiso zo lasendulo, lizimelele ezingqondweni zomphakathi European. Leli gama liye njalo libhekene ukukhuthazela womuntu, unsentimental, omunye onomuzwa ezizwa ebophekile ukuba ngokwabo kanye nabanye. Futhi uzinake ukuthi stoicism - ayenqaba imizwelo, ngoba ukugxambukela umuntu ukucabanga ngendlela ehluzekile nokwenza izinqumo okunengqondo.

periodization

Kule ndaba, imibono izazi. Abanye abacwaningi ukuhlukanisa emlandweni walesi sikole okuthiwa zero isikhathi. Kukholakala ukuthi Stoa Poikile zo ababenolwazi sinesimo sengqondo nje owabhalwa ngayo ukuphila, uya kwenye iminyaka 300 ngaphambi kokuzalwa umsunguli wale nhlangano. Ngeshwa, amagama abo elahlekile.

Isikhathi sokuqala - ukuma sidilizwa. Wawuqala IV ukuba II ekhulwini BC. protagonist kwawo kwakunjengokwetshe Yiqiniso, umsunguli - Zénon Kitiysky. Kanye naye kwakukhona Cleanthes futhi Chrysippus ka Soli. Isigaba sokuqala stoicism ubhekwa kuphela isiGreki, njengamaJuda ngaphandle imfundiso izwe alikafiki phandle. Ngemva kokufa umeluleki wakhe abafundi babo behileleke nakwezamabhizinisi. Phakathi kwazo kunabafundi uDiogenes yaseBhabhiloni, ikesi ye Mallus, Antipase, nokunye.

Nokuma esijwayelekile, owabhalwa noma Platonism. Kube II mina ekhulwini BC. Protagonists kwenkathi - Posidonius futhi Panaetius. Kuyinto lezi abameleli Stoicism bawuthwala ulwazi lwabo eRoma, lapho kamuva nakho kwaduma. School baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa abafundi babo - Dardan, Diodotus, Athenodorus nabanye.

ukuma Late - mina ukuba II AD leminyaka. Le nkathi yaziwa nangokuthi Roman Stoicism, njengoba kule isimo uye waqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa imfundiso. Laba bameleli be-eyinhloko Third Age kukhona Mark Avrely, uSeneca futhi Epictetus.

Ngezinye izikhathi ososayensi bathola futhi inkathi wesine wokuba khona kulesi sikole zizofana eyesithathu. Kulokhu yokugcina ke umelwe Platonists owabhalwa futhi Pythagoreans. Umlingisi lomcoka lapha Filon Aleksandriysky.

Phezu kwasiphi isisekelo lo nefilosofi?

Ukuze uzwisise, njengoba kubekiwe ngesikhathi abahlakaniphileyo wacabanga ukuthi bakufaka endlini amakhanda abanye, kudingeka siqonde ukuthi yini imfundiso ka stoicism. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kulesi sikole, okuyinto "lobunikazi" Zénon, waba yizinqamu ezintathu. Lokhu kwaba logic, i-physics kanye izimiso zokuhle (okuyinto ukulandelana). Ngokuvamile, uma kuqhathaniswa ne engadini rose, iphi logic - kocingo zokuzivikela, physics - ezikhulayo isihlahla nasezimisweni zokuziphatha - izithelo zawo. Ngokufanayo kulezi izingxenye ezintathu ihlukaniswe, futhi iqanda - igobolondo, isikhuphasha nomhlophe (ilandelane eyaziwa). Uzakwabo Zeno, Cleanthes, wayekholelwa ukuthi stoicism - ukuthi ukufundisa isakazeke kakhulu, ngoba kuzomele sifake izingxenye ngaphezulu. Wethula izihloko ezifana dialectic, ekukhulumeni, ezombusazwe, izimiso zokuziphatha, wezenkolo physics. Labo kwabahlakaniphileyo baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa imfundiso ngemva kokufa umsunguli sika, wabuya tiyori sakuqala kuhlanganisa timphawu letintsatfu.

logic

logic owabhalwa siqukethe iziphetho luyingxenye theory, ngamunye okufanele kube lesifanele. Lokhu ngokushesha uqaphele ukuthi ngeke kuqhathaniswe, kusukela ithiyori ngayinye okwalandela ophika ngokunemba kulowo odlule. Dlula kulesi sigaba kulolu cwaningo kuyadingeka ngoba, njengoba amangalelwe ngohlelo Chrysippus, ishintsha isimo umphefumulo impahla. Ngakho, senza sicabangele kafushane ezimbalwa okunengqondo iziphetho stoicism:

• Futhi uma kukhona ke kukhona VA kuyinto, ngaleyo ndlela, kukhona VA
• A no-B ngesikhathi esifanayo abekho. Futhi-ke, ngeke babakhona.
• Kukhona noma A noma B. Kulokhu, B engekho. Ngenxa yalokho, A ukhona.

physics

Ukuze uqonde kulesi sigaba, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi stoicism ifilosofi - uyinto luyingxenye impahla. Kuyinto ngalolu daba zisekelwe zonke izimfundiso zakhe ukuthi wenqabe imizwa nemizwelo, nezinye izenzo yinto engabonakali futhi ofuna ukuphumela obala. Ngakho, namaStoyiku emhlabeni kubonakala eziphilayo, okuyinto ingxenye impahla impahla kuNkulunkulu, owadala zonke lokhu. Ngakho has endoda ngokwayo, isiphetho okuyinto predetermined uMdali - kuba kulo mongo ukubizwa ngokuthi idwala. Ngoba noma yikuphi ukuphikisana plan oPhezukonke kuyize, ngisho ukuthi kujeziswe. I amaStoyiku ayekholelwa ukuthi ekuqalisweni izikweletu zayo nomuntu abanothando ukuthi iba ebaluleke kakhulu iva yayo. Lahla imizwa umuntu eba namandla futhi ilungela ukulwa. Amandla in kuyithuba - a ndaba ebucayi, okuyinto othunywe uJehova.

izimiso Stoicism

Isici lokumukelekako namaStoyiku kuqhathaniswa ne cosmopolitans. Bathi umuntu ngamunye oyisakhamuzi wendawo yonke, futhi wonke umuntu uyalingana phambi koMdali wabo. Ngesinye strip bayizingcweti nezigqila, namaqaba namaGreki, abesilisa nabesifazane. Stoicism sidilizwa lifundisa wonke umuntu ukuba abe nomusa, khaphi dlela kwesokudla, kwenza self-ukuthuthukiswa kanye ngcono. Kulokhu, yimuphi ukuphambuka kusuka umbhedesho, isiko izinkanuko noma izono isenzo kubhekwe ukuba aphansi. Uma kafushane ngaphezulu ezwakaliswayo, Stoicism izimiso zokuhle ke wukuthi ingxenye KaMose ngamunye ingenye sebuningini izakhi design jikelele. Futhi labo uyavumelana nale isiphetho kuba emva kwakhe, lowo ophika ikusasa lakhe, ke udonsa.

Ahlanganise lolu lwazi

Ngemva sabuka zonke izakhi ezakha stoicism, chaza kafushane it. Kufanele uphile ngokuvumelana nemvelo, ngaphandle singabalimazi abanye futhi ngokwakho. Kufanele uthumele ukudalelwa yabo, hamba nge ukugeleza, ngoba konke unesizathu. Kufanele ukuhlala ungakhethi, Qina, ume isibindi. Umuntu kufanele bakulungele unganqoba noma yisiphi isithiyo ukuze abe ngcono nokuningi ewusizo izwe futhi akhulume noNkulunkulu ngaso sonke isikhathi. Stoicism futhi amanga izici yemizwa yothando. Zazo zikhona ezine: unengekile, injabulo, ukwesaba kanye nenkanuko. Gwema usizo olunjalo "o logo" - isahlulelo lesifanele.

Nokuma sidilizwa kanye nentuthuko yayo

Ngo lawo makhulu eminyaka, lapho Stoicism kuphela umsuka eGrisi lasendulo, wayegqoke theory ezingaphezu kuka esisebenzayo. Zonke izazi zefilosofi ababe nabasekeli bakhe, kuhlanganise nomsunguli yena, pored phezu kwendalo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela, ngokubhala izisekelo esikoleni esisha. Baphumelela, njengoba singabona ukugcina namuhla. Kwakukhona okucatshangwayo ethize base okuthile kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezithi "physics" ingxenye, kanye imiphumela isihloko esikhulu izwi 'izimiso'. Ngokusho zo lwesiGreki sakuqala, ngokuyisisekelo Stoicism itholakala ingxabano. Lokhu kukhombisa ngokusobala okutholakele ukuthi kucatshangwa ukuthi okunengqondo. Mhlawumbe kungenxa namaStoyiku kukhona abalobi ibinzana adumile "siphikisana iqiniso omunye wazalwa eseshonile."

