Tatar NPP, yeRiphabhuliki yaseTatarstan: incazelo, umlando kanye ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

Yamila eChernobyl esikhungweni samandla enuzi kubangelwa yini umonakalo kwezemvelo kuphela. Inhlekelele ye "athomu zokuthula 'kuye kwaholela ebukezwe umqondo wokulondeka iziteshi umsebenzi, kuvalwe amaphrojekthi kuyakhiwa yalolu hlobo futhi akukho entsha izitshalo amandla enuzi iminyaka eminingi. isinqumo Orthodox senziwa ngaphansi ukucindezela izimo kanye nomphakathi jikelele. Ezinye izenzakalo lwaveza ukuthi ngaphandle kwe amandla enuzi ngesilinganiso sesizwe sonke ayikwazi akhishwa. Kungaholela enhlekeleleni ukunganaki, nokudelela izinqubo zokuphepha futhi ucwaningo okuyingozi, kokulawulwa okuyinto engenakwenzeka.

Tatar NPP - esinezitezi

Ngenxa ukwakhiwa esebenzayo e Tatarstan izindawo elikhulu lezimboni, njengokuthi "Nizhnekamsk chemical ifektri", imoto giant "Kamaz", "Nizhnekamenskshina", uhulumeni waxoxa udaba okwandayo ugesi kule ndawo kusukela ngo-1978. Isikhungo se-nyukleya ngaleso sikhathi ezakhiwa yonke indawo, ngakho-ke kwanqunywa ukuba kwakhiwe isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi e amakhilomitha ayisihlanu Nizhnekamsk, lapho ngaphambili kwakukhona emzaneni Kamskie Polyana.

Tatar NPP phrojekthi yasungulwa legatsha "Atomteploelektroprokta" e Riga, inkontileka jikelele azenzile "Kamgesenergostroy". Ukuze lokwakhiwa okuhlongozwayo imodeli iphrojekthi, lezo kakade okwase kuthiwe eyakhelwe futhi eziqhutshwa "Balakovo", "Chornobyl NPP" waziyisa izinkomba iphrojekthi Khmelnytsky, Volgodonsk esiteshini, kanye sidle futhi Bashkir Crimean NPP.

Ukuqala ukwakhiwa kwenzeka ngo-1980, kwethulwa nalehleliwe ibutho lokuqala wawuzoba ngo-1992, kusele izitshalo amandla Yahlela ukusebenzisa ngokushesha njengoba atholakalayo. imisebenzi Major Kwakuseshwa 1988, inhloko-dolobha ukutshalwa kwezimali zaba ruble ayizigidi ezingu-288, izindleko ukwakhiwa isebenza balinganiselwa ku ruble ayizigidi ezingu 96. Ngokwe okusalungiswa, isiTatar NPP kwakufanele nomthamo 4,000 MW, okuyinto elakhiwe sikhungo ezine.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kuyi-cindezela njalo ihaba izindaba mayelana sidle amandla esiteshini. Ngokusho amahlebezi, kwakuhlelwe ukufaka sikhungo 12. Ukuze uqhathanise, enamandla kunazo eYurophu, Zaporizhzhya NPP ifakwe sikhungo 6 kuphela umthamo salo 6000 MW.

ukulondolozwa

Ngo-1990 lesi sakhiwo wayeka ngokuphelele. Ngaleso sikhathi, isiTatar NPP ilungele esigabeni yokugcina emsebenzini. Kuhlelwe ukuqedela ukwakhiwa kwelinye lamagumbi ophendulayo, amakamelo injini amayunithi ezimbili zokuqala, kwaba labhubhisa isisekelo ipuleti kwelinye lamagumbi ophendulayo yombuso wesithathu, imigodi ziye olungiselwe yesithathu neyesine amandla amayunithi.

Ngokusho ukwakhiwa ke ekhona kuhlelwe, lesi sinyathelo kwakusho Esigabeni sokugcina ukwakhiwa into Tatar isitshalo. Ukwakhiwa wayeka ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu esiteshini, edolobheni lase lilungele wobunjiniyela - Kamskie Polyana, izakhiwo zokuphatha, Asizayo kubhayela eceleni, ukumisa i-damu yashayisa unqenqema, ezakhiwe bathole izinsizakalo zosizo. Ingabe ulungiselela ukunikeza inkulumo fuel zazo zenuzi kulesi sigaba bese kwakukhona into ukulondolozwa. Kusukela fuel ayikhululwa, le ngokwayo eziyinkimbinkimbi akuyona ingozi umonakalo omkhulu obangelwa imisebe.

Tatar NPP - akuyona lesikhumbuzo kuphela "athomu zokuthula 'kulo lonke izwe elaliyiSoviet Union, ngesikhathi esifanayo libe iqhwa cishe nanhlanu amandla enuzi izitshalo ngezigaba ezahlukene ukwakhiwa.

Izizathu ukuvala

April 17, 1990 yanyatheliswa umyalo kahulumeni yaseTatarstan "On the ukumisa ukwakhiwa ukukhiqizwa izindawo Tatar NPP". Kubikwa ukuthi izizathu kokumisa ukwakhiwa esiteshini itholakala Kama iphutha zone, libhekene nomsebenzi zomhlaba. Lokhu sitatimende sikhishwe ngokushesha ukuqinisekisile komhlaba lizwakale Zakamye.

Kodwa abantu abaningi bacabanga: isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthi ukwakhiwa Tatar NPP sanqamuka, nenhlekelele eChernobyl, owenzeka ngo-1986. A indima ebalulekile kulo magazini wadlala ukunyakaza komphakathi. Ngokumelene run bento-athomu basekela inhlangano baze babe nobudlova unaphakade. Ngisho ke kwaba sobala ukuthi ukwakhiwa ongaphelele kwalelo tshe uyakuphohlozwa, siwela phezu kwanoma iyiphi isabelomali, ngokuqondene okuyinto ubuholi republic sika uzamile ukuthola omunye ukusetshenziswa into.

Kwakukhona imibono, amacebo kanye amaphrojekthi, ngisho reshaping esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi ngesikhathi isitshalo amandla kagesi, lapho zemvelo imithombo yamandla esetshenziswa. Le phrojekthi kwaba kwezingxoxo, e zeSoviet Union, baqala ezinye izinkinga - ushintsha uhlelo kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe.

Nge esidlule ngaphandle ikusasa

Abandoned ingqalasizinda uqobo Tatar NPP - lento kwezindleko kwesabelomali republic, kodwa inkinga ezinkulu ngazalelwa edolobhaneni. Kama Glade, izwe ahlala abakhi nabasebenzi ikusasa esiteshini kuhlulekile. Abantu kwakudingeka ukuhlinzeka imisebenzi. Projects kwenziwe okuningi. Omunye wabo kuthiwa ukwakha amageyimu zone emzaneni-based, kodwa liveza umqondo Ibilokhu yonakalisa ngenxa umisa. Lo musho olandelayo kwaba engengaphansi okuyenga: insimu ka esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi ukwakha isikhala adventure imidlalo, izimfuno, sebenzisa sasemkhathini ukuze ukuhamba.

Inombolo amaphrojekthi kanye iziphakamiso akazange ukuxazulula inkinga eyinhloko - yokuntuleka amandla zigcinwa ukuze ubuholi republic sika njalo kuvuselelwe ingxoxo ukwakhiwa yokusiza umuntu ukuba aphefumule bento ezifana Tatar Nuclear Power Plant (yeRiphabhuliki yaseTatarstan). Kwenziwa imizamo ngo-2003, 2005, kodwa amaqembu ezemvelo njalo vetoed isiphakamiso.

ukucindezeleka ochithayo

Ezinye NPP okusemathinini (Kostroma, Bashkir) ngemva kokuwa wase-USSR esendleleni balance sheet inkampani "Rosenergoatom", isiTatar NPP bashintshele Republican Tatarstan ibhalansi. Futhi uma iqembu inikeza izimali ngoba izinto zalo walondoloza ukuba Ubuningi bamahora ukulondoloza ingcebo ukuze bakwazi uqhube ukwakhiwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, e Tatarstan akudingeki ukuba aye azibona. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu emisebeni yenuzi nazo abathandi amandla plant yakhishwa ngaphandle zokwakha oludlulele, izinsimbi nonferrous ekwakheni abaphangi "ibhizinisi".

Iningi elokishini isebenza phesheya, abaningi babo kuya kwesobunxele e- Nizhnekamsk, Kazan. Umuntu e ochwepheshe yezinyoni waya isakhiwo enyakatho. Yonke nendawo eyayikade amandla enuzi kanye ezungezile isikhala esakhelwe up sifana edolobheni isipoki noma Zone kusukela inoveli by Strugatsky bazalwane, ukuthi emhlabeni ziphonswe kwesokunxele igalelo eSoviet Union.