isigaba Ephakathi yentuthuko

Ekuqaleni kwawo-ushintsho nangenkathi, lapho Greece yaba ikoloni sonamandla futhi enamandla waseRoma, ulwazi namaGreki olwaba impahla Empire. Okuwukuphela kwesizathu esenza amaRoma, esikhundleni salokho, wakhetha ukubhekana indlela, ngoba lokhu esikoleni yokucabanga uyekile ingabi theory. Kancane kancane, bonke lwazi aluthola amaGreki, waqala ukuba ekusebenzeni. It ucaphuna zo ngesiGreki ukuthi yashukumisela abaningi emabuthweni kwebutho laseRoma. Amazwi abo ukwesekela nokusekela abantu balahlekile empilweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni owabhalwa ngakho ejwayele umphakathi, okuyinto kancane kancane fade ubuso (kodwa hhayi ngokuphelele) phakathi amakhosi nezigqila kanye phakathi ubulili. Ngamafuphi, lo zomphakathi wamaRoma abe nomusa ngaphezulu, ezinengqondo futhi abafundile.

nefilosofi wamaRoma. Stoicism eminyakeni yayo lokugcina khona

Ngesikhathi kwenkathi entsha yale kakade sesiye uhlobo inkolo kanye charter engabhaliwe zokuphila kuzo zonke wamaRoma. Yonke nala stoicism, iziphetho yayo, imithetho nezingathekiso esikhathini esidlule. Ekuphileni komculo uhlele kabusha imicondvo lemcoka we zo ngesiGreki - the okubalulekile konke futhi wonke umuntu, ukungathathi ihlangothi kanye rock ukuzithoba. Kodwa lapha kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi emhlabeni ngalesi sikhathi uqala ubuKristu, okuyinto kancane kancane onqobayo wonke amazwe eYurophu nase-Asia. Futhi lokho kwakunjalo saka eMbusweni WamaRoma? Ukuze abaseRoma, Stoicism - yilokho. Le mfundiso ungukuphila zabo, ukholo lwabo. Babekholelwa ukuthi abantu kufanele abe eduze nemvelo. Ubizwa uphoqelekile ukuthi uhlale cool, ezolile kakhulu futhi esivaliwe. Kodwa umcondvo lobalulekile, owanikhipha amaRoma ngokwabo, esekelwe ulwazi amaGreki - kuwumshikashika nge nasekwesabeni ukufa. Ngokusho kwabo, umuntu owabhekana nale yokusilela, ke ingenye izingxenye ezibalulekile kakhulu yonke.

Izici ukuthuthukiswa Stoicism eRoma

Kuyacaca ukuthi uma sikhuluma ukufa, mayelana ukwesaba, khona-ke kuwuphawu olucacile ukuthi ifilosofi uphendukela yenkolo. Okwesibili, njengoba wazi, abantu besaba, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukulalela konke nezimfundiso elandelayo zonke umthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi benzani. Eminyakeni yamuva, i-stoicism Roman usezuze ngezinga elikhulu hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi izisusa engenathemba. Ukuze nabameleli bayo (futhi kwaba iningi umphakathi eliphambili) ndaba wayengaselona self-ukuthuthukiswa nobunye nemvelo, futhi kwakuwukuthi ephelele idwala, phezulu ekulahlekelweni kwabo siqu "Mina". Kulokhu, umgomo oyinhloko kwaba ukubhekana nokwesaba ukufa. Ngiqonde, wonke umuntu isethwe ukuthi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngeke kube futhi akukho okufanele ukhathazeke ngakho. Ikakhulukazi ngokucacile Motifs enjalo kubonakala ngemisebenzi Epictetus. Bona igxilile ngemva Stoicism wathatha yena Mark Avrely - uMbusi yemibuso emikhulu.