Ukuze noma cha ukuba

Ngo-November 2013, kwenziwa umphakathi nguhulumeni Russian isifunda ukuhlela nentuthuko kanye namandla eziyinkimbinkimbi, lapho ukugcizelela main ivuliwe ukwakhiwa entsha izitshalo amandla enuzi kanye nemishini ephehla ugesi ngamanzi. Loluhlelo iyawakha kuze 2030, ekuqaleni kokusebenza yayo iyabonakala kakade ezindaweni eziningi zezwe. Tartar NPP nalo liyavela idokhumenti njengoba into ibekwe phezulu eziza kuqala ukwakhiwa kabusha.

Ngokwe izinhlelo ezashiwo ukubuyiselwa ekuphileni ukuze Kamskie ensimini lapho Tatar isitshalo bayovuswa. Resumption of kwaqala umsebenzi wokwakha ne eqothula indawo futhi kufanele igcwaliswe ngo-2030 lapho esiteshini iyasebenza at zigcwele. Iyunithi yokuqala kuhlelelwe kwethulwa ku 2026.

Kodwa umbuzo mayelana ukuphi esiteshini, namanje kubangela ukwesaba ezingaphezu kuka inhliziyo enhle. Tectonically asebenzayo Kamsky iphutha alukapheli, ngemiphumela ukubhujiswa isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi zaziwa futhi "eqinisekisiwe" empirically, ukuvumela omunye inhlekelele akekho ofuna. izishoshovu zomphakathi kanye nombono zeningi esivuna ukuqedwa ukwakhiwa. Nikeza impendulo eqondile embuzweni: lapho eyokwakhela Tatar esikhungweni samandla enuzi, akekho siqiniseka ngokugcwele. Kama Glade - inketho enhle, kodwa umuntu akakwazi selaphe zezici zemvelo futhi umbono wabantu abahlala esifundeni.

Umbono ososayensi - abasebenzi yenuzi

Izinkanuko ukusebenzisa okusezingeni eliphezulu emhlabeni isakhiwo, kodwa ososayensi ehilelekile radioecology baphikisa ngokuthi ngemva eChernobyl futhi Fukushima ubuchwepheshe eziye zaguqulwa, ezingeni sokuphepha ikuvumela ukusetha rectors zenuzi kuphi hhayi uthole ukuvuza kancane. amandla Nuclear iyona ephephile usuku ubuchwepheshe. Kukholakala ukuthi CHP futhi Hydropower izitshalo nilingcolise ngaphezulu, futhi ukukhiqizwa yezimboni kwezinye izindawo eRussia futhi Tatarstan, kuhlanganise abe ezingeni enkulu ingozi sokubhujiswa bonke ukuphila uma kwenzeka inhlekelele e-isitshalo.

I-agumenti zokugcina esivuna kuvinjelwa ukwakhiwa iyona ingozi zokuzamazama komhlaba endaweni yokwakha into Tatar NPP. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi inkinga uyihaba kakhulu, futhi zibhekisele kaningi isibonelo ukusebenza okuphephile enuzi izitshalo amandla eNhlonhlweni Kola, Armenia, lapho Entweni enkulu kangako enjengokufa kungenzeka, futhi umsebenzi zokuzamazama komhlaba saboniswa ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa. Mhlawumbe kuphrojekthi endala awahlangabezananga izinselele zamanje, futhi esiteshini sidle elinde ileveli entsha zokuphepha, okunganikeza ezingeni lamanje lwentuthuko yobuchwepheshe.

Yokusiza umuntu ukuba aphefumule noma iphrojekthi entsha?

Umbuzo uwukuthi, lapho zizokwakha uthango Tatar NPP kuze ukuxazululwa esivuna Kama Glades. Ukwakhiwa yabusa "Rosenergoatom". Ngokusho kudlule umthamo omutjha iphrojekthi zalesi sihlahla ngeke azisizi 2,300 MW, ezizohlinzeka ezimbili sikhungo ka 1150 MW. Ukuze version endala ukwakhiwa, akekho uzakubuya nini, kodwana ukusebenzisa ingqalasizinda izinsalela kudingekile, ihlawula ezinye izindleko. Izindleko prime kwale phrojekthi balinganiselwa ku-20 no-48-dollar ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane.

abasekeli

Ukwakhiwa izitshalo amandla enuzi siyohlala njalo ezingqondweni njalo, hhayi ngaphandle, futhi Tatar NPP. Resumption of ukwakhiwa uye wasiphakamisela isiphepho emphakathini. Kwakukhona kokubili abasekeli kanye nezitha. Libonisana ngesidingo sokwakha ngendlela zalesi sihlahla kwafakazela ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha Zakamja. Esikhathini indawo kwezomnotho e Yelabuga wesifunda ihlela ukwakhela elikhulu elinamanci mathathu izitshalo zezimboni amandla futhi idla, zikhona izinhlelo ezinkulu ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza ezimbonini Chelny, idinga amandla asathuthuka Petrochemical umkhakha e Nizhnekamsk, e Mendeleevsk kuhlelwe ukwakhiwa esigabeni zalesi sihlahla "ammonium" yesibili. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezikhulayo zidinga amandla ezishibhile.