Xhumana nobuKristu

Eminyakeni yokuqala khona, inkolo yobuKristu akukhona kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba ithole abalandeli. Kwaphela isikhathi eside, hhayi abantu kungaba senqabe izinkolelo zasendulo, emasikweni okhokho babo. Kwezinye izimo, baye kwakuhlobene nenkolelo-ubuKristu (kwenza), lo mkhuba is baphawula kwababekhona ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma. Kusukela ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD esimweni ngezinga elikhulu yaqala ukusakaza Stoicism. Lokhu ingafaniswa imithetho emisha, okuyinto eyaba saziso kuwo wonke umuntu. On ukungasinaki nobunye nemvelo, amaRoma ngokoqobo uyahlanya, kodwa ngokushesha kakhulu emehlweni abo kugucula bedle lolu kholo olusha. Ukuze uthole eside abantu isikhathi, kuhlanganise lwamakhosi elibusayo, akazange amukele ubuKristu. Iminyaka yadlula, futhi izisekelo izimfundiso zenkolo ziye abe aphelele. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ubuKristu ngaleso sikhathi yinkolo kunani nonke, idinga isisekelo ezithile, okuyinto ke wakwazi ukunikeza stoicism. Manje ungakwazi ngokucacile ukulandelela lobu buhlobo. Phela, kokubili eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma, siyatshelwa ukuthi asikwazi nganhlanye, awukwazi bazitike imikhuba emibi, okubi, ukwesaba. Kokubili ubuKristu Stoicism - imfundiso lokuhle, yolwazi, izikhwepha, futhi ngokuthi iNkosi isebenza ngezindlela ezingaqondakali, futhi ngamunye wethu kumelwe kube kuncike uhlelo ebusayo.

Zango kanye nezigameko

Kaningi kuyenzeka ukuthi imfundiso ethile, ezisabalele phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amaningana, ngakho-ke, senziwa abantu abahlukahlukene, umphumela yakhiwa ezinye nokushintshashintsha kanye absurdities. Kwakuwusuku ifilosofi owabhalwa ezinjalo. Le mfundiso wazalwa BC IV leminyaka owawukhona ngaleso sikhathi iminyaka 600. Phakathi ukuthuthukiswa kwakungekho kuphela inguquko kusuka appatizma ukuba komuntu ongenathemba. At inhliziyo inkinga yokuthi abantu ngesikhathi esifanayo ongaphansi kukaNkulunkulu futhi icebo lakhe, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphakathi uhlala khulula. Lokho ukungahlaliseki kwengqondo washumayela namaStoyiku eziningi eGreece eRoma. Izazi zanamuhla bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu ingenye amaqembu kaZiqu okunengqondo. Isiphetho sokuqala kungafaki lesifanele yesibili, noHezekeli.

Stoicism namuhla

Hlangana ekhulwini lama-21 owabhalwa ejwayelekile cishe kungenakwenzeka. Lemfundiso kaZiqu-izimfundiso lasendulo siziqonde noma abacwaningi abenza lokhu abaseduze, noma izazi zemfundiso yenkolo, abalandeli izinkolo ogxile Eastern (kukhona ukufana okuningi nge ifilosofi Stoicism). Ngamunye wethu ngaphakathi the ngcosana ungathola ulwazi abalobi yeBhayibheli yasendulo. Uzokwenza kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ngisho imithetho engcwele kunazo usekelwe emfundisweni sasendulo saseRoma. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi abantu besikhathi sethu namanje ngokuthi namaStoyiku. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho umuntu epha ngokuphelele, iba fatalist ilahlekelwa zonke ukholo wena namakhono akho. Laba bantu - ukungasinaki ejwayelekile, ngubani sikuthathe kalula iyiphi twist ukudalelwa, nanoma ikuphi ukulahleka noma ukutholakala. Abazange ngempela ukujabulela ukuphila futhi Ungakhathazeki uma kukhona into eyesabisa kakhulu.

Afterword

Stoicism nefilosofi - kuyinto isayensi, eye sekungamakhulu ngamakhulu eminyaka zikhona futhi emenza eziningi ulwazi kanye nezimfundiso ukuthi kwavela Ephakathi. I amaStoyiku ayekholelwa ukuthi ekugcineni yonke impahla, futhi ngamunye cell ayo, element ngayinye kube nomgomo wakho siqu futhi injongo. Ngoba noma kunjalo akunakwenzeka ukuba simelane izenzakalo ezenzeka. Konke okwenzekayo has imbangela yayo, kanye nabantu abaphila ngokuvumelana nemvelo, ngenqubekela-phambili ekuphileni izimo, kuyoba ingxenye njengabawufanelekele yonke. Kungokufanayo omelana konke lokhu kuyoba bangajabuli. Ukuze Isiphelo sakhe noma kunjalo ezimiselwe, hhayi kude ke. Ngoba wonke umuntu ukukhetha. Umuntu angathola i-bakwemukele ukudalelwa futhi bahlala injabulo nenjabulo kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe. Noma bakuphikise konke, okwenza bona ngokwabo kanye nabanye bangajabuli.