Abagqugquzeli enuzi izitshalo amandla ukusebenzisa gxila ingxenye kwezomnotho ngekusasa inhlalakahle Tatarstan futhi ukuphepha amandla enuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla enuzi kuyoyixazulula inkinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi Kama Glades. Namuhla edolobheni azibe ngu 15.700, iningi labantu uphoqelekile ukuba bafune imisebenzi kude ngaphandle komuzi. Amandla onjiniyela isikhathi esiningi basebenza amashifu at ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene lapho kwakwakhiwa noma uthuthe kwezinye izifunda beyofuna ukuphila okungcono. Iziteshi Ukuqalisa hhayi kuphela ukunikeza imisebenzi lonke labantu, kodwa futhi kwandisa inflow zomsebenzi amabutho, bese ngenani izakhamuzi ukuba abantu abayizinkulungwane 600.

izimbangi

Against ukwakhiwa enuzi izitshalo amandla kukhona kwemvelo, ososayensi kanye abayizakhamuzi ezejwayelekile. I-agumenti iyona ingozi zokuzamazama komhlaba, okungase kubangele ukuvuza kanye ukungcoliswa ndawo enkulukazi, ukulahlekelwa ukuphila endaweni inabantu abaningi. Imiphumela le nhlekelele lingachazwa, kodwa akunakwenzeka kubalwe zonke ukulahlekelwa, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa isikhathi eside. EChernobyl inhlekelele, futhi namuhla lunikeza ukumangala esidumazayo, naphezu kwalezi ziqinisekiso iziphathimandla olusemthethweni Ukrainian kuzoni ihlanzekile ngokugcwele.

agumenti engeziwe ngoba ukujanyiswa kwesikhatjhana ukwakhiwa ngokuthi khona imithombo eminingana amandla eduze izifunda nge izindawo zezimboni. Ikakhulukazi, ikhomba Nizhnekamsk HPP, akusebenzi at zigcwele. Ukugcwalisa edamini emifula ezingeni 68 amamitha (njengamanje 63 m.), Ingabe ukwandisa amandla 1248 MW phrojekthi. (Okwamanje 450 MW.).

Futhi, ezinye izimbangi bathi sokuvuselelwa ukuzimela zamandla esifundeni hhayi Ungaqala ne Tatar NPP, futhi avuselele esiteshini edolobheni laseDimitrovgrad. Kuyini Tatar NPP namuhla - izakhiwo yacekeleka phansi ngokuphelele, ingxenye encane nje kuphela, okuyinto lilondolozwe ubuqotho futhi nje ngoba singayibhubhisa asakazwe ukhonkolo kuphela iqondiswe ukuqhuma athomu. Dimitrovgrad, kuze kube muva nje, eziqhutshwa sikhungo 8, injongo yabo kwaba ucwaningo nezempi.

Manje kukhona ezimbili kuphela, yonke ingqalasizinda ibhalwe ngokugcwele, imisebenzi ekhethekile futhi kwezindleko ezingokwezimali zokusetshenziswa ukuguqulwa ayidingekile. It ngokuthi nezixazululo ezimbalwa lenkinga okunikeza iziphepho amandla ngesikhathi esifanayo isola "Rosatom" e ukuzifunela ukuxhaswa kombono izifiso zabo, bese lokho kulimaza yesifunda.

Izwi labantu

Iningi labantu ubona usongo okwakusobala phaka Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi komakhelwane ngokushesha, eqalwe emihlanganweni ngokumelene yokusiza umuntu ukuba aphefumule esiteshini. Ukwakhiwa Tatar NPP ezimweni eziningi beqonda omubi.

Izwe babeqhuba imihlangano ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, ukusebenza kanye labantu ku ukucaciswa ukuphepha ubuchwepheshe besimanje enuzi, Yahlela ukusebenzisa Tatar NPP phrojekthi. Mamadysh, Chelny nezinye ezinkulu imizi Tatarstan iningi labantu akusho baveze usekelo le phrojekthi. Kulokhu, zonke ufuna siphile endaweni namazinga okusezingeni eliphezulu ephilayo. Nakuba indida zingaxazululeki.